www. technopolis-group. com 30 september 2014 Regional Innovation Monitor Plus Regional Innovation Report West Transdanubia To the European commission Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General Directorate
Innovation Policies 30 3. 4 Good Practice Case 34 3. 5 Possible Future Orientations and Opportunities 36 Appendix A Bibliography 39 Appendix
B Stakeholders Consulted 41 Appendix C Statistical Data 42 Table of Figures Figure 1 Economic Performance Indicators...
the Regional Innovation Monitor1 continues to be one of the flagship initiatives of DG Enterprise and Industry of the European commission.
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/region/select Copyright of the document belongs to the European commission.
may appear. 1 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regional-innovation/monitor/2 Regional Innovation Monitor Plus Executive Summary 1. Main Trends
Despite an unprecedented volume of investment in new technology and in research infrastructure, EU resources that supported WT's innovation-driven upgrading failed to achieve breakthrough results.
and regional innovation performance is driven still by foreign enterprises'activity. Challenge 1: Eliminate WT's innovation paradox
and actions that cover all possible policy targets, including R&d, technology transfer, technology-based entrepreneurship and innovation collaboration.
Ensure the availability of skilled human resources for the innovation-driven renewal of the region's key industries The main obstacle of innovation-driven renewal is the scarcity of highly skilled human resources.
Aligning the supply of graduates with the demand of the regional labour market necessitates actions that target the improvement of the curricula, the services and the research capacities of the relevant higher education institutions.
More policy measures ought to target demand (market for technology) and entrepreneurship (start-up and spin-off formation.
WT's RIS3 strategy explicitly addresses this challenge through voucher-based, demand-side measures and through the identification of creative industries and ecoindustries as sectoral priorities.
in the Enterprise Development Programme and in the Science and Innovation Programme. They address innovation supply, try to foster demand;
promote collaboration; stimulate market-oriented R&d and support to business enterprises'investment in new technology. A couple of measures addressed public and social innovation.
The content of the measures is uniform across Hungary, reflecting a‘one size fits all'approach.
future actions and opportunities for innovation policy The policy measures seem to have addressed broadly the main challenges of the region.
They have intensified effectively regional stakeholders'innovation activities, raised awareness for innovation and enhanced innovation collaboration.
The amount of support Structural Funds have made available for regional stakeholders in the 2010s, was orders of magnitude higher than in the previous decade.
and more and more demand side policy instruments are included in RIS3. 4 Regional Innovation Monitor Plus 1. Main Trends
One reason why the quantitative expansion of output gradually abated after having been driven by foreign investors'new greenfield investment decisions
was the increasing scarcity of adequately skilled workforce. Unemployment rate is much lower than the national average (7. 8
however bound to grow at a higher rate than the national average, substantiated by a relatively strong investment activity.
In contrast to a gradually diminishing investment-intensity at the national level, in WT, the indicator of regional investment over regional GDP kept growing over the period between 2010 and 2012:
though lower than what the outstanding share of foreign direct investment would suggest. WT ranks only fourth among the seven Hungarian regions in terms of apparent labour productivity in industry.
in 2010.4 Services accounted for 45.8%of GDP in 2011. The public sector was an important employment provider in WT with nearly 19%of total employment in 2011,
%)Tourism is one of the most important sectors within services. Although the number of tourists decreased in 2012,
income from hotel services ranks the region second in Hungary, trailing only the Central Hungarian region.
Note that the lion's share of R&d investment concerned investment in R&d infrastructure (new laboratories and research facilities, testing equipment,
and modernisation have been driven by efficiencyseeking foreign direct investment in this region. The outstanding value of the indicator of‘Structural Funds on business innovations'benchmarked against EU average suggests a thought-provoking conclusion.
The two key drivers of improved regional innovation performance are EU Structural Funds and foreign direct investment.
R&d-intensive MNC subsidiaries, indigenous enterprises and R&d performers and services providers (the region's universities) could all benefit from an unprecedented volume of support.
and provide at the same time opportunities for them to engage in innovation collaboration with industry actors. Automotive industry is of an outstanding importance from the point of view of R&d activities.
and can thereby offer R&d services: in particular, advanced manufacturing-specific services to a wide range of industries within and outside the region.
