An Introduction iforewordin just three decades, the internet has evolved from an experimental tool for researchers to a pervasive, omnipresent backbone for society and the economy.
CAPS Stakeholders and End users 24 Synergies between Projects 28 Collective Awareness Platforms 31 4. Starting Out 46 Societal Challenges 47 Framing the Challenges
its studies and its consultancy services. http://sigma-orionis. com 5 Authors in Alphabetical Ordermarta Arniani is Project Manager in Sigma Orionis'projects addressing Collective Awareness
She is experienced in working in interdisciplinary environments and, within the CAPS community, is the scientific coordinator of the support action IA4SI Impact Assessment for Social Innovation.
Society and Social Capital research unit at T6 Ecosystems, a research SME based in Rome, Italy.
As a sociologist who has worked always in interdisciplinary environments, he focuses on commons-oriented technologies as a field for the interdisciplinary development of socio-technical dialogue.
distributed knowledge creation and data from real environments("Internet of things")in order to create awareness of problems and possible solutions requesting collective efforts, enabling new forms of social innovation.
and the environment, there is little awareness of the role that each and every one of us can play to ease such problems, in a grassroots manner.'
'http://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en/collective-awareness-platforms-sustainability-and-social-innovation This is the definition used as a policy instrument by the EC in the ICT (Information and Communication Technology
The use of the term'platform'could be interpreted reasonably as a detachment from the walled gardens or closed systems of profit-driven ICT development in favour of more open, participatory-oriented practices.
originally as centring attention on the environment as a biological system that is able to endure
The issue at stake is to maintain a viable environment now and into the future through a wide array of practices that support reduction of well-known ecological problems, like energy and water consumption
services or methods that tackle pressing and emerging social issues which, at the same time, transform social interactions promoting new collaboration and relationships.
by proposing a solution to a specific problem and by offering new social links and collaboration opportunities.
In this sense, social entrepreneurship and the cooperative movement of the'60s can be seen as important examples of social innovation too.
but is created co by different stakeholders who share the knowledge, risk and benefits of the innovation.
and Goteo, a Spanish social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructures, micro-tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of creative and innovative initiatives that contribute to the common good, free knowledge,
For example, forms of collaborative consumption that promote sustainable economics and socially responsible companies, can be of use for people
In both cases an effective engagement and communication strategy, the topic of the next chapter, is crucial
Another important area of analysis is related to data security, protection and data sharing in the use of online social networks and the value proposition and business models that surround personal and sensitive data.
and also 16 includes efforts for improving the communication and exchange between science and citizens,
or of the economy are oriented towards the creation of and the engagement with effective experiments of social innovation, promoting their scalability
and transferability. 17 Such social innovation experiments should try to be increasingly multi-stakeholder, with a community-wide participation at the local and European level,
as well as being oriented towards suggesting models for effective participatory innovation. The last relevant set of research question is an experimental approach concerned with assessing the effectiveness of projects
Studied extensively in economics, the network effect has also been used to analyse company behaviour, showing how being embedded in a network can provide benefits
These include an increase in social capital, i e. the immaterial wealth derived from having links with certain people as a means to reach other people,
in order to develop new working opportunities, collaborations and so forth (Portes, 1998). Following this perspective, belonging to a network is a value in itself as it multiplies the opportunities to enlarge one's own network
and to'use'it for addressing emerging necessities. In this short review of research on the motivational factors driving people to participate in online activities we have not yet mentioned altruism,
from colla-boration to competition, is the subject of much research and is still an area of continuous exploration for practitioners and research scholars alike.
and by almost any discipline dealing with human social organisations (e g. law, economics, anthropology, sociology, history).
and their relationship to social enterprises (e g. Murillo et al. 2013). ) It is beyond the scope of this book to argue for one particular interpretation among the many
building from existing collective innovation frameworks and pushing them further, developing methods and tools that can be used by all interested stakeholders.
Online Presence Managementwww. usemp-project. euia4siimpact Assessment for Social Innovationhttp://ia4si. euchestcollective enhanced Environment for Social Taskshttp://www. chest-project. eufocalfoundation for Collective
Contribute to a low-carbon economy, for instance by lending, exchanging and reusing goods at scale, across geographic boundaries (collaborative consumption).
Develop alternative collaborative approaches to problem solving (crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, participatory design, collective intelligence, collective decisions. Actively engage, innovate and act, individually or collectively, towards societally, environmentally, political and economically sustainable approaches and solutions to tackle societal challenges:
growth and employment, environment, climate change, health and education, inclusive societies, well-being, etc. Making a project to tackle societal needs implies framing the needs
The first step in making a set of goals concrete is to define the targeted stakeholders and end users.
Stakeholders are persons and organisations interested in the project activities and outcomes. At the bottom line we find end users
and who will use the services and solutions produced through a CAPS initiative; they must benefit from the whole process.
The chapter following'CAPS Stakeholders and End users'describes the typologies of stakeholders and end users addressed by CAPS projects to date.
'have the power to amplify the impacts of a platform in the process from idea to action. 24 CAPS Stakeholders
This section treats stakeholders and end users separately. Even though end users are also project stakeholders, the distinction is that end users use the project outputs directly,
while stakeholders benefit from project outputs in an indirect way. Stakeholders will be informed of the project's progress
and can, to a certain extent, influence the development of the projects. Stakeholders will tend to belong to one of the following four groups:
research, business, civic society, and policy and government. On the right-hand page is a figure visualising the main stakeholders of the CAPS projects.
End Userscaps projects raise awareness among their users and mobilise different categories of users. Below is a list of possible users;
the same person can of course belong to more than one category. The list illustrates the diversity of topics
25 Figure 2caps Stakeholders 26 Citizens and initiatives active in commons-based peer production and sharing economy (e g.
