and activities 50work Package 3-Assessing Strategies 52work Package 4-Engaging Stakeholders 53work Package 5-Experiment
and in new services and approaches that generate social value. But much of this potential isn't yet being realized.
and the growth of digital services has resulted in an imbalance between the dramatic scale and reach of commercial Internet models and the relative weakness of alternatives,
having investigated more than 250 case studies of digital social innovation services, support organizations and activities. The report presents interim findings and conclusions and highlights next steps for the research project.
and civic innovators (developers, hackers, designers) are key stakeholders in support of innovation for social good.
including a prototype analysis of strong and weak links between organizations. In the DSI Network Data-Set, there are a total of 285 organisations with a total of 178 activities as of 13 december 2013.
organisations like Mysociety and the Open Knowledge Foundation in the UK that are developing services like Fixmystreet allowing citizen to report city problems and CKAN,
iii) The sharing economy that includes crypto digital curencies like Freecoin and many sharing economy platforms such as Peerby and Goteo creating new forms of crowdfunding methods, exchanges and new economic models;(
iv) Awareness networks enabling sustainable behaviours and lifestyles such as the Smart Citizen Kit an initiative that empowers citizens to improve urban life through capturing
Government and public sector organisations, businesses, academia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations; and grassroots communities;
2) innovative socio economic models (3) energy and environment;(3) participation and open governance,(4) science, culture and education;(
what doesn't to calibrate interventions and investments. Addressing barriers to growth and scale. Growth & scale is an ambition that should be fostered;
New sustainable business models and socioeconomic mechanisms based on collective and public benefit are starting to clearly emerge.
and economic value is understood relatively well. But, despite the founding ethos of technologies like the World wide web being aligned to social good,
arguably, in its infancy, with relatively few services reaching global scale. Consequently, Digital Social Innovation (DSI) is an emerging field of study,
having investigated more than 250 case studies of digital social innovation services, support organisations and activities. It presents interim findings and conclusions and highlights next steps for the research project.
and interdependent process of different stakeholders, including engaged communities. Innovation should be understood in broader terms as a new product (product innovation), a new method of production (process innovation), new organisational forms (organisational innovation), access to untapped resources,
Social, political and economic processes driven by innovation are uncertain and open ended within an economy never in equilibrium
The critical issue is how to encourage simultaneously both business model innovation and societal innovation. This means enabling business model innovation in real world settings (such as Living Labs, maker spaces or so called Smart Cities) and orchestrating the process with all innovation stakeholders.
Mobilising civil society organisations, and innovators that are central to the way DSI happens and scale.
including the types of technologies underpinning DSI services that combine novel technology trends such as distributed networks, knowledge co-production platforms, open data, open hardware, open content,
including a prototype analysis of strong and weak links between organisations. Next steps, policy for DSI:
and new participative models for the economy, society and self-governance models. A primary example of Digital Social Innovation is the Web itself.
and in new services and approaches that generate social value. But much of this potential isn't yet being realised.
The early years of expansion of Internet-based services has generated a great economic wealth. However this growth has resulted in an imbalance between the dramatic scale
and cluster in this report-such as the sharing economy as local exchange trading systems, time banks and digital currencies, collaborative services and awareness networks that incentivise the experimentations of new models in a variety
ICT and the Internet are critical to help Europe sustain long-term economic growth and create new jobs.
We are undergoing a big transformation that will involve society and the economy, driven by the fast evolution of ICT.
To fully exploit the potential provided by Internet services a high-speed Internet access is required for all the citizens.
open and distributed infrastructure (avoiding points of centralisation by design) that allowed the emergence of creativity, bottom-up innova 13 tion and honest competition.
whose dominant players set the terms of innovation and competition. Analysing all the possible Future Internet scenarios (Oxford Internet Institute 2010
Open ecosystems to foster grassroots digital social innovation and entrepreneurship: The alternative is to accelerate innovations that align the capacities of the Internet better to social needs,
Honest competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks.
and to manage creative interactions a central issue of economic policy. Harnessing collective intelligence will be a crucial determinant of success for businesses, for governments,
In this way, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and its massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge.
and the technical that create new forms of value that are limited not to economic value, but that result in large-scale social impact,
At a socioeconomic level the study will assess new business models and socioeconomic mechanisms‘beyond GDP',based on the valorisation of social data and common information resources for collective use and public benefit beyond monetisation
and that will lead to the creation of the right enabling environment for DSI to flourish.
We have taken a more in depth look at 35 (see appendix 1) of what we think are the most representative and inspiring DSI organisations, projects, services and events,
and the social domains they were affecting, such as health, economy, energy governance, education, and public services.
In this way we made sure that we selected a good variety of services that use multiple innovative combinations of technology trends affecting different domains
Government and public sector organisations, businesses, academia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations; and grassroots communities;
and seek an impact in (Health, well-being and inclusion, Sustainable socioeconomic models, Energy and environment, Participatory open government,
economics, and sociology literatures, and will be validated in the selected cases through interviews and the online survey,
size and type of organisation (e g. government and public sector, business, academia and research, social enterprise, charity or foundation,
communication density and user generated data applied. Currently the website is focused on the geographic mapping of organisations.
what type of activities they are involved in (from research projects to delivering services or running incubators for early stage DSI start-ups).
