and competitiveness in today's business and economy are the main generators of the cooperation
Today networking has moved towards strategic enterprise networks (e g. Jarillo 1993; Mchugh et al. 1995; Hines et al. 2000.
the need for communication and for information technologies and software support that communication. Information and communication technologies (ICT) have made possible new business models and even new business structures.
There are many opportunities for developing business through new processes, models and methods and, of course, with new ICT solutions.
On the other hand, some problems could arise, when the business development lives its own life without taking care of real business needs Internal Auditing & Risk management Anul V, Nr. 4 (20), Decembrie 2010 2 and co-operation
These kinds of problems are sometimes real in enterprises where business developers follow all the new waves and"trendy"business methods like
A dynamic business environment requires changes in core competencies. Core competence is one aspect of companies'business vision.
This vision usually moves as customer requirements and the business environment moves. It depends on the business as to how far ahead the vision states are targeted.
Porter (1998) has defined five driving forces in industrial competition: Suppliers, Substitutes, Potential Entrants, Buyers and Industry Competitors.
The essence of formulating business strategy lies in relating a company to its environment (Porter, 1998.
"The technologies, competition and legislation are changing rapidly, so the strategies should be changed also. Then there are new emerging business models
which make business more and more competitive. It is not wise, however, to take all new waves seriously
and provide their help in implementing new business models. Those models and methods are not good for every kind of business.
Information and communication technology (ICT) is seen to be an enabler but sometimes ICT is also an encumbrance.
telecommunication networks and technical expertise that support information processing and communications activities at all levels of a company (Marchand et al. 2001).
The potential sustainable growth of a business lies with services created on the back products.
New emerging technologies like smart materials, micro-mechanical sensors and wireless and faster data transfer solutions etc. have presented new opportunities to develop product features, especially those intangible features
of extended products and value-added services. The advance of technology has created new requirements also for business;
the companies should change their operational environments and change is needed for business models and operation models.
Technological development is not easy, especially for small-and mediumsized enterprises (SMES. Technological development needs a lot of effort on the part of a company.
It is not easy for the SMES to utilize new emerging technologies, but it is not easy for bigger companies either.
just as vision and a roadmap are needed in business model development. Organizations, moreover, also need strategies to implement roadmap activities
1. Set the IT mission 2. Assess the environment 3. Assess existing systems'availabilities and capabilities 4. Assess organizational objectives and strategies. 5. Set ICT objectives,
whose responsibilities include the co-ordination of cross-functional or horizontal processes and communication with partners like suppliers and customers.
which products and services are provided and distributed. All these levels need different kinds of ICT and these levels have four Internal Auditing & Risk management Anul V
Companies have chosen their business models and structures. This means that companies also need strategy management, which leads the company in the right direction.
Companies chosen business models are dependent on their core business. Companies, furthermore, have individual structures, locations, types of organization and so on.
for example Business intelligence solutions to manage business data and information from marketing and customers. Markets are providing a huge number of different solutions to different needs,
i e. the kind of investments needed to achieve the vision state of technology. After the creating a vision and a roadmap,
Companies do not have a clear idea of how to implement new business models or new enabling technologies.
The utilization of different ICT solutions requires understanding of the business environment and business requirements,
and also of market opportunities. The other aspect is the understanding of ICT solution providers.
as Finnish companies are focusing on providing value-added services for their products. The concept of the extended product is not enough;
companies are responding more to customers'processes References 1. Anthony, R.-Planning and control systems, a Framework for Analysis. Boston:
How balanced Scorecard Companies Thrive in the New Business Environment. Harvard Business school Press, 2000.7. Marchand, D.,Kettinger, W.,Rollins, J.-Information orientation-The link to Business Performance.