Structural Funds related support has prompted the emergence and the capacity improvement of a number of innovation intermediary and bridging institutions.
technology transfer offices, incubators, competence centres and centres of excellence have been added to WT's innovation ecosystem to provide services to the region's innovative actors.
At risk of some exaggeration, it seems fair to remark that due to the dedicated support available,
the number of well-equipped innovation services providers has increased at a higher pace over the past five years than the number of innovative companies.
and despite an unprecedented volume of investment in new technology and in research infrastructure, EU resources that supported WT's innovation-driven upgrading failed to achieve breakthrough results.
and innovation is driven still by foreign enterprises'activity. 6 Note that WT has accredited only one innovation cluster:
ons (per mln pop) Total R&d personnel(%)Employment in knowledge--intensive services(%)Empl. in medium--high/high-tech manufacturing(%)EPO patent applica:
and/or to outsource R&d activities to regional services providers; Stimulate indigenous companies'technological upgrading
or products/services that require knowledge-intensive activities; Foster indigenous companies'more intensive engagement in R&d activities and/or in non-technological innovation;
including R&d services provision, collaborative R&d with industry; and transfer of research results, e g. in the form of spin-off creation;
Enhance new technology-based entrepreneurship in the region, e g. through strengthening the start-up ecosystem; Dynamise cluster-based collaboration and facilitate the shift of existing clusters towards more innovation-oriented activities;
One of the most important obstacles of an innovation-driven renewal is the scarcity of highly skilled human resources, especially of graduates in engineering, mathematics and natural sciences.
It is indispensable to align the supply of graduates with the demand of the regional labour market,
which necessitates the continuous improvement of the relevant higher education institutions'curricula as well as their student services. Higher education institutions'research capacities needs to be improved further
More policy measures ought to target demand (market for technology and entrepreneurship (start-up and spin-off formation.
WT's RIS3 strategy and some of the additional strategies in place (see section 3 for details) explicitly address this challenge by arguing that Innocheck, a past,
demand-side measure should be reintroduced in the region. Moreover, the identification of creative industries and eco-industries as sectoral priorities that complement the region's traditional strengths (automotive, machinery and wood industries) and require increased policy attention also contributes to meeting this challenge.
Urban counties will be provided approximately half of this amount 7 According to an interviewed stakeholder, county-level municipalities neither possess any experts (huge capacity gap) nor have any experience in such a planning-programming exercise.
development and provision of regional innovation related services. By the end of the 2000s, RIAS have undergone substantial capacity development:
they have accumulated region-specific (or rather regional innovation system-specific) knowledge and relational capital. However, their institutional autonomy and capacity to influence regional innovation strategy implementation kept diminishing as a result of policy-makers'repeated re-centralisation moves.
whereas OP-support constitutes hardly bearable administrative burden for beneficiaries. 16 Regional Innovation Monitor Plus Economy Programme;
and responsibility for the management and implementation of individual innovation-related operational programmes has been transferred to various ministries (to the Prime minister's Office, to the Ministry for National Economy, Ministry of National Development,
2014 and its tasks and responsibilities have been delegated to the Ministry for National Economy. Responsibility for the administration and management of the human resources development projects of WT's regional operational programme,
and its members are the minister for national development, the minister of the economy and the minister of the state (Prime minister's Office).
A wide range of regional stakeholders have been involved in strategy drafting, consequently both the regional innovation strategy of WT (RIS Navigator,
%of total publicly financed investment is financed from EU resources (http://ec. europa. eu/budget/mycountry/HU/index en. cfm) justifies much higher estimated figures with respect to GBAORD
and of innovation services providers still figure high among the policy objectives. At the same time new elements in regional innovation policy-makers'orientation necessitate some new components within the mix of policy measures.
or industry-university-specific collaborative innovation, support 20 Regional Innovation Monitor Plus to the development of incubation and innovation management services,
support to start-up and spin-off formation, support to investment in new technology, etc. but the mix of these policy measures will have to undergo some restructuring.