Spain GRASS COMMONS-Colorado, USA 27 GREEN ENERGY OPTIONS LTD-Hardwick, UK HW COMMUNICATIONS-UK I-GENIUS, WORLD COMMUNITY OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS
which have the specific goal of coordinating and supporting the others by offering services, networking tools and processes,
USEMP aims at empowering social network users with regards to the sharing of their personal data and its potential economic value.
and from their collaboration on the impact assessment approach to be used on the crowdfunding platform of CHEST.
therefore a more in depth, precise analysis of the solutions they offer to their stakeholders will only be possible later on in the projects'development lifecycle.
reused and made available to stakeholders through various exploitation strategies. The term'innovation'is used here with reference to both totally new outputs, such as products and services,
and to improved socio-technical solutions, such as the integration of preexisting systems, the adaptation of a technology to a new field of application,
balancing the traditional focus on‘executive information dashboards'serving the needs of only a few senior stakeholders.
or the connection between personal data, economic value, and currencies (USEMP). Moreover, assessment of the CAPS projects themselves is key to these projects,
while at the same time create opportunities to remove barriers to accessibility. Specifically, CAP4ACCESS will use the power
collective tagging of public places and routes, participatory sensing of barriers and features of the built environment,
DECARBONET, for instance, has evaluated the impact of social dynamics like competition and collaboration, and also gauged public and tangible feedback of engaging users with online discussions (Piccolo et al, 2014).
New Economic Modelsthe transformation of societies and economies following the diffusion of digital technologies, with increases in productivity, the redistribution of international divisions of labour,
and the emergence of new professions, has questioned the way the world economy has been organised, the way business can be done,
and how governments and enterprises can operate on a global scale to influence the privacy standards of network-centric systems and the related internet governance issues worldwide.
and may in fact assume a personal data vault to provide a secure environment for effective control over relevant data.
in particular the creative media industry and prosumers sharing media for entertainment, has contributed to a thriving ecosystem of online social networks (OSN) serving various business models
and economy by linking it to the Internet of things (Iot), sensor network and cloude services in order to support open online social media and distributed knowledge co-creation thus maximising the network effect,
39 CAPS2020 liaises with all CAPS stakeholders, including organisations developing similar projects in other regions of the world.
and available immediately via print-on-demand services and e-book formats. 5. Buddycloud http://buddycloud. com Buddycloud is a publish-subscribe architecture with real-time updates.
Existing Tools and Communities That the CAPS Projects Build from and Collaborate With 40 6. Citysdk http://www. citysdk. eu Citysdk is creating a toolkit for the development of digital services within cities.
and time, combine their insights to find well-founded solutions for such complex multi-stakeholder multi-disciplinary('wicked')problems such as sustainability,
resilient societies and economies, deploying ad hoc networks of citizen experts around client's needs. 16.
GEO Smart monitor devices http://www. greenenergyoptions. co. uk/products-and-services/products A set of In-Home Displays, smart plugs and web visualisation of energy consumption. 19.
GNUNET https://gnunet. org GNUNET is a framework for secure peer-to-peer networking that does not use any centralised or otherwise trusted services. 21.
It provides structure to improve the efficiency of specific communication tasks like brainstorming and proposals. 24.
to analyse the perceptions of various stakeholders, and to identify and track emerging trends. 30.
or the environment that may threaten the safety and sustainability of a social group and, possibly, the wider world.
the players and stakeholders involved, and the objectives to be pursued through the solution. The problem may involve a single sector of the society or different types of stakeholders,
and may be located in different social, political and economic contexts. The root causes of the problem may be recognised by many,
Tackling a problem involves negotiating a way through the requirements and preferences of the stakeholders involved.
By converging cloud services, mobile telecommunication and Web 2. 0 technologies, the collective awareness platforms will support wide spread participative engagement
Other stakeholders influence and can also be influenced by any change triggered by a technological development.
The role of these stakeholders such as policy makers or regulators, must be taken into account through a participatory research approach (see chapter'CAPS Stakeholders and End-users'.
'But What is Engagement? Both in the dictionary and in the context of CAPS, the term'engagement'has several meanings.
The impact of gamification, competition, collaborative work, public and even tangible feedback are examples of strategies that have been evaluated to promote engagement
In this way the cumulative effect of our memory over our lifetime results in an increased subjectivity in our interpretation of phenomena in our environment and of problem situations in particular.
When involving stakeholders in a CAPS initiative, this element mixed with others (practical arrangements, power situations, etc.)
could make it difficult for stakeholders themselves to articulate their feelings and preferences consistently, or completely and accurately.
It is vital that the dialogue with stakeholders is given the highest priority, as it is this dialogue that sets the CAPS projects apart by creating a collective awareness. 59 Dealing with the Sociocultural Diversityeach community of interest involved in the CAPS projects has different sociocultural contexts.
in order to support the participative engagement of the stakeholders, as in the SCICAFE2. 0 project. The first goal is to support shared meaning and deeper understanding of the values, motives, needs,
and trade-off tipping points of each stakeholder group in each relevant context of their exposure to the problem situation.
which takes account of the dynamic relationship that can develop between the stakeholders and the solution as illustrated in Figure 7 below.
Rejection and (Misappropriation Cycles by Stakeholders 64 For example as per UI-REF-based requirements of co-design and evaluation criteria which need to be applied on a wide scale should incorporate:
and stakeholders to exert an influence on the other layers. The real-time visualisations of digital content provided by DECARBONET (Figure 9) exemplifies how user-generated information in different social media channels can be used by NGOS
From Organized Publics to Formal Social Enterprises?'.'Journal of Peer Production 1 (3). Dourish, P. & Bellotti, V. 1992)' Awareness and Coordination in Shared Workspaces'.