Knowledge-Based Economy Unit C. 4-Universities and Researchers Contact: Adeline Kroll European commission Office SDME 9/17 B-1049 Brussels Tel. 32-2) 29-85812 Fax (32-2) 29-64287 E-mail:
European commission Directorate-General for Research Communication Unit B-1049 Brussels Fax (32-2) 29-58220 E-mail:
This is the question experts were asked to answer, following a 2006 Commission Communication on the modernisation of universities1,
Public and private stakeholders use rankings to guide their decisions about funding allocations. What started out as a consumer product aimed at undergraduate domestic students has now become both a manifestation and a driver of global competition and a battle for excellence in itself.
However while there are over 17,000 higher education institutions worldwide, rankings concentrate interest only in the world's top 100.
In addition, if higher education is one of the engines of the economy and a key point on the‘knowledge triangle',
17 2. 1 University-based Research in the Knowledge Economy...17 2. 2 The European Policy Context...
73 9. 5 INDICATORS BASED ON HUMAN CAPITAL...74 9. 6 RESEARCH ACTIVE ACADEMICS...75 9. 7 RESEARCH OUTPUT PER ACADEMIC STAFF...
76 9. 9 INDICATORS BASED ON INVESTMENT...77 8 9. 10 INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC & SOCIAL BENEFITS...
AND OF ASSESSMENT OF UNIVERSITYBASED RESEARCH The political context Assessment of university-based research1 (AUBR) has become a major issue for a wide range of stakeholders at all levels.
and innovation, universities are considered key to the success of the Lisbon Strategy with its move towards a global and knowledge-based economy.
for transparency, accountability, comparability and competition, and for performance indicators and assessment. The following quote from the Commission's Communication Delivering on the modernisation agenda for universities:
Education, research and innovation of 2006 (p. 7f. illustrates this: Universities should be funded more for
Rankings enjoy a high level of acceptance among stakeholders and the wider public because of their simplicity and consumer-type information.
in order to have the provisional outcomes of their work validated by invited key experts and stakeholder representatives.
Outcomes (1) Comprehensive overview of users and uses A comprehensive survey of stakeholders and their requirements, prepared as part of the working paper on users
In this context, it is worth mentioning that the onset of the global financial and economic crisis,
Unintended consequences of assessment exercises, be it that stakeholders make decisions contrary to the original objective (s) pursued,
and attended by some twenty external experts and representatives of stakeholder organisations, and 15 officials from DG Research and other Commission services.
The key objective was to validate the provisional results of the Expert Group's work.
and opportunities presented by the report of the Expert Group should be taken up in the current discussions about the further development of the European Research Area.
and specifically into the recommendations to stakeholders set out below. RELEVANCE OF THE FINAL REPORT TO POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND THE DESIGN OF FUTURE RESEARCH ASSESSMENT EXERCISES The report is designed as a guide for Users of the outcomes of assessments of university-based research
and other stakeholders, based on the principles outlined in this report; Invest in developing a shared information infrastructure for relevant data to be collected,
enabling diverse users and stakeholders to design fit-for-purpose assessment scenarios, methodologies, and instruments;
and a summary of its activities and findings is presented. 2. 1 University-based Research in the Knowledge Economy Around the world,
and attract international talent, new business and investment. This requirement for a knowledge-based society is central to European union and national government strategies for sustainable economic and social development
especially as a response to the global economic crisis. Because university-based research is the primary arena for the production of new knowledge,
providing human capital through education and training, attracting high-skilled talent and investment, actively engaging with the local and regional community through knowledge and technology transfer,
and economy and improve its competitiveness'.'To meet these challenges, universities are undergoing profound change.
Competition is intensifying between universities nationally and internationally, students are becoming more conscious of the value of their education and its impact on their career opportunities,
and governments and other stakeholders are asking questions and requiring evidence of value-for-money. Attention is shifting to mechanisms to assess and benchmark the quality and performance of university teaching and learning,
and of research performance. In recent years, there has been a steady growth in methods to evaluate
and assess the activity and outcomes of higher education, with particular emphasis on the assessment of university-based research (AUBR).
-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion.'
'Because of the importance of research and development to‘generating economic growth, employment and social cohesion'the European union (section 12) confirmed its support for the objectives of the European Research Area.