Secondly, it can enhance communication between stakeholders and communities, thereby strengthening the social fabric and making a solution/service more resilient.
Finally, advanced ICT, collective knowledge and innovative business models in open networked platforms can reduce the technological, bureaucratic,
to new ways of improving the quality of the environment, to mass scale behavioural and political changes that empower communities and transition to a low carbon economy.
The selected examples below illustrate some of the most interesting digital social innovations that impact diverse societal domains.
consumption and distribution and generate further ideas and innovations (like the move to a low carbon economy or the creation of a more participatory democracy).
and change a variety of domains ranging from health and well-being, to democracy, sustainability and environment,
2) innovative socio economic models (3) energy and environment;(3) participation and open governance,(4) science, culture and education;(
Across the world the burgeoning field of collaborative consumption is using digital platforms to change how people share resources and exchange goods and services,
In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born out of social innovation) has become an avenue for nine million people to gain access to secured financial exchange services.
Other interesting initiatives such as Goteo are building services around the idea of the Commons, to enable communities to access
Some of these have encouraged deliberately a changed awareness of how economies work for example valorising labour time equally,
The Open Hardware is the backbone of the sharing economy, since it shifts the attention away from consumption and resource exploitation,
and open democracy Participatory democracy strives to create opportunities for all members of a population to make meaningful contributions to political decision-making,
and seeks to broaden the range of people who have access to such opportunities. Since so much information must be gathered for the overall decision-making process to succeed
organisations like mysociety and the Open Knowledge Foundation in the UK and the Sunlight Foundation in the US are developing services like Fixmystreet allowing citizen to report city problems and CKAN,
and sharing economy platforms like Peerby are creating new forms of relationships and services. Inspired by the open-source movement, individuals, self-organising groups,
and communities are beginning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment
in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioural change. For instance, platforms for collaboration have been used to solve environmental issues and incentivise sustainable behavioural changes, in the case of Safecast and Beaware,
and allows for more open and rapid communication between teachers and students. For instance, The Open university, based in the United kingdom,
and integrated within the learning environment. 27 Table 4 Health, wellbeing and inclusion Sustainable socioeconomic models Energy
and environment Participative open government Pioneering science, culture & education Smart public services Open Networks Confine Opengarden. net Everyaware Commons 4eu Tor project Make sense Freecoin Smart Santander Open Data Wikiprogress Open Corporates
Citizen Kit Fairphone Makerfaire New ways of making Participatory mechanisms Sharing economy Awareness networks Open Access 28 Who are involved the organisations in supporting
and movementsproviding new (fundamental) technologies and methodologiesdecis networkarduinosocial enterprises, charities and foundationsstimulate multi-disciplinary research and innovationconnecting top-down and bottom-up movementsamplifying weak signalssupporting grassroots movementsavaazushahidickangrassroots movements Engaging, facilitating
Social Enterprise or Foundation 68 Business 52 Grassroots Organisation or Community Group 41 Academia and Research 37 Government and Public sector 15 Table 6 Figure
and organisations to create public good services that were not previously in place. The work by the local government in Vienna on Open Government Data Vienna led to citizens developing a raft of innovations,
The partnership between the not-for-profit Praxis and the Estonian Government on opening up and visualising government budget data, created more transparency around public spending. 30 SMESFROM small start-ups to larger companies,
innovative companies play a big role in pioneering new practices delivering DSI services that enable users
Examples of for-profit DSI business include US-based Patients Like Me which delivers a peer support service driven by a community of users
Social enterprises, charities and foundationssome of the most well-known DSI services have been developed and delivered by not-for-profits,
such as Avaaz's e-petitioning and campaigning network and Ushahidi's pioneering work on crowd-mapping.
one of the most widely used open-source data portal platforms is an example of a not-for-profit providing a service that enables more DSI to happen by making it easier for large institutions to open up their data.
and running makerspaces and incubators focusing on supporting DSI. The work by Nesta in the UK on the tech for good incubator Bethnal Green Ventures and Waag Society in Amsterdam work on setting up
and hosting one of Europe's first Fablabs are two examples of this. Grassroots communities and movementsnon-institutional actors and grassroots organisations and civil society groups are key players in initiating
it is the activity of grassroots communities that in most cases add value to DSI services by using them, from mobilising votes for e-petitions to raising finance for a local cause through crowdfunding.
Building on this, active grassroots communities also use the opportunities presented by digital technologies to hack
The CCC advocates more transparency in government, freedom of information, human rights and communication. Supporting the principles of the hacker ethic,
and Festivals Open Hack Make festival Makerfaire Running Incubators and accelerators ODI start-up Programme Bethnal Green Ventures Hosting
and managing maker spaces and hacker spaces Fablab Amsterdam (hosted by Waag Society) Through research projects
and social investment Nominet Trust Nesta Advocacy and advisory or expert bodies IOT Council La Quadrature du net European Digital Rights (EDRI) Table
and training 31 Network 29 Event 27 Incubators and Accelerators 26 Advisory or expert body 15 Advocating
and the Chaos Communication Camp, an international meeting of hackers that takes place every four years,
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) hosts the annual Chaos Communication Congress, the largest hacker congress in Europe.