Portes, A. 1998)' Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology'.'Annual Review of Sociology.
Nesta is backed with an endowment originally provided from the UK National Lottery and works through a combination of research, investments,
Futureeverything Futureeverything (FUTURE) is a not-for-profit digital innovation lab, festival and conference. It is a member of ENOLL (European Network of Living Labs). FUTURE engages a worldwide community in devising
Open data increases awareness and coordination, creates new opportunities for innovation, and strengthens inclusion, participation and, ultimately, human well-being.
Society, economy, and even human psychology itself are undergoing an irreversible change, which we as citizens and policymakers are still struggling to understand.
Opencorporates (OC) provides a good example of the opportunities in open data. It was set up to in the wake of the financial crisis to make information about companies and the corporate world more transparent and accessible.
such as established charities and social enterprises. We've tried to explore who the people and organisations working on DSI are,
with least activity around DSI science and technology projects (110) and DSI finance and economy solutions, such as crowdfunding for social good projects (104).
and seek funding and sustainable new business models. This research has identified the goals of policy, the policy tools and funding instruments available
in order to provide a privacy-aware decentralised environment for open data; 3. Educate a technology-savvy multidisciplinary workforce,
the collaborative economy, cities and public services; open tools and distributed architectures; and citizen engagement and direct democracy. 2. Make it easier to grow and spread DSI through public procurement:
when procuring services. Particularly for DSI this could include valuing the network effect and digital engagement of users provided by procured services. 3. Increase the potential value of DSI (for instance,
making available distributed architectures, common frameworks, open standards and through supporting Innovation Spaces). Overall, there is a need for a public,
New financial instruments (such as crowdfunding, challenges and prizes) should be experimented with through R&d funding, while support to Innovation Spaces (such as Fab Labs, hackerspaces and makerspaces) should be increased. 4. Enable some of the radical and disruptive innovations emerging from DSI such as new approaches to money, consumption, democracy,
In some cases substantial investment will be needed to achieve this. 5. Expand the European DSI network
This could be done through growing the digitalsocial. eu network to enable more opportunities for collaboration;
which services are designed explicitly to tackle societal challenges such as climate change and unemployment. This research project has identified,
and economic value is understood relatively well, yet its potential for solving large-scale social challenges remains largely untapped.
While massive commercial investment and business models fuelled the web's incredible growth, the use of platforms like Facebook to serve social good has been disputed accidental
the existing commercial services built on top of this lower technical layer continues for the most part to empower existing‘top-down'centralised and established organisations in the corporate and government sector.
and possibly game-changing innovative services aimed at tackling large-scale societal challenges. Online innovation developed specifically to effect major positive social change remains, arguably, in its infancy
with relatively few services reaching global scale. There are a few impressive success stories in obtaining a global reach,
in particular campaigning sites such as Avaaz and parts of the collaborative economy and the maker movement.
Yet services that exist to help communities collaborate on problems that may not fit in traditional institutional
in social innovation activity and new services that generate social value, but much of this potential has not yet being realised.
The goal is to enable more of these smaller innovative services to sprout and flourish and effectively help to solve global scale societal problems.
This includes the types of technologies underpinning DSI services. These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;
3) collaborative economy;(4) new ways of making;(5) open democracy; and (6) acceleration and incubation.
scaling and attracting funding opportunities. Equally, as DSI evolves policymakers need to understand the extent to which the policies they are putting in place to support DSI are affective 10 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 1 15 56 69 21 2
and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www
In particular, we examine how some of these digital services can take advantage of the network effect of the Internet
This network effect applies in a straightforward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook,
but it may not apply easily to some other services such as edemocracy platforms, caring networks and local currencies.
the collaborative economy, local exchange and trading systems, digital currencies, and awareness networks that incentivise experimentation with new models in a variety of domains.
By allowing new forms of communication, collective memory and algorithmically mediated attention, the Internet forms a natural digital substrate for collective intelligence.
and the demand for quality healthcare, seem to require digitally-extended collective intelligence, such as collectively tackling problems via platforms based on crowdsourcing and cognitive mapping based on real-time data analysis and visualisation.
which create new forms of value that are limited not to economic value, but that result in largescale social impact.
At the present moment, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and the massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge.
We are undergoing a transformation that involves society and the economy, driven by the fast evolution of ICT.
transmitting data coming from people, sensors, the environment and objects themselves. However, we cannot expect the Internet by itself to drive innovation to help citizens address major societal challenges.
Yet on the level of services, the emerging cloud model of some services (proprietary social networks, big data providers, implementations of the Internet of things
while Apple, Amazon and Microsoft control the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms). Apple has started a market that was entirely new;
monopolistic behaviour and aggressive IP litigation rather than providing actual innovative services. Thus, there is a danger that once users are locked in'to various monopolies,
the level of innovation in these services will decrease. Furthermore, most users have accepted giving away their personal data in exchange for free services.
Yet this bargain not only undermines privacy and weakens data protection but also commodifies knowledge, identity and personal data.
data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
in order to expand into other data-driven services in order to increase their value, profit and marketability. For example, the company is now pushing into smart watches, smart cars, smart thermostats, smart clothes and smart cities.
which raises significant issues of privacy and competition. Right now few of these opportunities are being taken advantage of by European social innovators
for the most part due to a lack of an open infrastructure and difficulty finding investment. The future of the Internet should remain pluralistic,
so that there is space for DSI alongside commercial services in the Cloud. In the long-term, if only a few non-European commercial bodies control all data-driven services,
this threatens the ability of the European innovation system to compete This European infrastructure would enable a whole new round of innovation that may not even be possible within current business models,
with new players evolving, shaping and structuring whole new markets and societal institutions that can maximise social value and innovation.