In 2005, the European council (p. 4) reaffirmed its commitment to increasing investment in R&d to 3%GDP in addition to as well as‘more numerous well-trained and motivated researchers'.
In its Communication‘Delivering on the Modernisation Agenda for Universities: Education, Research and Innovation',the Commission (2006, p. 7) argued that‘Universities should be funded more for
'In its resolution‘Modernising Universities for Europe‘s Competitiveness in a Global Knowledge Economy',the Council (2007, p. 3) expressed the view that the‘challenges posed by globalisation require that the European Higher education Area
Universities should communicate the relevance of their research to society and their stakeholders, and respond to calls for greater transparency, accountability and comparability.
the nature of their research activities (scientific, technical/applied research), their links to potential users of the results of their research (other universities, SMES and large enterprises), the geographical scope of their research partners,
and research to generate increased investment, attract researchers from inside and outside Europe, enhance the impact of university-based research on SMES and regional innovation,
However, the experience of rankings illustrates that they can promote a simplistic understanding of university-based research and its contribution to society and the economy.
universities and other stakeholders. University rankings have become an increasing influence on the higher education landscape since US News and World Report began providing consumer-type information about US universities in 1983.
Despite these concerns, international evidence suggests rankings are having a positive and perverse influence on decision-making by a growing number of stakeholder groups.
The translation of research findings or knowledge into new or improved products and services is seen increasingly as an integral part of the research process.
or‘curiosity-oriented'usually conducted by individuals in secluded/semi-secluded environment, Mode 2 knowledge is‘socially robust'and interdisciplinary,
Depending upon the university, scientific field or policy environment, some formats may be more important than others.
Table 1 identifies the primary form of communications for the main discipline groups. For example, while natural and life scientists write books,
although they also publish in journals and design prototypes. Social scientists and humanists have a wide range of outputs
of which books are important sources of communication, while the arts produce major art works, compositions and media productions.
Conference Proceedings X Book chapters X Monographs/Books X Artefacts X Prototypes X 3. 4 Users and Uses The assessment of university-based
and of the system as part of a wider economic strategy to position the city or region as an important node in the global economy.
Capital and employment flows to where talent and quality education resides. If local/regional governments are a financial contributor to higher education
etc. o EU and Member Governments o Ministries of Education/Higher education or Enterprise and Employment o Local and Regional Authorities o HE Agencies Other Government agencies require good comparative
and HE performance and output and to support return-on-investment. Many research agencies also use the results of research assessment exercises to help aid resource allocation,
while QA agencies use institutional data to benchmark and assess quality and performance. o Funding Agencies o Enterprise and Development Agencies Academic Organisations and Academies In many countries,
which in turn is used as a proxy for career opportunities. Likewise, academics and researchers including postdoctoral fellows,
helping to benchmark performance against appropriate peer institutions worldwide in order to learn and share experience, and improve performance.
are likely to use benchmarking data to identify potential‘investment'opportunities, using the information as a proxy for value-for-money
and return-on-investment. o Benefactors/Philanthropists o Alumni Ministries of Higher education in Developing Countries A growing number of countries use rankings to award scholarships for overseas studies
and efficiency Quality assurance Publicity Student and academic recruitment Improve and benchmark performance and quality Institutional and discipline/field data re. level of intensity, expertise,
level of use and efficiency Ministries of Education/Higher education or Enterprise and Employment policy and planning Strategic positioning of HE institutions Quality, sustainability, relevance and impact of research activity Research strategy
and benchmark performance and quality Aid resource allocation Investor confidence/value-for-money and efficiency Benchmarking performance and quality of HE system institutions nationally and worldwide ACADEMIC ORGANISATIONS AND ACADEMIES Benchmark
nationally and worldwide Quality of academic staff and Phd students INDIVIDUALS Academics and Researchers Identify career opportunities Identify research partners Identify best research infrastructure and support for research Institutional and field data re level of intensity,
Staff/student ratio Institutional research support Students Inform choice of HEI Identify career opportunities Institutional and field data re level of intensity, expertise, quality,
choice and career opportunities Investor/parental confidence and value-for-money Institutional data re. level of intensity, expertise,
from peer-reviewed articles to artefacts and prototypes, and including translations, software, encyclopaedia entries, research or technical reports, legal cases and maps.
