Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The societal impact of the World wide web--key challenges for the 21st century Burn, Janice M;
Loch, Karen D Information Resources Management Journal; Oct-Dec 2001; 14,4; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 4 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
uk/pdfdir/iahi0809. pdf iiihttp://www. comscore. com/Press events/Press releases/2010/3/UK LEADS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN SMARTPHONE A doption with 70 growth in past 12 months iv Ofcom Adults Media Literacy 2010 v
-foundation. tagmap. co. uk/xv Ofcom digital literacy report
1 Study on Social Innovation A paper prepared by the Social Innovation exchange (SIX) and the Young Foundation for the Bureau of European Policy Advisors 2 European union/The Young Foundation 2010 Information and views expressed in the study are those of the author (s),
It looks at innovations in all sectors that are achieving high impact and productivity, particularly in relation to goals of better health education, employment or the environment,
care, housing and education) and opportunities for learning and employment. 8 Public sector Innovation growing social needs,
The European Research Area Board, chaired by Professor John wood, recently outlined its vision for the European Research Area towards 2030.
and from new models of learning and eldercare to new ways to reduce waste, empower communities and transition to a low carbon economy
while older children combined work and secondary school. In addition to schools New Lanark set up a crèche for working mothers, free medical care,
the first private higher education institution in South africa to offer a virtually free business degree to students from disadvantaged backgrounds,
And societies as a whole immerse 27 themselves in the business of learning new habits, rules, and ways of seeing
Learning and adaptation to ensure that the innovation achieves social impact and continues to do so as the environment around it changes.
which help to spread learning and best practice. One example is the sustainable urban development network URBACT
For example, Mars in Toronto, links a university, hospital, business incubator, alongside a social innovation investment fund.
In Singapore, Biopolis, a two-million square foot research centre brings together scientific leaders and postdoctoral students and in the Basque Country,
In part this is because of the continued growth of social industries such as health education and care, but it is also
which play a key role in integration various marginalised groups into the labour market 47 including adults with learning difficulties,
which provide general education as well as skills training. Some of the residents spend only a year or so with Barka to get back on their feet,
Portugal Projecto Geracão (The Generation Project) works to combat truancy and school dropout by providing education, training,
school dropout rates are high and violence, crime, un-documentation, integration difficulties and social exclusion are common.
to a number of programmes working with school age children to encourage them to stay in education.
allowing students who achieve the minimum requirements to train as hairdressers at school. In the two years it has been running,
all of the 22 pupils who took part are in full time employment. This 53 project has become sustainable through the support of the municipality, and L'oreal.
who had previously set up the Open university, the Consumers'Association and roughly 40 other organisations. The SSE provides long-term tailored support to social entrepreneurs to help them hone
which participants in small groups (Action Learning Sets) study their own actions and experiences in order to learn
Among SSE students, there is an even split between men and women and a range of educational experiences from those with no formal qualifications to those who are professionally or academically qualified.
Students currently range from 19 to 74 years of age. A recent evaluation by the New Economics Foundation (NEF) concluded that the SSE's learning programme has been highly successful:
roughly 85%of all organisations established whilst at the SSE are still in existence (i e. they are more than one
The package includes a Best Practice Guide made up of Quality Standards and Learning Resources.
and the homesharer is a student who can help with household chores in exchange for accommodation.
Germany's homeshare programme, Wohnen für Hilfe was originally set up in 1992 by the University in Darmstadt to meet the accommodation needs of students and the needs of older people for help in the home.
It is coordinated by Cologne University and the City council, and between 2005-2008,240 students used homeshare,
and 90 people over 60 provided accommodation. In Germany, homesharers often provide a mix of help and a modest rent.
but the many programmes in Spain today are now coordinated by universities, not-for-profit organisations, local or regional authorities (town halls,'Diputacion',regional government departments.
Again, the most successful programme today is partially coordinated by a university, so successful that the majority of students at Barcelona University have at one point during their studies,
participated in a homeshare programme. In addition to linking different programmes, Homeshare International aims to sustain good codes of practice and influence policy in housing and the social sector.
