Of all collaboration partners, both small and medium/large firms were most likely to collaborate with Higher education Institutes (HEIS) in Ireland.
and Irish firms with HEIS in Ireland. The most likely collaboration partner for all firms was HEIS in Ireland, rather than HEIS outside of Ireland or collaborations with other firms either within or outside Ireland.
FORFÁS BERD 2011/2012 ANALYSIS 5 Caveats The survey of expenditure on research and development in the business sector (BERD) has been conducted by the CSO
The residual share of funding comes from public funds, funding from higher education institutes, private nonprofit institutes and other sources. 87%92%89%6%4%6%8%3%5%0%10%20%30%40%50
%40%60%80%100%Diploma Bachelors Masters Phd Very likely Likely Not likely No 22 Firms were asked at what level of qualification they were likely to recruit more researchers.
or likely to recruit to researchers at Bachelor's degree level (down from 74 per cent in 2009) 65 per cent were very likely
or likely recruit at Master's degree level (down from 68 per cent in 2009) only 29 per cent were very likely
or likely to recruit at Diploma level (down from 38 per cent in 2009) FORFÁS BERD 2011/2012 ANALYSIS 23 3. Number of R&d-performing firms In this section data gathered on the number of R&d-active companies
Businesses mostly partnered with higher education institutes in Ireland, 57%36%42%35%35%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%Engaged in any collaboration 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 10
firms in Ireland Other firms outside Ireland Higher education or other institutes in Ireland Higher education or other institutes outside Ireland Engaged in any collaboration Small Medium/large firms
FORFÁS BERD 2011/2012 ANALYSIS 33 with 17 per cent of small firms collaborating with HEIS and almost a quarter of medium/large firms.
The highest rate of collaborative R&d activity for Irish firms at 19 per cent was with HEIS in Ireland.
%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%Other firms in Ireland Other firms outside Ireland Higher education
or other institutes in Ireland Higher education or other institutes outside Ireland Engaged in any collaboration Irish-owned Foreign-owned 13%16%19%6%33%11%20%20
%9%36%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%Other firms in Ireland Other firms outside Ireland Higher education
or other institutes in Ireland Higher education or other institutes outside Ireland Engaged in any collaboration Manufacturing Services 34 Forfás Board members Eoin O'Driscoll (Chairman) Chairman, Southwestern
and Sabater-Sánchez find that e-business solutions increased organizational performance by expanding industry learning and organizational efficiency. 66 In France, Chevalier, Lecat,
Robert Gordon at Northwestern university and Tyler Cowen at George Mason University put forth a number of arguments to support their claims,
discussion paper no. 07-18, Simon Fraser University Department of economics, September 2007), http://www. sfu. ca/econ-research/Repec/sfu/sfudps/dp07
University of Minnesota, March 2011), http://conservancy. umn. edu/bitstream/104630/1/Vig umn 0130e 11796. pdf. For public sector literature examples, see:
and R. Sabater-Sánchez, Information technology and learning: Their relationship and impact on organisational performance in small businesses, International Journal of Information management 26, no. 1 (2005): 16-29.
Matilde Mas, ICT and Productivity Growth in Advanced Economies (working paper, University of Valencia and Ivie, 2010). 102.
Evidence from a UK Supermarket Chain (working paper, University Rovira i Virgili Department of economics, 2012), http://www. recercat. net/handle/2072/196650.121.
Costs and Benefits of Government Intervention,(University of California, Irvine: Graduate school of Management and Center for Research on Information technology and Organizations, December 30, 1992), http://crito. uci. edu/papers/1993/pac-005. pdf. 163.
Kenneth L. Kraemer and Jason Dedrick, Payoffs From Investment in Information technology: Lessons from the Asia-Pacific Region (University of California, Irvine:
Graduate school of Management and Center for Research on Information technology and Organizations, April 13, 2001), http://www. crito. uci. edu/git/publications/pdf/pac-037d. pdf. 164.
Kenneth L. Kraemer and Jason Dedrick, Information technology and Productivity: Results and Policy Implications of Cross-country Studies (working paper, University of California, Irvine:
Center for Research on Information technology and Organizations, February 1999), 25, http://www. crito. uci. edu/itr/publications/pdf/it-productivity-2-99. pdf. 165.