Drawing on the experience of rankings and existent research assessment exercises, Table 2 presents a comprehensive survey of the wide range of stakeholders and uses to
while academics and researchers want information that can aid career choices and research opportunities; universities and government are interested in improving performance
it is used often by other stakeholder groups for very different purposes. This is evident in the way the media often reinterprets
Impact and benefits refers to the contribution of research outcomes for society, culture, the environment and/or the economy.
Science, Mathematics and Computing Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Health and Welfare Services In addition
Accordingly, it is often difficult to simply compare or benchmark performance on the basis of departments or faculties.
The purpose of assessing the impact is to gauge the contribution that university-based research makes to society and the economy.
It is also important to inform government, industry, business and the community about the results of public investment in research.
This arises from the need to assure stakeholders that publicly-funded university research is valuable
adding to economic growth and wealth creation; enhancing the skills base; increased employment; reduced costs; increased innovation capability and global competitiveness;
Environmental Benefits, e g. improvements in environment and lifestyle; reduced waste and pollution; improved management of natural resources;
enhancement of ecosystem services; improved plant and animal varieties; and adaptation to climate change. Cultural Benefits, e g. supporting greater understanding of where we have come from,
Willingness of industry to pay for research is a useful indicator of its anticipated contribution to innovation and the economy.
such as the regional or national economy. Important to develop methods to track graduate employability and career paths.
Career paths and opportunities can differ for different disciplines which data is collected. Commercialisation of researchgenerated intellectual property (IP) Provides measure of the extent of income from commercialisation of intellectual property created through patents, licences or start ups.
Willingness of external stakeholders to use and/or pay for research is a useful indicator of its anticipated contribution to innovation and the economy.
Different opportunities for different disciplines. Lack of agreed basis of capturing data and comparability could undermine legitimacy.
Different opportunities for different disciplines. Lack of agreed basis of capturing data and comparability could undermine legitimacy.
indicating the scale of the research enterprise. Practices differ across disciplines large research teams are a common feature of the bio-and medical sciences.
'and basis of international 47 INDICATORS DESCRIPTION PRO/POTENTIALITIES CON/LIMITATIONS WHAT DEVELOPMENT IS REQUIRED researchers in teams activity. research enterprise,
university-university, university-external stakeholder, national, European or international. Doctoral Completions The number Phd and equivalent research doctorates and,
'Total R&d investment Total investment in university-based R & D (research and development) from all sources, including external research income
and university resourcing of research, including Investment in research is a strong predictor of research performance.
Agree basis on which to calculate full cost of research investment. 48 INDICATORS DESCRIPTION PRO/POTENTIALITIES CON/LIMITATIONS
Development of both the Research Quality Framework (RQF) and the Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) involves extensive consultation to ensure procedural fairness, transparency and acceptance by key stakeholders.
and public accessibility and transparency of scientific communication. Peer review Panels: Several case studies underscore the importance of peer review panels.
although many balance this with other information about the research environment, research strategy and management,
and different policy environments and objectives require different assessment processes and indicators. Likewise, the range of people and organizations requiring information about universitybased research is growing.
and/or citation data to determine impact Some measure of research infrastructure/environment e g. Libraries, equipment, postgraduate student numbers, etc,‘Esteem'factors e g. prizes, research income etc.
Use holistic peer review assessment panels to benchmark performance against international comparators, assisted by simple output indicators.
This situation is likely to intensify as global competition increases further, (public) funding for research is reduced,
and human capital formation becomes more vital for innovation and economic growth. Research assessment exercises are likely to become an increasingly important determinant of research quality
and worldwide about the contribution and impact that university-based research is having on society and the economy.
and national governments on the necessity to develop highly-skilled internationally competitive and sustainable smart economies and societies.