Every four years, the Chaos Communication Camp is the outdoor alternative for hackers worldwide. The CCC started a new yearly conference called SIGINT in 2009 in Germany.
Through incubators and accelerators: As has been the case with the support for innovative businesses, social innovations often need support in the early idea stages to refine their business models
and grow their venture. To address this, a number of incubators and accelerators have emerged, who invest in‘tech for good'projects, typically in exchange for equity, at pre-seed or seed stage.
Bethnal Green Ventures in the UK, who support early stage technology start-ups who are tackling a social or environmental problem with £15,
000 and 3 months intensive support in return for 6%equity, is one example of this.
The Open Data Institute's ODI start-up programme which has supported organisations like Open Corporate and Provenance to grow their Open Data projects,
is another. Although incubators and accelerators have been always around, their presence in aiming to address social challenges has been limited rather to date. 33 Traditional business accelerators offer advice
and resources to fledgling firms to help them grow. In contrast, Civic Accelerators can match cities with start-ups, private firms,
and nonprofit organisations interested in partnering with government to provide better services, bring digital technology to cities,
or change the way citizens interact with city hall. Civic accelerators can contribute to fostering DSI by bringing down barriers for innovators:
in many cases, these are market barriers, such as overly restrictive planning rules that make it hard for businesses in clusters to expand,
or for their workers to find affordable homes. Running or hosting Makerspaces, Hackerspaces, Living Labs or Urban Labs:
Co-working environments, such as innovation centres, accelerators, incubators, and hacker spaces, have begun to proliferate. The MIT founded a precursor in 2002 called Fab Lab,
or digital social innovations, including the blueprint for a prototype of a 3d printed $50 Prosthesis that can be used in developing countries.
and micro enterprises. An example of increasing interest is the possibility of setting up Urban Labs within city contexts.
and to carry out tests and pilot projects on products and services for urban life, which are in the pre-market stage.
This improves services to citizens and makes their city smarter, in terms of innovative and efficient infrastructure, the environment, quality of life, modern administration and engaged citizens.
The benefits come to the local economy when companies try and test their services with citizens in a real life environment
and thus improve their competitiveness. There are many other advantages as well when it comes to public administration fostering innovation processes
and creating innovative spaces. When using urban labs as a tool for urban development city government can improve relationships with their citizens by supporting
By initiating collaborative projects the city can bring together relevant stakeholders: citizens, companies and scientific institutions.
and opportunities to develop knowledge, self-sufficiency, and achieve inclusion in decision-making processes. These are some of the main initiatives within the DSI field that are focusing on capacity-building
Communia, an EU wide thematic Network that focuses on strategic policy discussion of existing and emerging issues concerning the public domain in the digital environment is one example of this,
and communication technology itself. By delivering digital social services: Naturally, the hive of DSI activity will be around actual services that enable new types of collaboration between citizens through the use of digital technologies.
As discussed previously, DSI services are being delivered by a variety of organisations from government and business, to foundations and grassroots organisations.
However, it is important to distinguish between two different types of services. The DSI map is gathering examples of services from across Europe
and globally that are using a variety of digital tools and building communities to maximise the impact of technology for social good:
Services that enable organisations to better cooperate and resource their activities: A range of services like Github and CKAN do not directly target citizens or seek citizen engagement in the service,
instead they provide invaluable open tools that help entrepreneurs, and civic hackers who are developing digital social innovations.
Services that directly target and engage a large number of citizens and end users for a variety of causes:
The majority of DSI services directly engage citizens and developers to improve their services, generate solutions,
provide feedback, or solve specific problems. 35 By providing funding and investment: Public sector bodies, large foundations and other philanthropic organisations, provide early stage funding for DSI services,
or projects that are exploring new aspects of the potential in DSI. Examples of this include the Nominet Trust's (UK) work Digital Edge, a programme
which funds ventures that demonstrate how technology can offer a viable alternative to existing ways of addressing the social challenges faced by young people.
Other more established Foundations such as the Shuttelworth Foundation, the Open Society Institute or Knight Foundation in the US are pioneering ways to financially support digital initiatives
and measure the social impact achieved. The programmes run by these organisations have inspired a new wave of social action funding.
and coordinating inclusive processes of decision-making amongst key stakeholders. Technological trends in Digital Social Innovation Although there is a huge variety in the different types of DSI and the technologies these innovations use
Examples Open Networks innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor networks, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distributed social networks
and interpret open data coming from people and from the environment Open Vienna City SDK Open knowledge co-production of new knowledge and crowd mobilisation based on open content,
Safecast, for example relied on Open Hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on crowdfunding (open knowledge) to fund the development of kit
and digital services adopted by DSI activities such as social networking, social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning,
An Open Sensor Network (OSN) is a Wireless Sensor Network that manages Open information in an Open environment.
or with the centralised data system using standard communications. The Open Sensor Network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed
and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a wireless environment. Sensor networks are used widely in the fields of mobility, transport, environment, geography, meteorology and tourism.
They are key infrastructures of a smart city by providing basic data on the usage of energy, pollution, geodata, traffic, geography & meteorological, tourism and so on.