and technology transfer and innovation vouchers at the expense of direct cash transfers that support companies'investment in new technology.
particularly in the field of creative industries(‘creative vouchers'to be used for design-specific services,
Another new element in the orientation of regional innovation policy documents is increased the recognition of the importance of demand-side instruments.
and contends that increased resources should be allocated to other demand side instruments as well, for example 1) to innovation vouchers to be used for R&d services;
or IPR consultancy; 2) to the establishment of new technology oriented start-ups, e g. in creative industries;
Instead of direct cash transfers to companies, innovation services ought to be developed and diversified. New requirements include the expansion of business angels'networks, enhancement of regional business incubation services;
improvement of regional innovative stakeholders'access to financing e g. to risk capital, or to micro-credit.
Before discussing the innovation support measures that are currently in place, it should be noted that EU Structural Funds (and other programmes such as FPS,
Policy-makers'decision to restrict the allocation of the Fund's resources to Central Hungary was explained with the fact that innovative stakeholders in convergence regions were entitled to more diversified sources of support from EU Structural Funds than stakeholders in Central Hungary.
especially in West Transdanubia that hosts a large number of medium-sized and large enterprises that are net contributors to the Fund.
Partly as a result of extensive lobbying by the regional stakeholders in 2013, government policy-makers decided to launch some new support programmes financed from the Research and Technological Innovation Fund,
and make national innovation support available also for stakeholders in convergence regions. 11 The aim of the new initiatives was to compensate large companies that are net contributors to the Fund.
the Science and Innovation Programme and the Enterprise Development Programme. The four most important objectives the policy measures funded from these programmes targeted,
were beneficiaries'1) investment in new technology; 2) R&d activities; 3) development of higher education institutions'infrastructural, organisational and R&d capacities;
A large number of beneficiaries (251) 17 received support from a measure that facilitated business enterprises'investment in new technology:‘
'Another measure directly addressed dental companies'investment in up-to-date technology:‘‘Support to innovation in dentistry'(number of regional beneficiaries:
40). 18 Other measures supported stakeholders'R&d-undertakings (though they included elements that supported investment in new technology and/or research infrastructure:‘
)‘ Support to enterprises'complex technological innovation'(number of regional beneficiaries: 31); ) Support to R&d at accredited innovation cluster member companies‘(number of regional beneficiaries:
3). Several other innovation-specific support measures were incorporated in the Enterprise Development Programme of the New Széchenyi Plan.
investment in new technology was supported equally by this latter programme(‘Facility Development and Industry Location for Territorial Cohesion'number of regional beneficiaries:
‘Complex technology development for micro enterprises and SMES'(number of regional beneficiaries: 323 in two rounds.
Moreover, the Enterprise 12 Source: http://2010-2014. kormany. hu/hu/nemzetgazdasagi-miniszterium/strategiai-partnersegimegallapodasok 13 Source:
http://palyazat. gov. hu/doc/3943 14 All the beneficiaries of this project were Central Hungarian Stakeholders. 15 No other information is available on this project. 16 Source:
support was allocated to micro enterprises 'and SMES'market access; to companies'investment in integrated enterprise information systems and in e-commerce (the number of regional beneficiaries was 147),
to cluster-based collaboration (the number of regional beneficiaries was 19) and to the creation of start-ups and spinoffs (the number of regional beneficiaries was 20).
Some measures combined investment in new technology and employment increase (Support to complex technology development and employment':
In summary, a wide range of support measures was available for regional stakeholders that were incorporated in two programmes of the New Széchenyi Plan:
in the Enterprise Development Programme and in the Science and Innovation Programme. Some of the measures addressed demand for innovation, such as‘Support to micro enterprises'and SMES'market access';‘
'‘Support to companies'investment in integrated enterprise information systems',‘Support to cluster-based collaboration';‘'‘Support to the creation of start-ups and spinoffs'.
'A couple of measures addressed public and social innovation.‘‘Support to cultural institutions'participation in extracurricular education'was an interesting measure that supported innovation in education provision (the number of regional beneficiaries was 57.