In line with international practice to ensure wider dissemination and take-up of research into society and the economy, support for‘experiments'with open science,
Stakeholder esteem indicators can show how research is viewed by the wider community. 4. Integrate self evaluation as a useful way to include the research community pro-actively in assessing their own contribution,
Believes that the Multidimensional Research Assessment Matrix provides the optimum basis for strategic decision-making by government and government agencies, universities and other stakeholder organisations;
Knowledgebased economy) with secretarial assistance from Celina Pastor Rubio and Alina Hossu. Curriculum vitae of Members of the Expert Group MACKIEWCZ Wolfgang (Chairperson.
Professor Hazelkorn is the Director of research and Enterprise, and Dean of the Graduate Research School, Dublin Institute of technology, Ireland;
Andrea is Professor of Economics and Management at the University of Pisa. He is author of papers in the most important journals in economics and policy of science, technology and innovation,
and the editor (with C. Daraio) of Universities and strategic knowledge creation (Edward Elgar, 2007).
where she was director of research services in 2003-2005, managing research projects, knowledge transfer activities and developing university research policy.
She was involved also in OECD collaboration with transition economies and with emerging promising economies from different regions (ASEAN, African, and Latin-american countries.
She is associate member of ERAWATCH network. On various national and international training seminars she is teaching on STI indicators, HRST mobility and university-industry collaboration.
She is interested in the subject of mobility and knowledge flows focusing on the higher educated people, the human resources of S&t and the impact of foreign direct investments on mobility.
She is investigating the R&d and innovation policy in transition economies, and the changing rationales of policy making emphasizing the public-private interactions.
His research focuses on contemporary Russian language, theory of functional grammar, crosscultural interaction and modelling of (mis) communication.
He was made a CBE in 1995 for services to social science and a knighthood in 2000 for services to higher education.
Her current roles include membership of various boards (Capital Markets CRC, Australian Technology Park Innovations (ATPI), INTERSECT (NCRIS-funded NSW node for eresearch services and computing infrastructure), Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS) and ARC Centre
of Excellence in Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS). Sue is convener of the NSW D/PVCR Group and a member of the Executive of Universities Australia'S d/PVCR Group.
Jamil, a Moroccan education economist, is the World bank's tertiary education coordinator. Mr. Salmi is the principal author of the Bank's new Tertiary education Strategy entitled Constructing Knowledge Societies:
Paloma is a Phd in Economics and Professor of Applied Economics at the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM.
and a Phd Programme on Economics and Management of Innovation and the Director of a recently created Chair UAM-ACCENTURE.
and experts groups of the European commission, the High Level Expert Group on Reporting of Intellectual Capital for increasing investment in Research and development among them.
Her main research and publications are related to intellectual capital as a driver of innovation, economics of innovation,
Over the last three years she has applied the intellectual capital framework to Universities and research institutions in order to help them to better measure, manage
and examining the effects of the environment on human health or lifestyle. Bibliometrics A statistical or mathematical method for counting the number of academic publications, citations and authorship.
Practice-based Research Practice-based Research aims to advance knowledge partly through, for example, the invention of ideas or prototypes, images, performances and artefacts,
research contributions to innovation and socioeconomic benefit, e g. research and technical reports, patents and plant breeder rights, computer software, designs and prototypes,
Traditional bibliometric practices systematically under-represents the research enterprise of the humanities, creative arts, architecture & design, and law.
good, yet not excellent, in applied and engineering sciences, biological sciences related to animals and plants, geosciences, mathematics, economics, psychology and other social sciences related to medicine and health;
74 Editorial and refereeing services for prestigious national and international journals/publishers; Election to learned societies;
and have not developed awards and honours to this extent. 9. 5 INDICATORS BASED ON HUMAN CAPITAL Many of the indicators listed here can be interpreted as an indicator of performance but also as a precondition of performance. 75 9. 5
In other words, it works better for the sciences than the arts, humanities or social sciences. 9. 9 INDICATORS BASED ON INVESTMENT 9. 9. 1 EXTERNAL RESEARCH INCOME Description:
Pro Research income is a useful indicator for measuring the scale of the research enterprise and its capacity to secure additional income through competitive grants and contact research, especially in science, technology and medicine.
and its anticipated contribution to innovation and the economy. Research income can usefully be broken down by source of income,
Funding opportunities are less frequent and awards are significantly lower in the arts, humanities, and social sciences than in the sciences because the equipment and materials costs are often insignificant.