Possible future services based on OSN include mobile applications that support citizens using public transport by displaying real time information on arrival and departure or traffic information for car drivers.
These sensors provide the opportunity to implement applications that help citizens to move around in cities.
They run multiple self-provisioned, experimental and commercial services and applications. A common entry point allows researchers to select a set of resources,
and experiment with services and protocols. This is done on real-world IP community networks that incorporate a wide variety of wired and wireless links
or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data. By making data open, governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have the opportunity to enable citizens to hold government to account for
what it spends, the contracts it gives and the assets it holds. When the European commission published its Directive on the reuse of public sector information (PSI) in 2003 many member states,
The European commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately €40 billion per annum. The 2013 revision of the European commission Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data in a harmonised and more transparent way,
whilst engaging all key stakeholders and delivering public goods, maximising returns for all citizens. For instance, citizens are gaining greater insight into how their tax payments are being spent.
It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data,
Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not for profit Praxis on the Meiraha project,
so that services can be integrated into the City's backend system and can be reused and adopted across Europe and beyond,
and participate in e-campaigns, crowdfunding, crowd-mapping and crowdsourcing. Furthermore, the ability to access, use,
Open access provides an economic and social return on investment through higher dissemination to citizens, taxpayers,
Recent global developments have revealed increasing demands of citizens for their governments and administrations to become more participatory, transparent and accountable.
or lack of investment. It is crucial for successful crowdsourcing to design the activity properly to prevent excessive demands and frustrations.
In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for Cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu.
new services like the Smart Citizen Kit, an Arduino based sensor kit have the opportunity to provide even more sophisticated sensor network tools to citizens,
and to the services it will provide. The Internet of things, which will guarantee access through the Internet to the physical world, to its devices and, most notably, to its services.
The emerging of an Internet of People, i e.,, a trend that includes Web 2. 0, social networks, social computing,
and services. Cloud computing as a virtualisation infrastructure that offers unique opportunities to reduce the costs of delivering services over the Internet,
thus extending this possibility to much wider classes of actors. What are we learning about the impact of digital technologies on Social Innovation?
and reprogramming networks with different stakeholders and based on different issues. 44 3 . Which organisations currently bridge the various communities?
However, currently this analysis is difficult to do as we have revealed that there is either a problem with the scarcity of data
and civic innovators (developers, hackers, designers) as key stakeholders in the support of innovation for social good and active citizenship in the EU. Too often in the past civil society organisations were left behind in top-down technology-push
New sustainable business models and socioeconomic mechanisms based on collective and public benefit are starting to clearly emerge.
as the new digital innovations of capitalism in particular, digital innovation as exemplified by Silicon valley threaten their current ability to make profits from their previous innovations.
The institutional infrastructure necessary for cutting-edge research no longer requires state investment, and in fact, private institutions have near-monopolies over social networks and search engine data,
and networks of grassroots innovators be connected into larger networks that can then provide the kinds of services around product development
It is within new noninstitutional actors motivated by ideals outside short-term profit and with an idea of greater social good that digital innovation usually arises.
Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the Web 2. 0 economy
or entrepreneurs starting sharing economy initiatives, and activists starting mass mobilisation initiatives and social movements for democracy and social justice.
in order to pursue their own unique ideals that do not fit within a wider social milieu driven exclusively by only short-term economic profit,
are able to spread their innovations throughout society due to the flexibility of venture capital in Silicon valley,
Large scale mobilisation, advocacy and campaigning around common causes Crowdsourcing platforms for ideation, E-Petitions (i e.
Causes and Avaaz), Crowdfunding, and Crowd mapping, social networking and democratic decision making tools, are technologies that allow for the quick identification (and dismissal) of issues.
Open data such as the Open data Vienna initiative allow for citizens to mine previously closed sources of knowledge for problems and new opportunities.
many of the services we are examining in the case studies require (and enable) a more active collaboration,
The same is the case for crowd-mapping services like Crisis commons or Ushahidi platforms where it is the contribution of knowledge linked to a geographic location
in this report, take a detailed look at the Goteo crowdfunding platform, but following on from that it then becomes interesting to understand the concept of‘crowdfunding'as a new way of financing social innovation.
Empathic networking, care networks, and support between peers such as Tyze and Patients Like Me. While to date we have looked at
Shifting from Closed innovation models to Decentralized Innovative Social Networksthe proposed vision is to facilitate the creation of a bottom-up Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem that can exploit the European added value in the digital economy.
and modular services and applications can be built in a dynamic and flexible way, plugging into existing and future Internet infrastructures.
An ecosystem means that there is an interdependent and dynamic constellation of living organisms acting within a global socioeconomic environment.