The challenge for Europe is how it might acquire the competitive advantage in social innovation by developing distributed innovation ecosystems,
whose dominant players set the terms of innovation and competition. Bria 2012) One of the motivations underpinning this research is investigating how Europe can embrace participatory
Europe could provide an alternative model in the form of investment in open infrastructures on the network, service and data layer.
SOCIETY COLLABORATION DISTRIBUTED BIG BROTHER Commercial services, Entertainment (eg. IPTV) DRM-heavy apolitical INDIVIDUALISM BUSINESS COMPETITION CENTRALLY CONTROLLED Open
and distributed digital ecosystems to foster grassroots social innovation and entrepreneurship. The alternative is to accelerate innovations that align the capacities of the Internet better to social needs
and that decentralise power to citizens and communities. The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
and create new services. Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks.
This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model.
Avoiding anti-competitive dynamics and lock in would engage all particapents in the value chain and allow for a replicable and sustainable solution.
Government and public sector organisations, businesses, academia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations and grassroots communities) 2. The way these organisations are supporting DSI (for instance,
third sector and social movements) and cuts across domains as diverse as (1) health, wellbeing and inclusion,(2) innovative socioeconomic models,(3) energy and environment,(4) participation and open
Social Enterprise Charity or Foundation, Business, Grass roots Organization or Community Network, Academia and Research, Government and Public sector. 2 Project Type:
Research project, Advocating and campaigning, Maker and hacker spaces, Investing and Funding, Event, Incubators and Accelerators, Advisory or expert body, Education And Training. 3 Technology Trends:
Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
Economy Open Democracy Funding Acceleration and Incubation The organisations and projects identified to date can roughly be grouped within six broad domains.
1) New ways of making,(2) Open democracy,(3) The collaborative economy,(4) Awareness networks enabling sustainable behaviours and lifestyles,(5) Open Access
Hexegan schematic of the 6 areas of DSITHE collaborative economy and the many other umbrella terms used to describe the rise of digital marketplaces for people to make transactions and share skills,
The Collaborative Economy has been documented by organisations like the P2p Foundation, Nesta, and Ouishare. Across the world the burgeoning field of collaborative consumption is using digital platforms to change how people share resources and exchange goods and services,
which range from household equipment to hotel rooms, cars to catering. In the UK, Nesta research documented how 25%of UK adults used Internet technologies to share assets and resources in 2013 20146.
It is now setting up branches in the UK and USA COLLABORATIVE ECONOMY New collaborative socioeconomic models that present novel characteristics,
It includes crypto digital currencies, new forms of crowdfunding and financing, new platforms for exchanges and sharing resources based on reputation and trust.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 25 Ouishare SHARING ECONOMY NETWORK Ouishare is a global collaborative consumption network founded in January 2012.
The overarching aim of Ouishare is to shift the focus of the economy to one that can find new ways to connect,
Ouishare. net and collaborative economy events. Ouishare. net is an online community where members can post articles on collaborative consumption
which brings together the global collaborative economy community. The 2014 event took place in Paris
or interested in, the collaborative economy. In parallel thousands of alternative currencies are focused in use some on localities (e g. the Brixton Pound in the UK or Chiemgauer in Germany;
Bitcoin) 7. Some of these have encouraged deliberately a changed awareness of how economies work for example, valorising labour time equally,
In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born out of social innovation) has become an avenue for nine million people to gain access to secured financial exchange services.
and a strict regulatory framework. 26 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Other interesting initiatives such as Goteo are building services around the idea of the Commons,
Goteo is a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, micro tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of creative initiatives that contribute to the common good, free knowledge and open code.
Goteo SHARING ECONOMY NETWORK A vibrant ecosystem of makers is developing across Europe and globally.
Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting potential in combining innovative technology trends to generate unexpected services.
or digital social innovations, including the blueprint for a prototype of a 3d printed $50 prosthesis that can be used in developing countries.
digital fabrication and micro enterprises. 28 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe MAKERS MOVEMENT Maker Fairs are interesting expressions of this new form of networking events
Maker Fairs Another interesting example of collaborative innovation environments is the possibility of setting up Urban Labs in Cities.
When using urban labs as a tool for urban development city government can improve relationships with their citizens by testing ideas in real world settings with all relevant stakeholders:
One interesting example of an Urban Lab is the Barcelona Urban Lab. It was created to facilitate the use of urban space as a laboratory available to companies that need to test their products and services in a real environment.
These pilot products and services have to respond to an unmet municipal need, thus improving public service design and delivery.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 29 Participatory democracy strives to create opportunities for all members of a population to make meaningful contributions to political decision-making
as well as broadening the range of people who have access to such opportunities. Since so much information must be gathered for the overall decision-making process to succeed,
Organisations like Mysociety and the Open Knowledge Foundation in the UK have developed services such as Fixmystreet
or lack of investment. It is crucial for successful crowdsourcing to design the activity properly to prevent excessive demands and frustrations.
In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu, drawing on the capabilities within communities (for instance,
It is a non-profit educational and vocational organisation set up in 2001, which mobilises a community of more than 8 million Americans who use innovative technology to lead,
and the environment in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioral change.
and sharing economy platforms like Peerby are creating new forms of relationships and services. Inspired by the open-source movement, individuals, self-organising groups
and communities are beginning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment,
in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioural change9-for instance, platforms for collaboration to solve environmental issues and incentivise sustainable behavioural changes, such as Safecast and Beaware.
The team turned to‘the crowd'via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter, to finance the device and help launch a sensor network where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting.
and the Chaos Communication Camp, an international meeting of hackers that takes place every four years,
freedom of information, human rights and communication. Supporting the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody.