It may also be difficult to find comparable data on research income. 9. 9. 3 TOTAL R&d INVESTMENT Description:
Total Investment in University-Based Research from All Sources This indicator includes all university allocations (e g. investment) in research allocated from the government block or operating grants and externally-earned income, e g. international
Pro Investment in research is arguably one of the strongest predictors of research performance at the level of the institution, region and country.
This indicator links university R&d investment to Government and Business Investment in R&d (BERD) at regional and national level.
because a significant proportion of institutional investment is cross-institutional subsidisation. 79 9. 9. 4 RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE Description:
the environment the university provides for conducting research. Pro This indicator measures the research environment as a predicator of research capability
and success. They can be a useful reference because it is difficult to characterise the strength of a research university without being able to gauge the quality of the infrastructure.
Pro This indicator attempts to measure the central role played by a highly trained and skilled workforce employed throughout society and the economy the public and private sector,
Information Recognises Contributions To end-Users, the Economy and the Wider Society. This indicator is the counterpart to OTHER INDICATORS OF PEER ESTEEM.
but seek to measure the contribution that research makes to society and the economy. The data can be collected quantitatively or qualitatively.
The latter can be captured by involving key stakeholders and end-users directly in review panels or in written assessments.
Requests for expert services; Invitations to sit on boards and/or management groups of commercial, government and/or not-for-profit organisations;
Curatorial/juried selection of work for exhibition, performance, recording, screening, etc.;Critical review of art works;
Scientific communication (public understanding of science, conferences to the public, events, media coverage. Normally this requires direct entry by researchers.
identifying areas that are internationally competitive and emerging areas for further investment. A trial of ERA in 2009 will evaluate two clusters, with the full ERA running in 2010.
assessment of both the quality of research and its impact on the broader economy and society;
the impact on the broader economy and society of the Research Group's research to be demonstrated primarily through Case studies;
involvement in collaborative research within the institution and the broader research environment (both within Australia and overseas;
together with emerging areas where there are opportunities for development and further investment'.'Policy Objective (s:
compare Australia's university research effort against international benchmarks; create incentives to improve the quality of research;
and identify emerging research areas and opportunities for further development. The Government intends that ERA will command the confidence of the research community and,
There is a strong requirement of procedural fairness and transparency and acceptance by key stakeholders. The Government will report outcomes for each university by Fields of Research at the twodigit and four-digit levels,
Over time, increased confidence and investment in Australian research by State and Federal governments and industry.
but also in humanities, information & communication technology, and social sciences. Potentially-reduced incentives (and disincentives) for collaborative research, especially cross-institutional research,
The first cycle of the ULB Research Assessment Exercise is about to end for the first two disciplines evaluated (physics, economics & management)( September 2009.
but also on scientific-scholarly impact, societal impact, the research environment and the future potential of the unit in question.
At the same time, the evaluation will provide a benchmark for further development of research..Methodology, incl. time-frame, resources, costs, technologies:
Research environment. The panels were asked to assess issues such as research leadership research strategy, including human resources strategy and the focus of research,
as well as issues such as the availability and quality of support services, research infrastructure, databanks, the teaching load of research-active staff,
how realistically the Unit saw its strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and whether the Unit had contemplated a carefully plan for managing such factors.
which are raised not usually in research assessments (societal impact, research environment, future potential). One may,
and the opportunity to draw attention to the high level of research; to acquaint foreign researchers (experts serving on evaluation panels) with the research carried out
This may lead to an inflation of top grades. Such consequences can be avoided by providing external experts with precise descriptions of the different grades;
1. Investment in the dissemination of scientific culture; valorization (patents; 2. Number of full research fellows (chercheurs) in the lab, compared to other members (university faculty) who teach
and in Sciences and Information and Communication'Technologies, 3 papers for a chercheur and 2 for an enseignant-chercheur;
who have the opportunity to comment on the evaluation reports and discuss them with those in charge at AERES before the reports are finalised.
but universities do use it to benchmark performance. Both rankings have helped to make it clear that there are differences between German universities.
and to stimulate competition between universities. Methodology, incl. time-frame, resources, costs, technologies: The CHE Rankings provide an indicator-based, multidimensional system.
and women intensifying scientific and academic competition and generally improving scientific and academic standards in Germany.