‘Support to public education institutions'services provision aiming to develop creative industries-related basic competencies'triggered creative responses from local stakeholders,
Lifelong learning and digital education were promoted by the measure‘Knowledge Depo Express'that fostered services development to enhance the digital competencies of the underprivileged.
nevertheless there was no demand for some components of the programme while other components were so popular that they quickly became short of the necessary resources.
and the Human resources Development OP contains the priority of investment in higher education institutions'infrastructure and human resources development).
though, according to one of the interviewed stakeholders, some minor local innovation projects may get support from this programme,
in particular the Environment and Energy efficiency OP that explicitly states the necessity of support to environment
. Direct funding to business R&d and innovation €583k National Development Agency http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/supportmeasure
non-R&d innovation € 20m National Development Agency http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/supportmeasure/support-market-oriented
process and other non-R&d innovation n. a. National Development Agency http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor
/supportmeasure/support-use-and-applicationinnovation-results-smes-0 Support to enterprises'complex technological innovation 2011-2012 4. 1. Direct funding to business R&d and innovation €11m
National Development Agency http://palyazat. gov. hu/doc/2690 Support to complex technological innovation of enterprises in AICS 2011-2012 2. 1. R&d
1. Direct funding to business R&d and innovation €1. 1m National Development Agency http://ec. opa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/p olicy
Development Agency http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/supportmeasure/dental-innovation-innovationdentist-services Regional Innovation Monitor
. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/supportmeasure/support-research-futureoriented-ict-technologies-and-ensuringsupply-it-experts Source:
and features higher-than-the average concentration foreign direct investment. 20 Over the first decade of economic transformation foreign investment was dominantly efficiency-seeking.
several entrepreneurship development organisations, such as the West Pannon Regional and Economic Development Public Nonprofit Ltd.,
the Nyugat-Pannon Entrepreneurship Development Ltd. With the ongoing restructuring of the institutional system of territorial development,
Furthermore, county-level foundations for enterprise promotion are also important services providers (consultancy, fundraising) to actors (among others) in AM.
There is however a private, for profit organisation, Technológiai Centrum Ltd. that has an important role:
it is a research and development services provider for industry in Zala (and neighbourhood. Technológiai Centrum is engaged at the same time in practice-oriented education
and being beneficiary of several supported projects that fostered investment in AM-specific research infrastructure and collaborative innovation projects,
Széchenyi University in Gyor is a key stakeholder in AM-specific policy implementation. AM-related priorities are present both in the regional smart specialisation strategy and in county-level strategies.
'The proposed implementation measures included the development of innovative enterprises'access to consultancy services with respect to intellectual property right protection and management and support to R&d activities related to the region's key industries.
Furthermore, the objective of the improvement of innovative enterprises'commercialisation performance through services that facilitate their market access, figures high among the proposed policy measures of WT'S RIS3.
The former will provide knowledge-intensive business services for companies in the green industry and in agriculture.
As for the current initiatives supporting Advanced Manufacturing in the region, policy measures are integrated in the 1) Enterprise Development Programme and 2) Science and Innovation Programme of the New Széchenyi Plan.
The former programme contains measures such as‘Collaboration among companies and support to clusters'(the programme supported regional enterprises'joint investment in machinery and equipment
'In the framework of this latter measure support was provided among others to manufacturing enterprises'investment in energy efficiency and investment in new technology.
Earlier (in 2011-2012) this latter measure of the Enterprise Development Programme was announced separately:‘‘Facility development'and‘Industry Location'.
The second AM-related programme is the Science and Innovation Programme with policy measures supporting enterprises'research, innovation and technology development activities.
Two measures are directly related to investment in new technology:‘‘Support to enterprises'complex innovation';'and‘Support to SMES'use of innovative results'.
'A third measure targeted industry university innovation collaboration (Support to regional and sectoral collaboration involving higher education.
‘production'or‘services'activities are mentioned. In practice however, advanced manufacturing related activities have acquired support (among others.
whether the investment projects that have upgraded manufacturing companies'technology and improved energy efficiency would have been implemented anyway (without support),
and collaboration and human resources development. 21 Earlier cluster promotion measures targeted only clustering and the development of the services portfolio of the newly formulated clusters.