Resources available from Homeshare International include a directory of international Homeshare partners and a DIY Homeshare manual. 63 Extending household care-San Patrignano,
Recent studies conducted by several major universities show that 72%of those who completed the programme at San Patrignano are reintegrated fully into society
in 2003 by an Institute within the University of Wales. xcv Spice has disseminated‘community time credits'within public services
which is part of a university and allows volunteered time to be exchanged for waived tuition fees and Fureai Kippu in Japan,
students and small manufacturers, the UK based business Riversimple is creating the first, open source, highly energy efficient eco car.
learning) Law, general regulationreporting requirements, metrics, audit 67 1%of total budgets for innovations). Financial devices that support innovation (for example Social Impact Bonds, carbon trading markets.
whether through intermediaries, universities, or civil service colleges. Procurement mobilising public procurement to support promising innovations.
Outcomes based commissioning Focus on the social impact of next generation networks, which can play an important role in promoting personalized care, independent living and sustainable ways of work (example:
Instead there is a need for some experimentation and rapid learning. Within any government we argue that social innovation should not be the sole responsibility of any one unit, department or team.
1. Scoping and project design 2. Learning about the users 3. Analysis 4. Idea and concept 5. Test of new concepts 6. Communication of results 7. Measuring Recent projects include‘burden hunting'reducing administrative burdens on Danish companies.
The goal is now to convince politicians to develop co-creation approach in all the high schools.
The other 78 residencies will be dedicated to employment, health, democracy, social networks, universities, transport and food systems. cii Another project run by the 27th Region is Atelier 27,
'Innovation Universities Innovation focused universities could play an important role in supporting and accelerating the development of social innovation.
Aalto University, Finland Due to launch in January 2010, Aalto University, or the so called‘innovation university',is created a newly institution merging three Finish universities, The Helsinki School of economics,
The University of Art and Design, and The Helsinki University of Technology. Aalto is a response to the Finish government's aim for educational reform.
The university will aspire to transform existing disciplines, creating hybrids and in turn its own specialised disciplines.
At present the university is funded with €500 million from the government and €200 million of donations.
Students are to have a high involvement in the running of the university, being involved actively in different themed planning groups.
In the preparation and running of the university three primary research projects have been established: Sustainable Communities, Neuro Applications,
and Economics and the Internet of the Future. Workshops will be run to enhance co-creation of ideas
and services between the three institutions involved in the hope to create a diverse and wide-reaching hybrid.
Aalto have a wiki (http://wiki. aaltoyliopisto. info) intended for internal sharing and communication of ideas in the preparation and implementation stages of the university's inception. cvii Pro-innovation cultures 83
Whether or not social innovation becomes embedded within an organisation depends on whether there is a culture
More than 450 Harvard courses and over 2, 250 courses worldwide have incorporated Innovations in American Government case studies including Milano Graduate school, University of West indies
and the Hong kong Polytechnic University. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the Innovations in American Government Awards. 85 Participation Over the last few decades,
Eligibility also varies with some schemes focusing on young adults with learning difficulties or others focusing on the elderly or adults with physical disabilities.
what is needed in civil service colleges, NGO training programmes, schools for social entrepreneurs and business schools. Many MBAS now offer modules on social entrepreneurship,
and a market in specialist courses is beginning to emerge. Specialist academies linked to social economy initiatives,
such as the University of Mondragon in Spain, and the University of Gastronomic Science in Bra and Colorno in Northern Italy,
are supporting social innovation. But most practitioners learn on the job, through trial and error, and with the help of the networks they themselves create.
No existing training provision makes use of the full range of learning tools now available.
Whilst ESF programmes will continue to support those who have difficulties in finding work, this focussed support for innovation within the work place, for life long learning and adaptability,
and courses, ranging from quickly accessible online materials and short courses to fuller diplomas and modules in MPAS and MBAS.
aiding the spread of learning, and sharing and disseminating best practice and new models. For example, looking at the field of technological innovation, the success of Silicon valley can be attributed largely to the clustering of technology firms
In the UK, the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills has commissioned NESTA to develop a new‘Innovation Index'to measure the UK's innovation performance
clxiii In education‘value added'measures assess how much individual schools‘add'to the quality of pupils they take in-some schools might achieve very good exam results simply because of the quality of their intake.