Expert bodies are essential for providing expertise and coordinating inclusive processes of decision-making amongst key stakeholders.
and allows for more open and rapid communication between teachers and students. For instance, The Open university, based in the United kingdom,
enhanced by the way technology is integrated within the learning environment. Open standards A number of organisations affect DSI in Europe through acting as expert bodies on the development of policy and strategies and advocating
social innovations often need support in the early idea stages to refine their business models and grow their venture.
The global study Good Incubation (2014) 12 explores how social venture incubation has grown as a set of techniques to help founders develop ventures that are investable propositions,
including a focus on incubators with a specific focus on supporting digital social innovators. Incubators typically support innovators in exchange for equity, at pre-seed or seed stage.
There are nearly 100 incubators/accelerators in Europe. Large foundations and charities often play an active role in hosting
and running makerspaces and incubators focusing on supporting DSI. The work by Nesta in the UK, on the tech for good incubator Bethnal Green Ventures,
and the Waag society in Amsterdam, working on setting up and hosting one of Europe's first Fab Labs,
are two examples of this in Europe. In the United states, Code for America provides seed funding, office space,
and mentorship to civic startups through its accelerator. Y Combinator was the first of its kind
when it started back in 2005 and its success inspired many others. Bethnal Green Ventures in the UK, who support early-stage technology start-ups tackling a social or environmental problem with £15,
000 and 3 months intensive support in return for 6 per cent equity, is another example.
Nowadays, the biggest names are international start-up accelerators such as Techstars Seedcamp or Startbootcamp. But there is an increasing number of big corporationbacked accelerators, such as Wayra from Telefónnica or Orange FAB from Orange and a plethora of regional start-up acceleration programs.
FUNDING, ACCELLERATION, INCUBATION A range of incubators, accelerators, impact incvestment schemes have been set up by public and private funders to support digital innovation projects.
They do this through a combination of seed fundings as well as nonfinancial support such as access to co-working spaces and business support and mentores The Open Data Institute's start up programme,
Although incubators and accelerators have been always around, their presence in aiming to address social challenges has been limited rather to date.
The Open Data Institute (ODI) OPEN DATA ACCELLERATOR Traditional business accelerators offer advice and resources to fledgling firms to help them grow.
In contrast, Civic Accelerators can match cities with start-ups, private firms and nonprofit organisations interested in partnering with government to provide better services,
bring digital technology to cities, or change the way citizens interact with city government. Finally, crowdfunding platforms serve as intermediaries to link people
and to stimulate and fund new ideas. There is the growth of the alternative finance industry
including crowdfunding and P2p lending that has been documented deeply by Nesta in the UK14 36 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Case studies categorised into the 6 different types of DSI COLLABORATIVE ECONOMY FUNDING ACCELERATION
Wayra Unltd The Accelerator Healthbox London Clearlyso Angels Bethnal Green Ventures Tor Open Garden Guifi. net Confine Smart Santander DSI AREAS
or partnering with DSI services Delivering services Providing funding for experiments/R&d (particular the case for large Telco organisations) Analysing trends
facilitating and expanding communities Democratizing access to emerging technologies SOCIAL ENTERPRISE CHARITY OR FOUNDATION BUSINESS GRASS ROOTS ORGANIZATION OR COMMUNITY NETWORK ACADEMIA AND RESEARCH GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC SECTOR 193 182 153 118 55 Number of organisations (Total 701) Case study
for example relied on open hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on Crowdfunding to fund the development of kit,
social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning and e-petitions. The main technological trends in DSI 0100 200 300 400 Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Safecast OPEN NETWORKS Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart
An open sensor network (OSN) is a wireless sensor network that manages open information in an open environment.
or with the centralised data system using standard communications. The open sensor network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed and stored
and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a wireless environment. Sensor networks are the key infrastructures of a smart city, providing basic data on the usage of energy, pollution, geodata, traffic, geography, tourism and other areas.
Possible future services based on OSN include mobile applications that support citizens using public transport by displaying real time information on arrival and departure,
These sensors provide the opportunity to implement applications that help citizens to move around in cities.
They run multiple self-provisioned, experimental and commercial services and applications. A common entry point allows researchers to select a set of resources,
and then deploy, run, monitor Innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor networks, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distributed social networks,
p2p infrastructures OPEN NETWORKS 40 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe and experiment with services and protocols.
TOR also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features and provides the foundation for a range of applications that allow organisations
and from the environment The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only government
or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data. By making data open, governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have the opportunity to enable citizens to hold government to account for
what it spends, the contracts it gives and the assets it holds. Local authorities are playing a leading role in implementing open data policies
It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data,
Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis on the Meiraha project
One of them is the examples of competitions and challenges. One of Europe's biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15.
It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation, the Openforum Academy and Share-PSI. eu. It offered 20,
There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized since 2009 and Apps for Amsterdam promoted by the City of Amsterdam to make accessible to developers and citizens the data of the City. 44 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe OPEN KNOWLEDGE Co
and to participate in e-campaigns, crowdfunding etc. Furthermore, the ability to access, use, and reuse without financial, legal,
Recent global developments have revealed increasing demands of citizens for their governments and administrations to become more participatory,
Communia, a European union-wide thematic network that focuses on strategic policy discussion of existing and emerging issues concerning the public domain in the digital environment is one example of this,
and social innovation) and LIPSE (researching innovation in public sector environments) are further examples of research activities
and Technology that are coordinating research on ICT for society in different domains, such as climate change, sustainable energy and communication technology itself.