Divided into the three competition categories of Graduate schools, Clusters of Excellence, and Institutional Strategies, and into host institutions, it provides information on the main research topics,
which have led to enormous changes both within institutions and in the environment of higher education. Hungary has joined to Bologna process
A ratio of 10:1 as a benchmark for excellence, worthy of 100pts in the league table.
the results of various national competitions can be interpreted as an assessment of research performance, most notably the Higher education Authority's Programme for Research in Third-level Institutions (PRTLI) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI).
Only in one case (economics) a strong debate was reported within the Evaluation Panel, based on conflict between a view supporting international publications as the exclusive valuable research output,
and gives higher weight to research quality and competition than the previous funding system. The purpose of the new model is to stimulate increased research activities by allocating resources to centers that were able to document excellence in research.
Economics and Management Sciences; Law and Jurisprudence; History and Art; Philosophy, Philology and Linguistics. Every field has slightly different rules regarding the evaluation of research results,
A challenge is increased the international competition with new requirements on concentration and prioritization in order to keep a high and competitive scientific quality'.‘
This means that from 2010 on close to 25 percent of total GUF will be allocated according to the new competition-based model.
as a consequence, the attractiveness of Swedish research environments in terms of external research funding, research cooperation and talented researcher and student inflow.
The Web covers not only formal (e-journals, repositories) but also informal scholarly communication. Web publication is cheaper,
and institutions located in developing countries and also to third parties (economic, industrial, political or cultural stakeholders) in their own community.
and the general information on the institution, their departments, research groups or supporting services and people working or attending courses.'‘
not professional or legal advice (if you need specific advice, you should always consult a suitably qualified professional).
and to know how far China needed to go in investment and development, the SJTU researchers developed ARWU.
Given the expansive range of stakeholders in higher education, including students and their families, academic staff, institutions, governments,
and the taxpaying public that has a form of investment in their government-funded higher education opportunities;
and institutional excellence a focus on the academic environment of an institution across nations and national systems.
and the scholarly capacity of academic staff works toward giving ARWU a relatively solid level of credibility among a broad array of higher education stakeholders, in particular, researchers and policymakers.
The competition for international students was going to surge as a result, and these students would need a mechanism to inform their choices for international study.
as anticipating consumer demands might in so way influence the methodological choices made. As the methodology has changed annually,
or customers to make informed choices. The Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) at Leiden university is specialised in the development and application of research assessment methodologies based on bibliometric indicators.
universities for Europe's competitiveness in a global knowledge economy, 16096/1/07 REV 1. Retrieved 26 july 2009,
Communication from President Baroso in agreement with Vice-president Verheugen to the Spring European council.,COM (2005) 24 final.
Communication to the Council and the European parliament,(COM) 2006 208 final. Retrieved 11 august 2009, from http://www. madrimasd. org/proyectoseuropeos/documentos/doc/education research and innovation. pdf. European commission (2006) Encourage corporate measuring reporting on research and other forms of intellectual capital.
RICARDIS (Reporting Intellectual Capital to Augment Research, Development and Innovation in SMES), Report to the Commission of the High 146 Level Expert Group.
EUR 22095. Retrieved 11 august 2009, from http://www. madrimasd. org/proyectoseuropeos/documentos/doc/ricardis. pdf. Figel, Ján (2006)‘ EIT:
and nonscience',in Nelson, C. E. and Pollock, D. K. ed.),Communication among scientists and engineers, Heath Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass.,
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