It provides a framework for learning about what works over time. Conclusion Our specific recommendation is for the European commission to move forward on two fronts:
and investment in more rigorous lesson learning. This has been a key weakness in some past programmes.
which allows for the spread of learning, and sharing and disseminating best practice and new models.
Developing materials, curriculum, case studies, open source materials Coordinating universities, civil service colleges etc to work collaboratively through the development of a network of institutions to spread
specifically the network of Innovation Agencies (TAFTIE) should focus more on social innovation learning, and European Technology Platforms should be used to promote social innovation.
and managed by its students, from administration duties to facilities management. Two additional key features are partnerships with a great number of businesses in the design and delivery of all programmes-and the requirement of every student to return to their rural schools and communities, during holidays,
to teach what they have learnt. A full account is available in Bornstein, D. 2004) op cit. See also www. cida. co. za;
nurturing the hidden sources of growth in the developing world, Harvard Business school Press, Boston. xliv R. Nelson and S. Winter;
and particularly concerned to avoid cognitive dissonance. xlvi H. Gardner (2004) Changing Minds, Harvard Business school Press,
addressing the critical gaps in risk-taking capital for social enterprise, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford, Oxford: UK lxxxviii
http://www. tekes. fi cvi VINNOVA at http://www. vinnova. se cvii Aalto University http://www. aaltoyliopisto. info/cviii Petts, J
Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford. Oxford: UK cxxiv Murray, R.,Caulier-Grice, J. & Mulgan, G. 2009.
Addressing the critical gaps in risk-taking capital for social enterprise, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford, Oxford: UK cxxvi
J. 2009) Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. cliii Key dimensions including material living standards, health education, personal activities such as work
Available at http://www. gatesfoundation. org/learning/Documents/WWL-report-measuring-estimating-social-value-creation. pdf clx The emerging literature making use of the concept of public value includes Moore,
2008) The impact of subjective wellbeing on local authority interventions Imperial College London, UK. clxv The following books provide a good overview:
incubators, research networks and educational exchanges in specific research areas. Closed innovation systems of laboratories, universities, research institutes
art schools, corporations, public administrations, professions are no longer a viable approach for future innovation. New roles and skills are needed to sensor
and bring together the right actors globally and broker collaboration. Open innovation is based on the power of networks and access to knowledge 127 across Europe and globally.
The focus is now on monitoring and learning. Main challenges: To foster interregional and international cooperation.
To guide Universities towards research excellence and make them participate in strategic partnerships. 27 Warsaw (February 2012) Thank you very much for your attention Department of Industry, Innovation, Trade and Tourism Donostia-San Sebastián n 1, 01010 VITORIA
Indeed, much of the most creative action is happening at the boundaries between sectors, in fields as diverse as fair trade, distance learning, hospices, urban farming, waste reduction and restorative justice.
The socalled consumer doubles as a domestic producer a cook, a mother, a carer, a shopper, a driver, a nurse, a gardener, a teacher or student entailing so much of
trial and error and rapid learning that are accompanying the birth of this new economy. But we can be certain that its emergence will encourage ever more interest in how innovation can best be supported,
and should evolve through shared learning. Social innovations often struggle against the odds all of our chances of success will increase
Examples include computers in classrooms, the use of assistive devices for the elderly, or implants to cut teenage pregnancy.
PRA uses a range of visualisation techniques such as mapping as a tool for learning about sexual health and reproduction,
An outstanding recent example is New zealand academic John Hattie's work on schools,‘Visible Learning, 'which brings together 800 meta-analyses of
Feedback loops are a necessary precondition for learning, reviewing and improving. This could include front line service research to tap into the expertise of practitioners and front line staff
Examples include the idea of disability rights, closedloop manufacturing, zero-carbon housing or lifelong learning.
personalised learning in schools and self-managed healthcare, and are likely to be critical to future productivity gains in public services. 11 24) Changing roles.