He has a Master's degree in International Development and Economics from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.
but also in educational attainment as measured by the Share of population having completed tertiary education. However the innovation gap closes slowly Altogether,
followed by Non-EU doctorate graduates and International scientific co-publications. Relatively good performance improvement is observed also in Innovation collaboration of SMES
The indicators capture New doctorate graduates, Population aged 30-34 with completed tertiary education and Population aged 20-24 having completed at least upper secondary education.‘
‘Open, excellent and attractive research systems'includes 3 indicators and measures the international competitiveness of the science base by focusing on the International scientific co-publications,
Most cited publications and Non-EU doctorate students.‘‘Finance and support'includes 2 indicators and measures the availability of finance for innovation projects by venture capital investments and the support of governments for research and innovation activities by R&d expenditures by universities and government research organisations.
Firm activities capture the innovation efforts at the level of the firm and differentiate between 3 innovation The annual Innovation Union Scoreboard provides a comparative assessment of the research and innovation performance of the EU Member States and the relative strengths and weaknesses of their research and innovation systems.
Denominator Years covered ENABLERS Human resources 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates (ISCED 6) per 1000 population aged 25-34 Eurostat Eurostat 2004
2011 1. 1. 2 Percentage population aged 30-34 having completed tertiary education Eurostat Eurostat 2005 2012 1. 1. 3 Percentage youth
1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students2 as a%of all doctorate students Eurostat Eurostat 2006
due to a lag in data availability. 2 For non-EU countries the indicator measures the share of non-domestic doctoral students. 3 Section 6. 1 gives a brief explanation of the calculation methodology.
Lithuania's strong performance is explained by its above average performance in tertiary education and youth education.
Slovakia's strong performance is explained by its above average performance in doctorate graduates and youth education.
in particular due to a relatively low share of non-EU doctorate students. All the Modest and Moderate innovators perform below the EU average,
High growth in Non-EU doctorate students, R&d expenditures in the business sector, PCT patent applications in general and in societal challenges have been important drivers of the growth performance of both Estonia
For Latvia high growth in New doctorate graduate students, Population with completed tertiary education aged 30-34,
Growth in this dimension has been driven by both high growth in International scientific co-publications (6. 0%)and Non-EU doctorate students (6. 3%).The EU innovation system
In Human resources performance has increased most for New doctorate graduates (2. 8) %and Population aged 30-34 with completed tertiary education (3. 6%).Growth in Intellectual assets is driven mostly by a strong performance increase in Community trademarks (6. 9)
%while patent application activity has been stagnant. The EU is improving its educational knowledge base showing that Europe is turning into a more knowledge-based economy.
and Serbia are Moderate innovators with Norway's innovation performance coming close to that of the Innovation followers in particular due to its strong performance in Tertiary education, International scientific co-publications and Non-domestic doctorate
students. Norway's growth performance (1. 4%)however is below that of the EU (1. 7%).Serbia performs very well in Youth education,
but also in educational attainment as measured by the Share of population having completed tertiary education. It means that enterprises in these countries invest more in research
The indicator measuring the Share of the population aged 30 to 34 having completed tertiary education has been replaced by the same indicator but for a larger age group,
Denominator Most recent year Date not available for ENABLERS Human resources 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates (ISCED 6) per 1000 population aged 25-34 OECD, Eurostat OECD,
Eurostat 2011 India 1. 1. 2 Percentage population aged 25-64 having completed tertiary education OECD, World bank, Eurostat OECD, World bank, Eurostat 2011
Eurostat 2012 32 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 South africa is performing worse than the EU for all indicators, particularly On license and patent revenues from abroad, Doctorate graduates, Publicprivate co-publications
with completed tertiary education. The performance gap therefore has worsened for almost all indicators especially for License and patent revenues from abroad and Patent applications.
The performance gap has decreased only for the Population with completed tertiary education. South africa The innovation performance of South africa is lagging behind that of the EU
Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 33 graduates and Knowledge-intensive services exports the US has managed to improve its performance lead.
A much higher share of the US population has completed tertiary education, 42%in the US compared to 28.5%in the EU in absolute terms (cf.
A 63%higher share of population has completed tertiary education (46.4%in Japan compared to 28.5%in the EU). Japanese businesses spend twice as much on R&d
Japan has weaknesses in Doctorate graduates International co-publications, Most-cited publications, Exports of knowledge-intensive services and License and patent revenues from abroad.
The Japanese lead has been improving in 4 indicators, in particular in patent indicators, Tertiary education and the Contribution of medium-high-tech product exports to the trade balance.
Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 35 the Population that completed tertiary education. Furthermore South korea is decreasing the performance gap with positive growth performances in Doctorate graduates,
International co-publications and Most cited publication. On the other hand South korea still has a performance lead in Knowledge-intensive services exports
A 42%higher share of population has completed tertiary education. South korea is more successful in applying for patents
South korea has weaknesses in Doctorate graduates, License and patent revenues from abroad and in its knowledge base with weaker performance compared to the EU in both International co-publications
Doctorate degrees, Population having completed tertiary education, where Australia is performing 34%better than the EU,
and in 5 indicators growing slower compared to the EU. Australia has improved its performance lead in Tertiary education and R&d expenditures in the public sector. However Australia's performance gap in Patent applications,
Population with completed tertiary education, where the country is performing 80%better than the EU, R&d expenditures in the public sector and Public-private co-publications.
Canada has only been able to improve its performance lead in Tertiary education. Furthermore it has decreased the performance gap for Doctorate graduates and Knowledge-intensive service exports.
The Performance lead: Canada Change in performance lead: Canada The scores are calculated by dividing the Canadian indicator value by that of the EU
Doctorate graduates (where the country is performing 31%better as a result of having 2. 2 new doctorate graduates per 1,
000 population aged 25-34 as compared to 1. 7 in the EU) and R&d expenditures in the business sector (1. 82%of GDP in China compared to 1. 29%in the EU). However,
Growth was below that of the EU in Doctorate graduates and only marginally in R&d expenditures in the public sector and the Contribution of mediumhigh-tech product exports to the trade balance.
and its performance gap has become smaller in 7 indicators, in particular in Patent applications, Public-private co-publications, International co-publications, Tertiary education and Exports of knowledge-intensive services.
China's performance lead in Doctorate graduates has decreased and its gap in R&d expenditures in the public sector and the Contribution of medium-high-tech product exports to the trade balance has worsened slightly.
in particular On license and patent revenues from abroad, Publicprivate co-publications, International co-publications, Patent applications and Tertiary education.
The performance gap with the EU has increased for 9 indicators, particularly for Doctorate graduates, License and patent revenues from abroad, International co-publications and Patent applications.
The strong decline in 2012 is due to a sharp decline in New doctorate graduates from 1. 4 to 0. 4 per 1
International copublications and Most-cited publication and Doctorate graduates. A 87%higher share of Russia's population has completed tertiary education.
Russia's growth performance is worse than that of the EU with growth in 10 indicators being below that of the EU, especially for Doctorate graduates, International copublications, R&d expenditures in the business sector, Patent applications and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Growth was above that of the EU in R&d expenditures in the public sector and Exports of Performance lead:
indicators, in particular On license and patent revenues from abroad, Patent applications, Publicprivate co-publications, International co-publications and Doctorate graduates.
The performance gap on Doctorate graduates and the Contribution of medium-high-tech product exports to the trade balance has worsened.
For the indicator New doctorate graduates data are not available. 42 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 5. Country profiles This section provides more detailed individual profiles for all European countries.
Relatively weak indicators include Sales share of new innovations, Non-EU doctorate students and New doctorate graduates.
Bulgaria has performed below the average of the EU. The weakest indicators are Venture capital investments and Non-EU doctorate students.
Other important high growth increases were R&d expenditures in the business sector, Knowledge-intensive service exports and New doctorate graduates.
Non-R&d innovation expenditures and R&d expenditures in the public sector. Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and in Venture capital investments.
High growth is observed for Community trademarks, Community designs and Population with tertiary education. A strong decline is observed in Venture capital investment and Non-R&d innovation expenditures.
Denmark performs below the EU average for Non-EU doctorate graduates, Youth with secondary level education,
High growth is observed for New doctorate graduates and International scientific co-publications. Growth has declined most notably for SMES with Marketing
Germany is performing well above the EU average, especially for International scientific co-publications, New doctorate graduates, Non-R&d innovation expenditures and Community designs.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorates students, Venture capital investments and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Performance is well below the EU average for Non-EU doctorate students and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Estonia has experienced growth for most indicators included in the IUS 2014 Highest growth rates are observed for Community designs, Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students.
Other strong performing indicators are Population with tertiary education Employment in knowledge intensive-services and Knowledge-intensive services exports.
Growth has increased considerably in License and patent revenues from abroad, New doctorate graduates and International scientific co-publications.
For most indicators, Greece performs below that of the EU average, particularly for Non-EU doctorate students
Relative strengths are in International scientific co-publications, Non-EU doctorate students and Population with tertiary education.
France has experienced growth for most indicators, particularly in Community trademarks, International scientific co-publications and New doctorate graduates.
Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students. Relative strengths compared to the EU are in International scientific co-publications, Youth with upper secondary level education and Non-R&d innovation expenditures.
High growth is observed for Non-R&d innovation expenditures, New doctorate graduates and International scientific co-publications.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and Innovative SMES collaborating with others. Relative strengths are in International scientific co-publications and Community designs.