-based knowledge economy. The project is a joint research effort sponsored by the Coordinating Ministry of Knowledge and Human Talent, the Senescyt,(Secretaria National de Educacion Superior, Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion) and the IAEN
and opportunities to develop the knowledge and self-sufficiency toachieve inclusion in decision-making processes. These are some of the main initiatives within the DSI field that are focusing on capacity-building
The project was developed originally within the Fab Lab Barcelona at the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia and crowdfunded via the Goteo and Kickstarter crowdfunding platforms.
and to new services So-called Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), which are becoming increasingly important in this context.
prediction and control of people and the environment. However, as outlined by Rob Van Kranenburg,
FINANCE AND ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT SMART PUBLIC SERVICES ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Health and Wellbeing Finance and Economy Energy and Environment Participation and Democracy Smart public services Science and technology Education and skills Culture and Arts Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New
ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware
Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data 47 45 44 41 40 38 34 25 18 17 15 12 6 5
AND EMPLOYMENT Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriö Bethnal Green Ventures Citysdk Clearlyso Angels Communia Commons 4 Europe Confine Crisisnet Desis Network Everyaware Fablab
Kit Smart Santander The Accelerator Tor Ushahidi Wikiprogress Wayra Unltd Wikirate Your Priorities Zooniverse 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35. 36.37.38.39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.46 42 40
AND CAMPAIGNING EVENT INCUBATORS AND ACCELERATORS MAKER AND HACKER SPACES ADVISORY OR EXPERT BODY INVESTMENT AND FUNDING 152 26 13 74 76 70 30 30 31 32 0 Project
Type (Total 572) Liquid Feedback Communia Avaaz Open Government Wien Arduino P2p Foundation Goteo Ouishare Landshare Wikiprogress Safecast Crisisnet Open
Right Group Open Knowledge Foundation Github Free software foundation Wayra Unltd Bethnal Green Ventures Tor Guifi. net
AND ECONOMY ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT PARTICIPATION AND DEMOCRACY NEIGHBOURHOOD REGENERATION SCIENCE EDUCATION AND SKILLS CULTURE AND ARTS WORK AND EMPLOYMENT 254 251 164 163 162 138
Cityofedinburghcouncil Universityofedinburgh Cityofeindhoven MADEMERGENTARTCENTER CMC2COMMUNITYINTERESTCOMPANY Coexisthance Communiaassosiation NEXA Consorziotiberina Riverwatch/Tevere Coventryuniversity Fundaciói2cat Crowdfunding. pl Myseed crowdsourcing CUBITSCARL DCLG Deheerprojecten
environment"ERGOLAB GAIA Fablabpalermo Factoryyouthzone Fullcirclearts Fairphone Fairplayalliance Firemny-Register. sk Farm2me Foam Folklabs Hernehillforum Openfoodfoundation Industrialstrategycommunications Innodriven Kiemkracht Fram3
The collaborative economy and open knowledge is the specialty of the second largest but also more scattered community (7. 41 per cent), consisting of Esade, the IRI,
Cityofedinburghcouncil Universityofedinburgh Cityofeindhoven MADEMERGENTARTCENTER CMC2COMMUNITYINTERESTCOMPANY Coexisthance Communiaassosiation NEXA Consorziotiberina Riverwatch/Tevere Coventryuniversity Fundaciói2cat Crowdfunding. pl Myseed crowdsourcing CUBITSCARL DCLG Deheerprojecten
environment"ERGOLAB GAIA Fablabpalermo Factoryyouthzone Fullcirclearts Fairphone Fairplayalliance Firemny-Register. sk Farm2me Foam Folklabs Hernehillforum Openfoodfoundation Industrialstrategycommunications Innodriven Kiemkracht Fram3
adapted from Sestini, F (Digital) Innovation Venture capital Big data and cloud computing COMPETITION, ECONOMIC ENTERESTS Innovation and innovation policy are not new to the European union.
and society by complementing the telecommunications regulatory environment, modernising copyright rules, simplifying rules for consumers making online and digital purchases,
and Horizon 202022 present an integrated approach to help the EU economy become more competitive,
the call for the creation of an open data incubator within Horizon 2020 aims to help SMES set up supply chains,
and to get access to cloud computing and legal advice. Further support, investment advice and funding oppertunities for SMES and young companies are also available through the Startup Europe programme.
Other activities are happening in the Internet of things (Iot) focus area, where the IERC-Internet of things European Research Cluster25 coordinates a variety of Iot R&i projects.
and the collaborative economy. These platforms based on open technology can gather and integrate information in order to allow participation and citizens'feedback,
Participatory means that the policy environment contrasts with more traditional innovation policy frameworks where there is a strong focus on the market perspective and competitiveness.
and agents (stakeholders in a broad sense, including implementers and decision makers. The Futurium platform is based on the metaphor of emergent collective intelligence,
and combines the informal nature of social networks with a methodological approach of foresights to engage stakeholders in the poliy making process.
and fundamental freedoms in the digital environment. Big data and cloud companies but also States have a lot of control over an individual's online identity.
and women bring new perspectives while improving access to information, education and work opportunities for women.
3 4 5 6 Opportunities 7 and challenges Generating Ideas Developing and testing Making the case Delivering
Digital Social Innovation takes place in the context of a more collaborative, horizontal and cooperative environment.
Opportunities and challenges: These include all the initiating factors for instance a crisis, new evidence, and inspiration.
or identifying the opportunities that a new change could bring about. Generating ideas: Most of the ideas you come up with at first won't work.
Start with live case studies from practitioners-people who run services and who know what the problems/challenges/opportunities are.
Make sure they represent a sample of the type of practice you are developing policy for
including any evidence they have of impact Opportunities and challenges What really helped them get their project of the ground
Identify the problems/opportunities. We asked everyone in the room to individually complete this template to quickly generate ideas:
start-ups and social innovators Taxes Crowdfunding & Challenge Prizes Open access Open standards Interoperability Open licensing Open platforms Open Data privacy-aware technologies
open infrastructures Innovation Labs Incubators & accelerators Knowledge sharing & networking Training Standards of evidence framework Impact assessment tools for aocial innovation There is a common sentiment
that a strong public intervention at EU level is needed to properly support, coordinate, and harmonise these areas whih, have so far been isolated left to developers, activists and hackers.