In 2011, several stakeholders in WT gained support from these measures that simply promoted cluster-based innovation collaboration.
A cross-border (CENTROPE) initiative is however relevant for the region's AM-stakeholders. Centrope tt (the former CENTRIS) is an international experts community for technology transfer
regional stakeholders usually mentioned the PRACTING initiative that combines AM-specific objectives with another policy field that is highly relevant for the region's knowledge-based upgrading:
Companies that participate in the scheme offer tutorial services for the students'thesis work (the topic is proposed by the company)
Additionally, company representatives deliver courses at the university and finance investments in the university's research infrastructure.
An AM-specific, policy supported initiative that can be considered a good practice case is the Mobility and Environment Programme of Széchenyi University and Pannon University,
on the capacity built in the framework of the Mobility and Environment Programme. New projects include research on hybrid vehicles,
members'capacity development and the development of automotive industry related education. 22 Centrope tt established a voucher scheme to facilitate SMES'access to R&d services. 30 Regional Innovation Monitor
the main AM-specific challenges have apparently been recognised well both by the region's key stakeholders and by policy-makers.
or that of innovation services providers is minimal. 23 Above and beyond 1.‘Façade regionalism'and excessive centralisation regional innovation policies are characterised by the following features:
and reduces thereby both policy effectiveness and social capital; 4. The prioritisation of absorption over policy effectiveness and consequently a prohibitively high degree of waste of resources;
and the improvement of clusters'services portfolio, were announced last in 2012 in WT. Cluster promotion has shifted towards support to innovative companies within accredited innovation clusters, hence,
Regional Innovation Monitor Plus 31 8. The dominance of supply-oriented measures at the expense of demand-and commercialisation-oriented ones;
enterprises'R&d and technology management ability; related risks, etc. Indeed, dominant part of the resources was allocated in the form of direct cash transfers to companies,
the conditions of the cluster-based promotion opportunities were made soon much stricter than initially, since a plethora of new‘clusters'emerged
They have intensified effectively regional stakeholders'innovation activities, raised awareness for innovation and enhanced innovation collaboration.
Nevertheless, in most cases and not only in WT, the new infrastructure has been designated to serve selected industrial companies'specific needs hence these companies'investment in research infrastructure has been financed, indirectly, from EU funds.
If universities'investment had ensured thereby long-term research collaboration with industrial partners and guaranteed a sustained source of income to fund the new equipment related research undertakings of both students
Return on investment was considered not pricing issues (of the use of the new 24 There is a huge academic literature about the economics of incomplete contracts that leave contracting parties rights
and obligations vague and unspecified, see among others Hart&moore, 1999; Hart, 2003; Seabright, 1996.32 Regional Innovation Monitor Plus equipment) was regulated not,
Sooner or later new investments were necessary with respect to the newly purchased equipment (upgrading of the related software, maintenance,
The amount of support Structural Funds have made available for regional stakeholders in the 2010s, was orders of magnitude higher than in the previous decade.
the opinion of both the regional correspondent and of some of the interviewed stakeholders is that enormous waste of resources occurred.
Support to start-ups should be complemented by innovation services, such as mentoring, consultancy. Venture capital funds need to be involved more intensively in the implementation of start-ups'support programmes.
As for policy measures that support innovation collaboration, they should be diversified to include the specific focus of large company SME collaboration (emphasis should not be laid exclusively on accredited innovation clusters).
claiming that project selection neglected the issue of return on investment. The measures that supported‘university/public research organisation and industry'-collaboration were considered effective.
The evaluation of the programmes that supported SMES'complex innovation undertakings National Development Agency, 2013: 37-44) revealed that more than half of the supported projects targeted companies'investment in technology development.
On the other hand, performance indicators such as sales, productivity or profit before tax have not improved. Another interesting finding was that more than 50%of beneficiaries have applied again for other calls for tenders (this high share applies to one specific component of the Economic Development Operational Programme that targeted SMES)
including measures that supported the enhancement of these institutions'services; investment in research infrastructure; and investment in higher education institutions-based R&d.