CARE. 7. Hattie, J. 2008)‘ Visible Learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement.'
Nooteboom, B. 2000)‘ Learning and Innovation in Organisations and Economies.''Oxford: Oxford university Press. 12. Laderman Ukeles, M. 2001) On Maintenance and Sanitation Art.
and the role of the prison officer around an intensive learning programme. 1 39) Engagement of ex-users The Arizona Department of Corrections has involved recent prisoners in designing programmes to help others reintegrate into society
they make sculptures using A Learning Prison. The prison is divided up into houses (the image above is a cross section) with cells on the top three floors, a communal space on the ground floor,
and a learning centre in the basement. Image courtesy of Hilary Cottam, Buschow Henley, Do Tank Ltd. 2 participants'bodies to portray events and personal experiences.
but now cover topics as diverse as marketing and healthcare. 76) Participatory workshops are also known as Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) or Participatory Learning and Action (PLA).
they acted as intermediaries between research done in universities and practitioners in government and elsewhere.
2002)‘ Learning Works: The 21st Century Prison.''London: Do Tank Ltd. 2. See Boal, A. 1979)‘ Theatre of the Oppressed.'
Harvard Business school Press; and Chesbrough, H.,Vanhaverbeke, W. and West, J. Eds)( 2006)‘ Open Innovation:
the idea being that faster implementation would speed up learning. This idea has now 3 spread into service prototyping
and learning because of the need to freeze the model to allow for formal evaluation. 88) Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTS) test a procedure within a randomly chosen sample of the public.
The combination of social learning and technological advancement that open testing demonstrates has many applications in encouraging sustainable and systemic innovation that is both supply and demand driven.
Within universities the usual form is a grant, often with few conditions to allow a group of researchers to explore an idea without specifying outcomes.
or service providers to buy research in universities; or to club together to commission incubators (being tested by the ESRC.
Under the programme, recent graduates and young professionals spend two years working on various projects, building houses,
Until recently, Un Techo para Chile had no legal status it was simply a loose network of students, young professionals, and residents.
listening, and learning. Management is not only about the 4 70 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION giving of orders
This is important also, for public innovation, through, for example, bodies like the National school of Government (NSG) and the Improvement and Development Agency for local government (IDEA), CELAP in China,
particularly from public authorities for example, making the case for public funding for drugs treatment or sex education.
A Pratham classroom. Pratham provides primary education to some of India's most deprived children. Images courtesy of the Pratham team. 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 85 157) Distributed diffusion through provision as a social movement.
Pratham in India is a good example of a simple model that has spread on a large scale.
and promoted fast learning. 165) Endorsement by regulators for example, the impact of NICE in increasing the pressure on healthcare commissioners to take up more cost effective methods,
SCALING AND DIFFUSION 89 through a series of events and learning visits. 168) Global diffusion and encouragement, for example through GBUPA, the World bank's Global Programme on Output-Based Aid,
One example 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 93 Organic farming students at Everdale. Everdale is an organic farm and environmental learning centre.
Its purpose is to teach sustainable living practices, and operate a model organic farm. Image courtesy of Everdale. 5 94 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION is Everdale in Ontario, Canada,
and adaptation and learning processes are required for the generative diffusion of innovation. The NHS‘Adapt
which promoted healthy eating in primary and secondary schools, and led to the creation of a Trust to put its ideas into practice. 5 96 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Another interesting example is The Climate Project set up by Al gore.
The University of Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership and The Climate Project designed and organised a training programme at
More than 460 Barefoot Solar Engineers trained by the Barefoot College of Tilonia, Rajasthan, India have electrified solar homes in rural communities in 18 countries benefiting the rural poor who make less than $1 a day.