Seed funding and crowdfunding are also two important instruments. Although previous analysis and policy actions28 focus on the role of VC or business angels,
The US Federal government spends 2. 6 per cent of a much larger per capita GDP on research compared to only 1. 3 per cent on average in the EU. Early-stage funding for innovation is also more heavily supported by government investment
and subsidies in the USA than the EU. Approximately eight times as much public as private business investment goes into early stage technology development in the USA.
In the EU investment in research and technological development is based more market and demonstrably less effective (FINNOV European Policy Brief.
or the UK's Big Society Capital fund and India's Inclusive Investment Fund. They combine investments in new hardware
and software with experiments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions.
In Seoul, the Mayor has designed programmes for the sharing economy and citizen engagement. Colombia set up a centre for social innovation within its government,
and services to be open sourced. This means introducing elements of open innovation into the procurement process,
and services by the EU are achieving their goals and if providers are able to deliver their outcomes.
in order to help small and medium-sized enterprises. DSI should also create new specific instruments for social entrepreneurship.
SUPPORT TO SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS & START-UPS Development and entrepreneurship programmes In public institutions there are examples such as the New york city Economic Development Agency
and in particular its entrepreneur programme34 Very similar to this is the example of Barcelona Activa, which is the local agency for employment and economic growth for the area of Barcelona35.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 69 Some other examples come from private organisations.
Results from 2012, shows that more than 400 ventures were started among its members. One of the most obvious measures is to crackdown on tax abuses by technology companies.
which the country where profits are generated is also the country of taxation. This would include automatic exchange of information on tax rulings and the stabilising of corporate tax bases.
CROWDFUNDING SEED FUNDING & CHALLENGE PRIZES Crowdfunding should be included in thinking about the future of DSI.
The European commission should start promoting more crowdfunding tools, involving the community in choosing the best projects to be funded,
as part of their R&d programmes. Crowdfunding allows people to have the opportunity to support what they consider to be an attractive idea
and to help someone else's dream to become a reality, while simultaneously getting benefits from the new product,
eciprocity being one element of crowdfunding. 70 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Crowdfunding platforms In Spain,
The platform specialises in supporting community enterprises, creative startups and charities. Another example is Spacehive,
peer-topeer consumer lending, equity crowdfunding, community shares, pension-led funding and invoice trading). In 2012, more than $2. 7 billion was raised through crowdfunding worldwide helping to fund more than one million new projects.
The main crowdfunding platforms are Kickstarter and Goteo but there are also plenty of other platforms that are gathered in the directory of crowdfunding platforms Crowdingin39,
operated by Nesta (in the UK). ) The platform Citizinvestor is an American portal where public projects such as new bins in the city,
or high bike racks, or playground installations are funded by citizens themselves. Seed funding is a very early-stage investment,
meant to support the business until it can generate cash of its own, or until it is ready for further investments.
Seed money options include friends and family funding, angel funding and crowdfunding. Seed funding is aimed mainly at start-ups and ventures.
There are other elements such as prizes, competitions, events, knowledge sharing and dissemination that should also be included in the mechanisms for DSI policy.
The Nesta Centre for Challenge Prizes has run prizes in everything from energy to waste, data to education.
In 2014 Nesta revived the 300 year old Longitude Prize and Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 71 Challenges&prizes The Open Data Challenge Series42 is a collaboration between Nesta
The competition invited Europeans to come up with new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimise its corrosive effects on the economy and society.
or adapted in order to provide an environment conducive to openness and collaboration, while preserving citizens'rights and data protection.
Open standards are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks. Standards will enable new business models for co-operation between multiple stakeholders such as companies,
public authorities and citizens to develop meaningful technologies. Therefore, greater citizen involvement in standards should be supported (for instance the W3c has proposed a Webizen programme:
so that devices and services produced and delivered by different companies can communicate with one another. The Internet is the best example of the power of interoperability.
the possibility to add (web) content and services themselves, access to devices and modular applications that talk to one another.
when it is perceived as fair by all stakeholders, seeking the right balance between the interests of creators (to control their work
Any privileged access provided to the owner/managers of the infrastructure would alter free competition.
and services built on freely acquired data, as long as they respect provisions in the license. Private data should also have its privacy dimension encoded using open standards
and freedom of information online, reasserts the principle of fair competition and guarantees that users may freely choose between services online.
The European parliament adopted amendments to enshrine net neutrality in EU law at the beginning of April 2014. Currently the telecoms single market proposal has being reviewed by the Council member States) of the EU
The European commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately €40 billion per annum. The 2013 revision of the European commission Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data in a harmonised and more transparent way.
and analysed with the main objective of maximising value extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition and surveillance).
therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the Future Internet users must be able to come (no barriers to entry)
engaging effectively in multi-stakeholder processes. Distributed and open architectures Community and bottom-up networking 5. 3 RESEARCH
AND INNOVATION SUPPORT One important objective is to provide infrastructural investments such as broadband deployments and pan-European digital services that underwrite robust, equal,
society-wide access to connectivity. However, while most resources are going to top-up deployments from Telcos
INVESTMENT ON ENABLING INFRASTRUCTURES Community and bottom-up networking is an emerging mode of the Future Internet,
innovation labs present an opportunity to activate networks and to create collaborative work environments. In this context labs can be understood as spaces
and units set up run and funded directly by government and driven by communities or public and private partnerships.
it needs investment in alternative architectures that favour new players and allow for bottom-up innovation. This includes the need for distributed data repositories and management systems
which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments.
and making use of strong communications and engagement strategies. One example of this is the Seoul Innovation Bureau
PS21 has created systemic interventions such the Staff Suggestion Scheme that creates an opportunity for any public officer to directly submit ideas to improve public services.
and run by government to drive innovation in products and services, citizen engagement and policy development, there are vast often highly connected communities of private, academic and civic labs
and co-working spaces Maker spaces (such as Fablabs), real-life testing and experimentation environments where users and producers can cocreate innovations (including Living Labs), Hackerspaces and hackathons (such as
Chaos Communication Camp), and co-working spaces are a few examples. In addition to exploring the role of labs run by government
INCUBATORS & ACCELERATORS Mechanisms that foster social entrepreneurship such as incubators, accelerators or other intermediary platforms are necessary to provide resources in different phases of the development of DSI.