The key messages of the report were as follows. Between 2007 and August, 2012, the total amount of support allocated to higher education institutions was HUF250B (€0. 9b.
The number of professors and lecturers who received training was 2, 400 until 2011; the number of implemented R&d projects was 180.
Most of the resources have been spent on tangible investment in infrastructural and research facilities, which can be explained by the fact that these activities produce easy-to-measure indicators.
Conversely, the development of curricular content or of student services is hard to measure and evaluate:
the primary task of the former group is to ensure alignment between the supply of graduates and the demand of the regional labour market,
According to the key messages of the report, policymakers have to identify the key industries that have the potential to stimulate the regional economy
The report recommended that future cluster policies should focus on established successful and innovative clusters (in particular, on members'joint investment projects and 34 Regional Innovation Monitor Plus on other collaborative projects
The development of existing clusters'mentoring services and the diffusion of national and international best practices (including benchmarking, virtual platform,
Regional stakeholders cannot see any coherent strategy that would influence the new calls for tenders.
which is considered a promising one by the interviewed regional stakeholders. However, since this programme is relatively new,
Several components (policy measures) of the New Széchenyi Plan's programmes (in particular the Enterprise Development Programme and the Science and Innovation Programme) contained measures that complemented each other,
Accumulation of tangible assets to further this objective was facilitated both by the policy measures 1)‘ Complex technology development for micro enterprises
and SMES'(previously labelled as‘Technology development at micro enterprises and SMES');'2)‘ Support to investment in integrated enterprise system and e-commerce'.
'Both measures were part of the Enterprise Development Programme, whereas the measure‘Support to the use of innovative results at SMES'was part of the Science and Innovation Programme.
Regional Innovation Monitor Plus 35 Complementary to tangible investment in new technology, another measure(‘Support to companies'complex technological innovation'within the Science and Innovation Programme) supported
research and innovation activities, the implementation of which necessitated the new technology. A further stage in the innovation cycle was supported by the measure‘Support to micro enterprises
'and SMES'market access'.'Taking the list of the companies supported by the measure‘Support to the use of innovative results'as a point of departure, the author of this report selected one company:
'The detailed description of the project revealed that the development of new (contract manufacturing) services necessitated the newly acquired production equipment
and install an integrated enterprise system (which is often a precondition of supplier contracts). Over a period of three years (between 2011 and 2013) the company gained support from three additional calls facilitating investment in new technology, development of human resources and development of new services based on new technology.
The question, whether public support had been used smartly, can be answered partially by analysing the company's performance indicators.
According to the interviewed regional innovation policy stakeholder, this biased allocation of funding is neither fair, nor logical.
As expounded by the interviewed stakeholder, this policy measure was a good example of support to par excellence innovation-related activities,
since most of the support allocated in the framework of other programmes targeted either R&d activities or companies'investment in new technology.
The services that accompanied beneficiaries'direct financing included project mentoring and consultancy with respect to the preparation of a business plan;
access to venture capital services; and linkages building with potential business partners. 36 Regional Innovation Monitor Plus 3. 5 Possible Future Orientations
and Opportunities The strategic documents that were prepared recently by regional stakeholders (such as RIS3 and county-level strategies) have reiterated some of the past challenges
and opportunities, claiming that innovation policy should keep focusing on them. These include Enhancement of regional economic actors'R&d-based upgrading.
In addition to the traditional policy instruments, such as direct support to enterprises'R&d and technology development initiatives, to universities'investment in research infrastructure, to collaborative projects etc. more emphasis is going to be laid on the establishment of competence centres Improvement
Nevertheless the supply of engineering graduates could not keep up with increasing demand for them. A catch 22 situation:
in terms of enhancing investors'local embeddedness and innovation collaboration with local stakeholders), the more the demand for highly skilled workforce increased.
supplier development (support to indigenous companies'investment in new technology to make them capable to become multinational subsidiaries'suppliers)
and promotion of industry-university collaboration were considered more or less successful (by the interviewed stakeholders). Nevertheless, multinational companies'regional embeddedness is still to be improved,
Although the region was among the first ones where bottom-up clustering tendencies were identified by regional economics researchers,
policy-makers consider it important to enhance regional clustering tendencies (intensify collaboration among stakeholders) and facilitate existing clusters'accreditation process.