Image courtesy of Barefoot College. 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 99 201) Growth through collaboration. Collaborations are used often to develop
and identify new solutions to problems through increased effectiveness, expertise, knowledge transfer, and learning. Collaboration can help institutions work better
The package includes a‘Best Practice Guide'made up of Quality Standards and Learning Resources.
and can be converted into QALYS to demonstrate cost-effectiveness in relation to stated health preferences. 215) Value-added measures in education assess how much individual schools‘add'to the quality of pupils they take in some schools might achieve very good exam results simply because of the quality
The BBC in the UK uses this method as an aid in decision making. 221) Life satisfaction measures are a particularly interesting new set of approaches (led by Professor Paul Dolan)
Another example of this is school inspections inspectors assess and then share good practice. Comparative metrics are used increasingly by international bodies to identify policies which succeed against the grain. 225) Balanced scorecards are a performance measurement tool for assessing
These generally provide a much more objective measure of social dynamics than the indicators chosen by individual organisations to prove their impact. 229) Assessment as learning,
including peer reviews and real time evaluation methods to promote cross-pollination such as NESTA's evaluation of Health Launchpad. 5 106 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION End notes 1. See for example,
Stockholm University. Chapter 5; see also Strang, D. and Soule, S. A. 1998) Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements:
or learning according to fundamentally different principles. These invariably involve many different elements. Systemic innovation is very different from innovation in products or services.
Examples include the creation of welfare states after the Second world war, the spread of comprehensive early years'education programmes in Europe, dramatic expansions of higher education,
and close links with top universities such as Imperial and UCL, as well as with big firms like Glaxosmithkline and Pfizer.
There are many other examples from new models of personal finance to new models of university.
There are similar patterns emerging in healthcare (the home as hospital), education (online learning), and social care. 231) Changing the‘scripts'around services.
MEASURES Marriage age Secondary school Age first pregnancy ULTIMES MEASURES Income rates Accumulated assets Nike Foundation-Strategic Framework customer satisfaction,
Examples include the College of Health, and Forum for the Future. Mondragon University and Centro Popular de Cultura e Desenvolvimento (Brazil) go further,
giving students the experience of working in small social enterprises. These could play a critical role in training up a future cadre of social innovators. 249) Mutual help and mentoring by users.
The tradition of voluntary coaching (in sports clubs or the arts, for example) is being extended to education,
and implementation of the programme, served as a process for community learning. The project has acted as a major demonstration programme for national and international applications. 251) Support for new patterns of power and responsibility,
and Bed Zed in the UK. 254) Designing and trialling platforms to trigger systemic innovation including peer-to-peer models such as the School of Everything and digital learning environments such as colleges in second life. 255) Comprehensive pilots,
or measuring value. 258) New rights such as rights to care, rights to schooling or rights to vote.
So while familiar data on income, employment, diseases or educational achievement continues to be gathered, there is growing interest in other types of measurement that may give more insights into
and a 6 SYSTEMIC CHANGE 121 series of learning events. 272) Organising formal coalitions for change with explicit goals,
600 people gathered outside the power station the UK's biggest single source of carbon dioxide-for ten days of learning and sustainable living,
promote and disseminate learning and best practice. These are promoted sometimes strongly by funders for example, the European commission's sustainable urban development network URBACT and the EQUAL Programme. 126 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Championing innovation Individual roles can be created to scout out,
water and packaging with its brands. 2 Another example is the nurses as social entrepreneurs programme developed at Oxford university's Saïd Business school. 279) Social entrepreneurs in residence are entrepreneurs who are brought in to develop the innovative capacities
It has a wide-ranging portfolio, covering regulation, enterprise and business support, higher education, innovation, and science.
allow fast learning across a community of innovators; and establish clear pathways for scaling up the most promising models.
Mars in Toronto links a university, a hospital, research labs, and a business incubator, alongside a social innovation investment fund.
a two-millionsquare-foot research centre that brings together scientific leaders and postdoctoral students, with a target of 4, 000 researchers on-site by 2015,
and another 6, 000 scientists in related fields such as clean technology nearby. 295) Innovation universities and research departments, such as Finland's new Aalto University, launched in 2010
as a result of the merger of the Technical University, the Business school, and the School CONNECTING PEOPLE, IDEAS AND RESOURCES 135 of Arts and Design.
social entrepreneurs, nonprofit organisation managers and others. 296) Innovation learning labs. There are now a range of innovation learning labs within universities.
and Action Lab based in Brussels (developed by i-propeller), The London School of economics (LSE), Harvard Business school,
IESE Business school in Barcelona and Madrid, SITE at the Stockholm School of economics, and the Catholic University of Leuven.