The Ecosystem metaphor emphasises the need for a holistic and multi-stakeholder approach that Europe should give to Innovation,
and it would make sure that services deployed answer to concrete unmet local needs and demand.
increasing demand of services from their citizens, and the need to reinvent themselves in their quest to become smarter, more transparent and accountable.
engaging a variety of stakeholders. Different DSI activities are experimenting new ways in which the commons can be governed through negotiated rules and boundaries for building and mobilising communities, managing the social production, distribution,
This research into DSI services and activities is showing possible ways to manage the commons
and opportunities to grow and scale the DSI ecosystem, and to analyse the following requirements that are emerging as enablers to foster
what doesn't to calibrate interventions and investments. Addressing barriers to growth and scale. Growth & scale is an ambition that should be fostered;
there must be concerted a focus on Task 2. 3 Facilitate stakeholder engagement in the online platform.
iii) The sharing economy;(iv) Awareness networks enabling sustainable behaviours and lifestyles;(v) Open access and information Commons),
or easily share events, funding opportunities etc from other sites) Add a section to the site that shows
and visualises funding opportunities for organisations. N. B. these are likely to come from EC grants
and crowdfunding projects such as CHEST Automation of DSI activity/events into event timelinelong-term Vision (currently out of scope for this tender) The current crowdmapping facility is a first step towards the creation of a DSI networking platform
particularly H2020 and work programmes, Digital Agenda, Social Innovation in DG Regio and Social Entrepreneurship in DG Enterprise.
or they are rooted in the methodology used for its design. 53 Work Package 4-Engaging Stakeholders To support the growth
Engaging stakeholders, therefore, becomes an important part of both the work on identifying organisations, mapping initiatives and experimentation,
and as a means of ensuring the involvement of these stakeholders in the ongoing development and exploration of the DSI agenda.
Exploring the potential of different mechanisms such as open data, crowdsourcing/crowdfunding, Living Labs, etc. and comparing these to more traditional approaches.
Energy and environment, Smart public services, Pioneering science Technology Trends: Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities:
Furthermore, Arduino has lowered significantly the economic barriers to D. I. Y. electronics thanks to the product's low cost and open source business model.
so that it can sense the surrounding environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and,
The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries are licensed under the LGPL.
Banzi and his team have spent precious billable hours making the thing, yet unlike conventional proprietary business models,
they sell it themselves for a small profit while allowing anyone else to do the same.
Many questioned if it would be possible to forge a sustainable business model considering the entire basis for Arduino relies upon open source technologies (in fact,
‘Open Business model'This means there has been a community willing to co-design and collaborate with the founders,
and specialisation as needed to offer bespoke consultation services and products to their clients. Open source Software Not only the Arduino hardware is open;
The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries are under the LGPL. 61 Avaaz At a glance:
Not for profit Aim: Participation and Democracy Technology Trends: Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities:
not-for-profit global e-petitioning and campaigning network that works to ensure that the‘views
with most staff working collaboratively in a virtual office environment from four continents so as to ensure‘even the smallest contributions go a long way.'
another on is on awareness of human rights in Tibet. 62 As a community Avaaz is unique in its ability to mobilize citizen pressure on governments all around the world to act on crises and opportunities anywhere, within as little as 24 hours.
Researchers also believe that particular groups on the Internet may benefit from the strategic opportunities offered by e-petitions,
which was referred then to the Competitions Commission, and was finally forgone by Murdoch altogether. In broader terms, a joint report produced by Information Society Unit at the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS)
and Enterprise and Industry during 2007 and 2008, suggests that indirectly, Social Computing applications also empower Civil Society Organisations (NGOS, voluntary groups, associations, etc.),
According to Matt Holland Avaaz's Online Director, like other high-capacity web services Avaaz's hosting platform is complex
and some resources served through Amazon's cloud services. Avaaz's ability to quickly mobilise citizens to pressure relevant targets to act on crises and opportunities anywhere,
within as little as 24 hours, is something that could not have been possible without the Internet. It can do this well beyond the bounds of a particular country,
national and global in orientation and concerned with democracy, politics & representation, economy, education, environment & sustainability, anti-discrimination, equality & social justice, health, human rights, international development,
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy Technology Trends: Open knowledge DSI activities:
They look at the Citizens Foundation as a startup enterprise and in many senses the design and functionality of their websites, products and services might be thought of as an attempt to redesign democracy itself.
As Gunnar Grímsson, one of its founders explains‘The key metric of success for our websites is participation.
'Created in 2008 in the wake of Iceland's economic collapse, Citizen Foundation founders Gunnar Grímsson and Róbert Bjarnason describe how they decided to develop the platform
because they felt the economic collapse was as much a democratic crisis as a financial one. To address this perceived loss of trust in politicians,
and services that are intended to put pressure on authorities to do their job properly, as well as harnessing the minds of the masses.
Social Enterprise services: Cities, countries and groups can also pay to use some of the Your Priority services.
The price of these services is contingent upon how many users they have. What are the main barriers to innovate?
Official political incorporation: importantly, official political buy in is necessary for platforms like Your Priorities and websites like Better Reykjavik to operate properly. 70 Marketing and PR:
But as entrepreneurs they point to a tendency to always try to turn problems into opportunities.
As a result of this official partnership and open collaboration, the Better Reykjavik platform has provided citizens with the opportunity to see how their input can directly influence policy.
Academia and research organisations, non profit and social enterprise organisations Aim: Participation and democracy, smart public services Technology Trends:
and through this support provide a step change in how to deliver services in urban environments.