They represent a novel contribution to advancing social entrepreneurship around the world helping young companies,
The number of accelerator programmes has grown rapidly in the US over the past years, and more recently, the trend is being replicated in Europe.
For instance, the Nesta report Good incubation 72 charts the rise of social venture incubation, with a focus on
Investment for this kind of innovation support programmes can come from public funds but could also be through public private partnerships or crowdfunding.
TRANSITION project A good example to foster a European networks of incubators is funded the European commission TRANSITION project.
It is coordinated by the European Business & Innovation Centre Network (EBN and is a 30-month project that supports the scaling-up of social innovations across Europe by developing a network of incubators,
which brings together established partners within the fields of social innovation (SI) and innovation-based incubation (IBI).
& NETWORKING TRAINING DSI networking and crowdfunding platform Fabacademy 5. 4 DISSEMINATION & LEARNING Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 81 Firstly,
competitions and challenges or jams would be very helpful mechanisms to deploy. Secondly, beyond general events, the DSI strategy requires a communication strategy.
This should include the use of social networking platforms, independent media and other news applications. For instance, the elaboration of a newsletter or creating a DSI strategy blog would be a helpful instrument to spread the message from the European commission
identifies funding opportunities, and promotes new economic instruments (such as challenges, and prizes) should be promoted the,
possibly linking crowdmapping to crowdfunding and other bottom-up incentives mechanisms such as Prizes and Challenges. Thirdly, knowledge sharing is key.
scaling and attracting funding opportunities. As DSI evolves policymakers need to understand the extent to which the policies they are putting in place to support DSI are effective.
and Assessment Model to assess the social capital and wellbeing of local areas. What is measured?
and their projects The Triple Helix outlines how social tech ventures, and investors, should focus on three types of value Social Value, User Value and Financial Value when developing and scaling their project (s) 76
The potential social change the venture intends to create i e positive impact health, resilience and sustainability society.
Qualitative responses to the idea-interviews or meetings/consultation with key stakeholders, such as domain experts and possible purchasers of the service to establish what social challenges need to be addressed
or analysing existing data sets to understand the extent of the social issue Online responses to the proposed service from partners or potential customers.
using analytics software to test demand. Financial Value: There has to be a market for the venture to be sustainable
and the venture has to be active in it. The generation of sustainable income is understood as financial value,
which comes as the result of realising user or social value. Establishing an agency or provider who has the responsibility
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 83 The standards are used by the DSI accelerator Bethnal Green Ventures77 and Nesta's Impact Investment team78,
and acceptable price point for your customers. Level 5 You can show that your product/service could be operated up by someone else
These indicators now include innovative entrepreneurship and innovation in firms, universities and public research institutes,
and services generated, as well as new types of actors such as Fab Labs and makerspaces. LESSON FROM EXISTING INNOVATION POLICY FRAMEWORKS 86 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe RECOMMENDATION FOR EVALUATION Guidelines for assessing the impact of Digital Social Innovation Assessment
This focus could be on four key areas of opportunity in DSI. a. Collaborative economy b. Digital social innovation in cities and public services c. Open tools and distributed architectures
health authorities and universities to pilot large-scale DSI experiments around collaborative economy, direct democracy, distributed energy, civic health and bottom-up smart city solutions.
and the emerging Internet of things have their roots in strong public investment that funded general-purpose technologies and basic research.
Within the single digital social market it should be easier for digital social innovations such as collaborative economy
and crowdfunding platforms to manage and distribute assets (financial as well as nonfinancial) between citizens in different EU countries.
DSI has the opportunity to improve public services, cut costs and improve the environment. Easier procurement could be a route to scale
and higher impact this requires attention to the details of how procurement is organised (e g. to make it easier for smaller organisations to win contracts),
for example) when procuring services. Particularly for DSI this could include valuing the network effect and digital engagement of users provided by procured services.
WHAT SHOULD POLICYMAKERS DO? 1. Invest in digital technologies for the social good: Make it easier to create new digital SI through specific regulatory
Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
just as in science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support. There is a need to maximise the social value generated by digital technologies
In some cases substantial investment will be needed to support innovations through to sustainability just as in business, where many of the most transformative innovations required many years of patient,
large-scale investment before they delivered returns. Alternative socioeconomic models based on trust and their reputations are emerging.
and it would make sure that services deployed answer to concrete unmet local needs and demand.
1. Grow the www. digitalsocial. eu network to enable more opportunities for collaboration through the platform,
such as the opportunity for organisations to jointly develop new projects and apply for funding through innovative mechanisms such as challenges,
prizes and crowdfunding. 2. Increase early-stage seed funding programmes and other types of nonfinancial support that are vital in helping innovators experiment with
The incubator programme run by the UK's Open Data Institute and the DSI accelerator programme run by Bethnal Green Ventures have demonstrated potential in how models developed to support early-stage businesses can be adapted to support
and grow DSI projects. 3. Support programmes that help people and organisations develop their skills to work on Digital Social Innovation such as getting digital skills on the curriculum in schools and helping civil society organisations experiment with the development of digital solutions.
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