There is also the Poverty Action Lab at MIT which tests out alternative interventions to reduce poverty in the developing world.
promoting learning and collaboration across This is the winning team from 2009's Social Innovation Camp.
which is based on theories of learning in action‘learning while doing'.'They have proved an effective tool for practitioners in local government in the UK,
and social entrepreneurship. 305) Action learning sets are groups of between four and seven people who come together on a regular basis to reflect on their work,
where students are divided into action learning sets for the duration of the one year course. 306) Membership organisations like the Royal Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) in the UK
and educational materials related to lab experiments as widely as possible to support distance learning and distributed innovation. 313) Peer-to-peer platforms are distributed
Harvard Business school Press. 5. For an excellent paper on the role of networks, the benefits they bring
Harvard Business school Press. He puts forward an evolutionary model of growth, parallel to that of Darwin, in
The flow of information from the periphery to the centre is critical for learning, reviewing and improving.
groups and mobilising ex-offenders in service design (see method 38). 321) Learning cultures. The biggest barrier to innovation is the lack of a culture of learning that rewards public agencies and public servants for learning from their own mistakes learning from other sectors,
and learning from other places. One feature of the most innovative public agencies is that they are comfortable adopting ideas from diverse and surprising sources. 322) Safe spaces for innovation.
Examples include The 27e Region in France. There are 26 administrative regions in France. This virtual 27th‘region'is intended to provide the other regions with the space
including deciding who in a team should benefit. 1 SUPPORT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR 151 This playground at the Nunsmoor Centre in the West end of Newcastle is sure to be one the kids will love,
such as those for higher education, elder care and environmental investment. 380) Charitable status extended to allow tax allowances on investment funds,
including Milano Graduate school, University of West indies, and the Hong kong Polytechnic University. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the Innovations in American Government Awards.
South africa set up the Centre for Public service Innovation (CPSI) in 2002 and now runs regular awards.
There are similar awards in various countries including Brazil and Denmark. Innovation from the workforce The close involvement of the workforce in innovation has been a feature of Toyota's methods of work organisation that has spread to manufacturing and service industries over the past 25 years.
colleges, local authorities and trusts to ask the Minister to suspend or modify educational legislation that was holding back innovative approaches to raising standards.
They were limited to issues such as the timing of school sessions (half of them), changes in school governance such as the size of the governing body or pupil representation (one third),
so that individuals can be transferred from failures to successes. 398) Accreditation, search and recruitment of public innovators by commercial headhunters or government agencies.
as a form of public venturing. 400) Volunteering in the public sector. Encouraging volunteering within the public sector (for example in health education and care),
This is the West Philly Hybrid X Team, a group of students from West Philadelphia High school's Academy of Automotive and Mechanical engineering with their entry, the EVX.
'This technique is employed by Do Something, College Summit, and Teach for America. 411) Grants as investment including tapered grant funding, public equity,
including transformations of whole sectors for social ends. 419) Strategic investments to transform sectoral provision, for example, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's investment in small high schools across America;
when a group of students set up their own visual arts studio. The students work Processing bamboo as part of Prosperity Initiative's plan to transform the bamboo sector in Northwest Vietnam.
In two years the project has enabled 22,000 people to move out of poverty. The project's goal is to move 750,000 people out of income poverty across Vietnam, Lao PDR and Cambodia by 2020.
The students are responsible for running the studio and raising funds. In this way, it combines creative freedom, business practice,
and collaborative learning. The idea has spread and there are now Room 13 studios in Mexico, Nepal, Austria, South africa, USA, Turkey, Holland, China, and Canada.
Here, Uprisers are taking part in a learning session at the Roffey Park Leadership Retreat.