High growth is observed for Non-EU doctorate students License and patent revenues from abroad, International scientific co-publications and community trademarks.
Performance well below the average is observed in Non-EU doctorate students, License and patent revenues from abroad and New doctorate graduates.
Large declines in growth are observed in License and patent revenues from abroad, Non-EU doctorate students and PCT patent applications.
Latvia performs below the average of the EU for most indicators, most particularly for Non-EU doctorate students, R&d expenditures in the business sector, Publicprivate scientific co-publications.
Relative strengths are in Youth with upper secondary level education and in Population with completed tertiary education.
High growth is observed for Community trademarks, New doctorate graduates, Population with completed tertiary education and Community designs.
in particular for Non-EU doctorate students, R&d expenditures in the business sector, License and patent revenues from abroad and Community designs.
Performance above average is observed for Non-R&d innovation expenditures, Population with completed tertiary education and Youth with upper secondary level education.
The largest growth decline is in Non-EU doctorate students. Other large declines are observed for Innovative SMES collaborating with others
Luxembourg performs well below the average for Non-R&d innovation expenditures and New doctorate graduates.
Hungary performs below the EU average for most indicators, especially for Non-EU doctorate students and Community designs.
Relative strong weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and New doctorate graduates. Relative strengths are in Community trademarks
Large declines in growth are observed for Non-EU doctorate students, Sales share of new innovations and License and patent revenues from abroad.
High growth is observed for Non-R&d innovation expenditures, Community trademarks, International scientific co-publications and New doctorate graduates.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and Venture capital investments. Strong increases in growth are observed for Community trademarks
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students PCT patent applications in societal challenges and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Strong declines in growth are observed in Innovative SMES collaborating with others, New doctorate graduates, SMES innovating in-house
Large declines in growth are observed in Non-R&d innovation expenditures, New doctorate graduates and Venture capital investments.
Very weak performance is observed for Non-EU doctorate students and R&d expenditures in the business sector.
Romania performs similar to the EU for New doctorate graduates and Knowledge-intensive services exports.
Community trademarks, New doctorate graduates and International scientific co-publications. Strong declines are observed Non-R&d innovation expenditures, R&d expenditures in the business sector, Non-EU doctorate students and Venture capital investments.
Notes: Performance relative to the EU where the EU=100.66 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 Slovenia is an Innovation follower.
Relative weaknesses are observed in Non-EU doctorate students and Knowledge-intensive services exports. Most indicators are growing in Slovenia.
Community designs, Non-EU doctorate students and License and patent revenues from abroad. Strong declines in growth are observed in Non-R&d innovation expenditures
Relative large weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students, License and patent revenues from abroad and PCT patent applications in societal challenges.
Relative strengths are in International scientific co-publications, R&d expenditures in the business sector, New doctorate graduates and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and Knowledgeintensive services exports. High growth is observed for Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students.
Notable declines in growth are observed for New doctorate graduates and Non-R&d innovation expenditures. Notes:
Performance relative to the EU where the EU=100. Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 69 Sweden is an Innovation leader.
High growth in Sweden is observed for Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students. Strong declines in growth are observed for Venture capital investments
Innovative SMES collaborating with others and New doctorate graduates. Relative weaknesses are in Sales share of new innovations and SMES with Product and/or Process innovations.
High growth is observed in New doctorate graduates and Community trademarks. Large declines in growth are observed in Sales share of new innovations and PCT patent applications in societal challenges.
%Switzerland is performing well above the EU average for most indicators, above all for International scientific copublications, Non-R&d innovation expenditures, Community trademarks and New doctorate graduates.
New doctorate graduates and Most cited scientific publications. Other high growing indicators are Non-EU doctorate students and Population with completed tertiary education.
Strong declines in growth are observed in R&d expenditures in the business sector PCT patent applications and Publicprivate scientific co-publications.
and R&d expenditures in the public sector. Declines in growth are observed only for Knowledge-intensive services exports and Non-EU doctorate students.
Relative strong weaknesses are in License and patent revenues from abroad, Community designs, Community trademarks, Non-EU doctorate students and Public-private scientific co-publications.
High growth is observed for Community trademarks, PCT patent applications in societal challenges and New doctorates graduates.
for two countries, Germany and The netherlands, data for Non-EU doctorate students have become available increasing the number of indicators for these two countries used for calculating the innovation index as compared to last year.