With governments around the world looking at open data as a kick start for their economies,
Citysdk is creating a toolkit for the development of digital services within cities. The toolkit comprises of open and interoperable digital service interfaces as well as processes, guidelines and usability standards.
Identifying key stakeholder groups and ensure that the project reaches the widest possible targeted audience.
and developer communities are able to work together to create new services and products using open data.
video conferences and Google docs for communication and Github to share code and specifications. Citysdk itself would not have been possible even five years ago.
DSI network effect Through the apps and services it is developing Citysdk aim is to build smart services where user generated data make up the core activity of the service.
Currently, business models for the period after the project are being developed. What are the main barriers to innovate Governments
or incapable of opening high quality data that is in high demand, e g..real-time traffic data. Governments and civil servants demand results too quickly.
It takes perseverance as well as investment in time, money and relationships before good outcomes happen. Business cases for implementing the resulting API's are currently missing;
or profit from it. Finally, the 23 partners within the consortium work together for an extensive amount of time
Cities, non profit agencies and academic institutions Aim: Participation and democracy; Culture and arts; Other Technology Trends:
Bub and Europe Commons) Short description‘'A new wave of fostering innovation in cities and creating cutting edge digital services''Commons for Europe (Commons4eu) is a pan-European consortium that mirrors a similar
These organisations are coordinated by Miquel Oliver, of the Department of Information and Communication Technologies (DTIC) at UPF,
how can cities provide the diversity of services required in an advanced society in a scenario with limited resources and budgetary constraints,
and explore with users in‘real-life environments, 'using primarily 81 three new technologies:‘‘Super Wifi, Sensor integration into wifi networks and fibre deployment as commons (both new techniques such as aerial as well as fibre bandwidth management'.
The Commons 4 EU partner cities and organisations seek to innovate their services through technological means.
City services and authorities have had growing demands placed on them by citizens at a time when they are concurrently facing significant budgetary cuts.
Formed with the intention of exploring ideas like Smart Cities Commons4eu has sought to bring together a network of pan-European city authorities who together can explore how technology might be used to supplement how certain services are delivered in the context of the city.
and city authorities that recognise that this is an opportunity to do more than simply upgrade technological products and service offerings,
there is still a degree of operational resistance from some developers reuse requires an upfront investment from developers who must take the time
and strategic policy discussion of existing and emerging issues concerning the public domain in the digital environment'.
and around the public domain in the digital environment by highlighting the challenges arising from the increasingly complex interface between scientific progress, technological innovation, cultural development,
and to take strategic action on all issues related to the public domain in the digital environment and related topics.
Without the opportunities presented by the Internet, the association would not exist. After decades of measures that have reduced drastically the public domain,
and economies rely on a vibrant and ever expanding public domain. The role of the public domain, whilst crucial in the past, is even more important today,
The business model is based on the association's independence, and the budget depends on the membership fees of the members.
and can cooperate with local stakeholders to develop community services, including local networking, voice connections and Internet access.
and removing obstacles for these networks and services. What does it do and how does this activity enhance social innovation?
run, monitor and experiment with services, protocols and applications on real-world community IP networks. This integrated platform Community-Lab will provide an open,
distributed infrastructure to these emerging networks supporting any stakeholder interested in developing and testing experimental technologies for open
and removing obstacles for these networks and services. CONFINE's Community-Lab integrates and extends three existing community networks:
supporting any stakeholder interested in developing and testing experimental systems and technologies for these open and interoperable network infrastructures.
town or region to enhance a vital community communication that strengthen participation and a functioning democracy.
and decentralised systems composed of many nodes, links, content and services. Community networks expand over neighborhoods
A broad range of application services is used in these community networks, such as VOIP, content distribution, on-demand and live media streaming, instant messaging,
and decentralised systems composed of many nodes, links, content and services. They are extremely dynamic and diverse,
mixing wireless and wired links with diverse routing schemes with a diverse range of services and applications.
capacity and services provided. How is funded the organisation? CONFINE is funded a European research project funded in FP7 as a large scale Integrated Project.
A broad range of application services is used in these community networks, such as on-demand and live media streaming,
instant messaging, remote backups and updates, file storage and file sharing. These services face enormous challenges due to the limited capacity of servers and links 93 and the structure of the network.
Operating in this large and constantly changing environment requires the deployment of distributed service infrastructures that exploit locality,
react to environmental changes and rely on cross-layer optimizations. Regulation can also be a barrier,
Health and wellbeing, Energy and environment Technology Trends: Open Networks, Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities:
the UNEP Program CCSL (2008) and the international conference Changing the Change, within the framework of Torino World Design Capital'(2008.
To give social innovators tangible evidence of the potential of design thinking and design knowledge in supporting the processes in
One interesting example of a research project by the network is Sustainable collaborative services on the digital platform:
A paper which explores a number of examples of how digital collaborative services have been used to deliver presently unmet social needs (amongst these is Hitchhikers,
DESIS Network aims at using design thinking and design knowledge to co-create, with local, regional and global partners, socially-relevant scenarios, solutions and communication programmes.
It does all of this in a number of key ways: 97 Scaling-up social innovation DESIS Network's main aim is to use design thinking
and design knowledge to trigger, enable and scale up social innovation. That is: To enhance its potential by creating a more favourable environment (social, cultural, political, economic.