At the same time stakeholders'innovation collaboration can be enhanced also through the establishment of competence centres that provide R&d-intensive services to them.
New ones are related to green industry and sustainability, health industry, physics and big data analysis. As for the sectoral opportunities,
both the strategic documents and the interviewed stakeholders emphasised that policy attention needs to be sustained with respect to the region's traditional sectoral strengths,
and REZIPE (Renewable Energies for Zero Emission Transport in Europe) regional stakeholders were partners in both projects.
A recent achievement is the development of an electric car (prototype) at Széchenyi University Gyor and its successful testing in urban traffic. 25 In the future,
partly because they have recognised the opportunities stemming from these industries, and partly because they consider that sustained policy attention could contribute to the further development of recent‘tangible achievements'.
and Creative Industry Cluster) and the funding Zala County Foundation for Enterprise Promotion gained and the activity it has carried out in the framework of SEE IDWOOD programme (Clustering, knowledge,
Focus on green innovations and on energy efficiency projects In addition to the green mobility related opportunities detailed above,
and more and more demand side policy instruments are included among the suggested ones. It is not only SMES'market access that is planned to be fostered 25 Several other R&d achievements in the field of electric mobility are listed in Angster et al.
documents include more innovative demand-side instruments such as awareness increase (for creative industries, design, green solutions etc.;
improvement of regional innovative stakeholders'access to financing e g. to risk capital, or to micro-credit, introduction of the U s.‘Small Business Innovation Research'-type programmes, etc.
The interviewed innovation policy stakeholders were not optimistic with respect to future opportunities. On the one hand, the institutional instability that characterises the regional and the national innovation systems effectively curtails long-term investments in linkages building.
It destroys the gradually emerging positive sociocultural tendencies: in particular the past incremental institutional change and institutional capacity accumulation,
The political legitimacy and hence, the credibility of past important regional innovation stakeholders has vanished with institutional transformations and due to the lack of financing.
Over the 2007 2013 programming period, EU Structural Funds provided nonnegligible incentives that effectively stimulated the implementation of some relatively disadvantaged stakeholders'(small, undercapitalised enterprises')innovative ideas.
These incentives will vanish for the majority of innovative stakeholders. Only relatively large and well-capitalised actors will be able to apply for support of their innovative ideas
or investments in new technology and take on the related administrative burden and the strict requirements of support.
Moreover, there will be a higher chance that public support crowds out private investment, since only actors who would have implemented the planned investment in technology upgrading
or in R&d even without support, would submit applications for support. Regional Innovation Monitor Plus 39 Appendix A Bibliography 1. Angster, T,
European commission, DG Enterprise and Industry, Available at: http://www. technopolis-group. com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/1720 lessons-from-ten-years-of-innovation-policies.
Ministry for National Economy: S3 White book. Avenues of Hungary's Smart Specialisation. In Hungarian, was available at:
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/policy-document/ris-navigator-regional-innovation-strategy-westtransdanubian-region 21.
International Journal of Management and Economics, forthcoming 24. Szalavetz, A. 2012) Regional Innovation Report: Central Hungary.
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/report/innovation 25. Tripold, F. 2013) General framework of the Territorial and Settlement Development Programme.
Ministry of National Economy, PPT presentation, In Hungarian, Available at: palyazat. gov. hu/download/50102/TOP ELOADÁS TIPOLD FERENC 1122. ppt 26.
www. kozszov. org. hu/dokumentumok/2011konf/zold nagy viktoria. ppt Appendix B Stakeholders Consulted 1. Tibor ALPÁR, Dean, University of West Hungary, Simonyi Károly
) 14,50 8, 30 5, 60 2012 Eurostat 258,9 174,7 Employment in knowledge-intensive services(%total employment) 25,10 35,00 39,00 2012 Eurostat
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