1. 1 New doctorate graduates 1, 7 1, 5 0, 6 1, 5 2, 3 2, 8 1, 3 1
, 8 1. 1. 2 Population completed tertiary education 35,8 43,9 26,9 25,6 43,0 31,9 39,1 51,1 30,9 40,1 43,6 23,7 21
3, 0 6, 2 12,4 5, 2 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 24,2 21 21,0 3, 8 4, 1
New doctorate graduates 1, 7 0, 3 1, 9 2, 2 0, 5 1, 6 1, 7 1, 7 1
0 3, 1 0, 7 0, 6 1. 1. 2 Population completed tertiary education 35,8 22,4 42,3 26,3 39,1 27,2 21,8
, 6 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 24,2 1 1, 4 20,9 8, 6 1, 9 12,0 2, 1 6
. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates 2, 8%4, 5%10,4%6, 0%11,1%3, 5%2, 4%8, 1%-3
Population completed tertiary education 3, 6%1, 7%1, 1%10,2%1, 7%2, 9%3, 6%3, 9%2, 9
, 6%-3, 3%6, 2%10,7%17,2%1, 5%1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 6, 3%1, 3
. 1 New doctorate graduates 2, 8%17 0%6, 8%0, 0%-9, 4%-5, 6%11,4%5, 1%9, 6%-2, 0%-0, 9%3, 4
%10,4%21,9%7, 6%1, 0%7, 5%17,0%1. 1. 2 Population completed tertiary education 3, 6%2, 9%0
%1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 6, 3%-18,8%0, 0%2, 0%-4, 4%9, 4%-5, 8
Definitions of indicators INDICATOR DEFINITION NUMERATOR DEFINITION DENOMINATOR INTERPRETATION Source Source 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates (ISCED 6) per 1000 population
aged 25-34 Number doctorate graduates (ISCED 6) Population between 25 and 34 years The indicator is a measure of the supply of new second-stage tertiary graduates in all fields
For most countries ISCED 6 captures Phd graduates only, with the exception of Finland, Portugal and Sweden where also non-Phd degrees leading to an award of an advanced research qualification
Eurostat Eurostat 1. 1. 2 Percentage population aged 30-34 having completed tertiary education Number of persons in age class with some form of postsecondary education (ISCED 5 and 6
International comparisons of educational levels however are difficult due to large discrepancies in educational systems, access, and the level of attainment that is required to receive a tertiary degree.
and quickly reflect changes in educational policies leading to more tertiary graduates. Eurostat Eurostat 1. 1. 3 Percentage youth aged 20-24 having attained at least upper secondary education Number of young people aged 20-24 years having attained
at least upper secondary education attainment level, i e. with an education level ISCED 3a, 3b or 3c long minimum Population between 20 and 24 years The indicator measures the qualification level of the population aged 20-24 years in terms of formal educational
degrees. It provides a measure for the supply of human capital of that age group and for the output of education systems in terms of graduates.
Completed upper secondary education is considered generally to be the minimum level required for successful participation in a knowledge-based society
and is linked positively with economic growth. Eurostat Eurostat 1. 2. 1 International scientific co-publications per million population Number of scientific publications with at least one co-author based abroad (where abroad is non-EU for the EU27) Total
Science-Metrix (Scopus) Science-Metrix (Scopus) 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students as a%of all doctorate holders For EU Member States:
number of doctorate students from non-EU countries (for non-EU countries: number of non-national doctorate students) Total number of doctorate students The share of non-EU doctorate students reflects the mobility of students as an effective way of diffusing knowledge.
Attracting high-skilled foreign doctorate students will add to creating a net brain gain and will secure a continuous supply of researchers.
Eurostat Eurostat Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 87 1. 3. 1 R&d expenditure in the public sector(%of GDP) All R&d expenditures in the government sector (GOVERD
) and the higher education sector (HERD) Gross domestic product R&d expenditure represents one of the major drivers of economic growth in a knowledgebased economy.
as all NACE Rev. 2 industries at 2-digit level where at least 33%of employment has a higher education degree (ISCED5
Scoreboard 2014 INDICATOR ABSOLUTE VALUES EU AU BR CA CN IN JP KR RU SA US 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates
. 7 1. 1. 2 Population completed tertiary education 28.5 38.3 11.6 51.3 10.1 9. 8 46.4 40.4 53.5 16.5 42.4 1
IN JP KR RU SA US 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates 111.1 26.4 72.5 131.3 n/a 63.7 84.2 23.7 8
. 4 102.1 1. 1. 2 Population completed tertiary education 134.4 40.7 179.9 35.2 34.3 162.6 141.6 187.4 57.8 148.8 1. 2
RU SA US 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates-1. 4%-16.6%0. 5%-3. 5%n/a 0. 2%1
. 9%-19.3%-2. 1%1. 5%1. 1. 2 Population completed tertiary education 1. 7%1. 2%0. 6%6. 7
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