To raise its visibility by searching for promising initiatives and communicating their existence and significance to a larger audience.
and behaviour change, was funded and commissioned by DEFRA (the Department for Environment, Food and Rural affairs based in the UK)
Health and wellbeing, science, energy and environment, participation and democracy Technology Trends: Open networks, Open data, Open knowledge, Open hardware DSI activities:
http://www. everyaware. eu Short description The Everyaware project aims to empower citizens to engage actively in improving their own environment and making it more sustainable.
The main driver behind Everyaware is the belief that‘the current organisation of our economies
The enforcement of novel policies may be triggered by a grassroot approach, with a key contribu 100 tion from information and communication technologies (ICT'.
Involving citizens in the process of monitoring the environment, combining objective and subjective measures Enhance citizens'awareness Ultimately change individuals'behaviour Putting pressure on policy makers.
This approach guarantees high scalability of the overall system and allows for an optimal distribution of sensors (e g.,
Experimental Tribe is the first prototype of such platforms to be realised. It is a web platform for gaming and social computation.
Case studies concerning different numbers of participants will test the scalability of the platform, aimed at involving as many citizens as possible to leverage on the low cost and high usability of the sensing devices.
there is also an international competition APIC (Airprobe International Challenge) organised between four cities: London (UK), Antwerp (Belgium), Kassel (Germany), and Turin (Italy.
and how citizens can become engaged in assessing the state of the environment through ICT
Online communication platforms: It is developed within the Web2. 0 paradigm to provide users with the opportunity of collectively categorising,
evaluating and filtering the content they browse. Everyaware believes its technological focuses will enable citizens to be involved in a techno-social integrated process, this means, low-cost sensing technologies,
which allow the citizens to directly assess the state of the environment; social networking tools, which allow effective data and opinion collection,
Enabling this level of transparency critically allows an effective communication of desirable environmental strategies to the general public and to institutional agencies.
On the other hand, the augmented awareness could also act as a source of pressure on the relevant stakeholders and policy makers.
and poses the basis for an effective strategy of environmental communication reducing the gap between the general public and institutional bodies, with a stake in environmental policies.
Social enterprise, foundation Aim: Education and Skills, Science, Culture and Arts, Energy and Environment Technology Trends:
Open Networks, Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: A network, hosting makerspace/hackerspace, providing education & training Key facts:
where people with ideas for projects and products can experiment with transforming those ideas into prototypes and products.
For this reason there is a huge variety in the types of prototypes and final products developed at the Fablab,
Fablab Amsterdam uses digital fabrication to create an open hardware environment, and builds an open network based on that, in
The digital fabrication include machines such as, Laser cutter, Milling machine, Vinyl Cutter, Embroidery Machine, 3d printer, Thermal Cycler, Microscope, Centrifuge, Spectrometer, Incubator, Autoclave, Rotary
Fablab was funded as a project of Waag Society, with the aim of making it easier for Waag Society to prototype its design concepts,
its business model is mainly only to maintain the lab and its community. The small incomes from the fee charged to use the space are used to supply the open days.
It is difficult to attract a diverse range of stakeholders for whom the Fablab is a hub and exchange.
In its recent venture into healthcare Fablab Amsterdam identified a lack of skills as a barrier to growing the Fablab approach.
Getting support and help from other stakeholders: Getting external support from more established organisations has also proven to be extremely helpful for Fablab projects.
Social Enterprise Aim: Create a‘transparency economy'by opening up the supply chain for electronics Technology Trends:
Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: product and research Key facts: 25,000 phones sold in less than 6 months. 50,000 followers on Facebook.
History and mission Fairphone was founded as a social enterprise in 2010. The organisation can't be described as an ordinary smartphone manufacturer.
As a social enterprise we work like other businesses, but we are different, Our goal is social change rather than profit.
Fairphone founder and CEO, Bas van Abel. The campaign and research ran for three years.
In 2013, the social enterprise was founded with the aim of designing, creating and producing its own smart phone.
they become part of a larger movement for redefining the economy. To achieve its goals Fairphone is created as an open platform using mainly social media;
The company is working with stakeholders and partners on the ground to achieve similar assurances about other materials used in the phone
and cooperation offers since the start of the enterprise. There are five action areas defined and through active advisory groups all the relevant input from the community is being incorporated. 113
Fairphone see the smart phone as a practical starting point for telling the story of how the economy functions,
it's our aim to influence the biggest phone companies in the world, Tessa Wernick, Fairphone communications director.
Since Fairphone decided to establish as a social enterprise and design, create and produce its smart phone,
it has received funding from Bethnal Green Ventures to participate in a startup Bootcamp and set up its business proposition in London
New economies do not grow overnight. It takes a lot of effort and a long term vision. What helps to reach goals and overcome barriers?
Not only brokering partnerships between stakeholders, but also using existing initiatives like CFTI (Conflict-free Tin Initiative) and Solutions for hope, that source tin and tantalum from conflict-free areas.
'Github has managed to craft a successful business model based around code review and code management for open source and private projects, by tapping into this community of collective coders.
Instances of Github can be licensed to run on private servers inside a company's firewall under the Enterprise plans ($5000/year/20 seats.