Many MBAS now offer modules on social entrepreneurship, and there is a thriving market in specialist courses. 433) Training for future leaders.
Saïd Business school, University of Oxford. Available at: http://www. sbs. ox. ac. uk/centres/skoll/research/Documents/Venture%20philanthropy%20in%20europe. pdf. For large scale developments in this field, see:
They include the continued growth of social industries such as health education and care. Social provision has also been opened up to business in many countries.
in addition to its users in east Africa. 451) Corporate not-for-profit management of social provision such as Academy Schools in the UK and Charter schools in the US. 452) Partnerships between social enterprises and corporations
the University of Mondragón in Spain; the Sekem Academy in Egypt for the research and study of agriculture, pharmaceuticals and medicine from a bio dynamic perspective;
and the University of Gastronomic Sciences in Pollenzo and Colorno in Northern Italy, which has grown out of the slow food movement. 4 484) Retraining of business leaders to play roles in the social economy,
delivered by prestigious graduate employers, business schools, think tanks, sector leaders and others. 486) Lessons in social entrepreneurship such as the programmes offered by INSEAD and the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship at Oxford's Saïd Business school.
Another model is the School for Social Entrepreneurs (SSE) mentioned in method 206, which provides long-term tailored support to social entrepreneurs to help them hone
The learning programme is based on‘learning through doing 'and peer-learning. 487) Mutual support networks such as Community Action Network (CAN) which promotes social entrepreneurship
Issues such as the distribution of working time, the valorisation of voluntary labour, the content and channels of life skills learning, the role of many of the social and educational services, the arrangements for retirement and unemployment, the size
For example, there is now a Health Information Accreditation Scheme in the UK which gives kite marks to organisations that produce information and moderate websites and forums.
SPICE has established more than 40 projects in South Wales whereby institutions like local authorities, schools, colleges and housing associations grant time credits for various kinds of volunteer work
and opening parts of parks or schools for residents and students to grow flowers, fruits, and vegetables.
Garden Organic and the Health education Trust) is a network of schools and communities across the UK
which can then be eaten by students at lunchtime. 515) Community centres that merge into household activities childcare, entertainment,
Examples include hyper-local website Boscalicious Year 1 pupils from Collaton St mary Primary school dig up organic potatoes
asthma networks, homework clubs, or gardening groups as well as citizens engaging in formal activities through volunteering.
In 2008, campers converged on Kingsnorth power station for a week of learning, sustainable living and climate action.
and home schooling groups. 525) User groups such as rail user groups or park user associations (for example,
Mcgibbon and Kee. 4. Morales, O. 2008) The Alliance of Youth movements Summit, 4 december, Columbia School of law, New york. For more information on the summit, see:
149 311 Services 21 Aalto University 134 Abecedarian Project 111 Academies 116; 192; 185 Accelerators 135 Accountability 3;
169 Azim Premji Foundation 185 Banca intesa 183 Banca Prossima 189 Banca Etica 188 Barcamp 46 Barefoot College 98 Bastoey Island
Bank 186 Charter schools 184 Chicagoland Chamber of commerce 87 Children 15; 36; 42; 85; 111; 116; 174 Children's Express 42 Cinepop 95 Cisco 185 Cities of Migration 45 Citizens Juries 43 Citizens bank 188 Citylife 186 Civic Innovation
Initiative 137 Clissold Park User Group 207 Clore Social Leadership Programme 177 College of Health 116 Commons 76;
192 Mondragon University 116 Moore, Mark 7; 104 Moveon 41 Mozilla Firefox 139 M-Pesa 115;
160 National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) 87 National school of Government 77 National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO) and Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations 216
132 Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, 192 Saïd Business school, Oxford university 126; 192 Skoll Foundation 169 Slow Food 109;
She formerly worked on education policy at the Social Market Foundation, where she co-authored Fade or Flourish:
and Melbourne University. His latest book is The Art of Public Strategy: mobilising power and knowledge for the common good (Oxford university Press, 2009.
We have a 55 year track record of success with ventures such as the Open university,‘Which?'
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