These Enterprise plans are claimed to be the Github's‘big-money option.''This plan enables clients to download a version of Github to live locally on their servers,
Enterprise clients include Lockheed martin, Microsoft, Livingsocial, VMWARE and Walmart. Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job offers for $450/listing.
Overall the‘open source'culture of Github translates into their business model in one particularly obvious way:
when the venture capital firm, Andreessen Horowitz, invested $100 million in the company during its Series A Funding.
or novice developers the opportunity to see how more senior coders write code and communicate. 119 Related also to this point on collaborative learning is the fact that contributors heavily rely on existing tests in project
According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services this is because people were using the Github repository
'120 Funding and business model: Github's‘Freemium business models'(a term which relates predominantly to the fact that organisations will pay a premium price to host their source code privately with Github) is underpinned by the fact that as the cost of computing, storage,
and (most importantly) bandwidth has fallen over the past few years. For these reasons, Github has been able to offer free project hosting to millions of users.
The marginal cost of each new project is likely less than $1 per year. 121 Goteo At a glance:
Charities, foundation and social enterprise Aim: Platform for crowdfunding for projects generate a collective return through fomenting the openness Technology Trends:
Open Knowledge DSI activities: Operating a web service Key facts: 14.000 registered users, launched 100 successful projects and sourced more than 700 nonfinancial contributions Website:
http://goteo. org/Organisation Name Goteo Short description Goteo. org is an open source social network for crowdfunding as well as distributed collaboration based in Spain.
Building on this, the platform aims to facilitate‘the collective investment in open projects with social, cultural, scientific, educational,
technological or ecological objectives that generate new opportunities for the improvement of society and the enrichment of community goods and resources'.
Firstly, Goteo wanted to create a crowdfunding service for people in Spain. When they were developing the platform, Kickstarter,
the leading international crowdfunding platform at the time, had a limitation of people not being able to publish projects without an American bank account. 122 However, secondly,
and more importantly to the Goteo team they also saw a flaw with existing crowdfunding platforms and a subsequently a gap in the market for Goteo to target.
The crowdfunding taking place on Kickstarter Indiegogo and similar crowdfunding platforms very easily lend themselves to
what Schulbaum and Senabre refer to as‘problematic practices of‘crowd capitalism'where crowdfunding helps raise money for a commercial venture with global production processes,
with the risk of subcontracting critical tasks to global sweatshop factories. Thirdly, Goteo identified that the majority of existing platforms didn't encourage collaboration,
This included looking at new models for financing ventures such as the micro credit site Kiva, P2p lending models and emerging crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter.
The aim of the exercise was to understand how compatible crowdfunding was with crowdsourcing lessons learned from the open source world.
This meant both replicating some features of crowdfunding from other sites, but also adding new features such as optimum and minimum costs needed, petitions for collaborations as well as monetary help,
Crowdfunding: The crowdfunding platform features of Goteo follows the basic principles of most other crowdfunding platforms.
The platform facilitates the sourcing of many small financial contributions towards projects that contribute to developing the commons,
free knowledge and/or open source. Unlike most other crowdfunding platforms Goteo operate with two funding windows for a campaign, each with a duration of 40 days.
'This second component of Goteo is based on a belief that that crowdfunding offers benefits beyond new opportunities for finance,
'Therefore, projects that raise finance on Goteo also have the opportunity to source nonfinancial support from backers that can help make the projects a reality.
it also succeeded in attracting support from developers, a hacklab space for working, a 3d printer for prototyping, volunteer testers for their prototype solutions,
In addition to this projects must permit through the use of licences the copying, public communication, distribution, modification and/or use of part or all of each creation.
As a crowdfunding platform focusing on the commons, Goteo has helped raise finance for a suite of digital social innovation projects.
To facilitate the crowdfunding of campaigns, Goteo relies heavily on the ability of people to easily transfer money online,
Modern crowdfunding and its ability to quickly mobilise large groups of often very geographically dispersed people online around a common cause, would not have been possible before the emergence of the Internet.
Social enterprises, charities and foundations; grassroots communities Aim: Work and employment, other Technology Trends: Open Knowledge DSI activities:
Type of Organisation Landshare is based a community social enterprise. History and mission Landshare sets out to bring together people who have a passion for homegrown food
This initiative thereby addresses issues of‘health food access and equality, environment, food security, and community cohesion.'
Individual Landshare initiatives have been funded using Landshare's sister site the crowdfunding platform Peoplefund. it, which, like the Landshare website and app, was also set up by KEO Digital.
Peoplefund. it works in a similar way to crowdfunding platform Kickstarter. As an example the platform was used to successfully raise £4, 401 (109 per cent) of the £4, 030 target for the proposed Dyfi Landshare.
travel expenses and Welsh translation services. Recently, Landshare. net has decided to run a trial to test the inclusion of some‘contextual advertising'to help pay for the continued development and maintenance of its website.
Type of organisation The Public Software Group who developed the Liquid Feedback software is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany.
'any member has the opportunity to pitch an alternative proposal. With one or more proposals suggested it is now up to members to vote up
Private business, social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy, other Technology Trends: Open networks, Open hardware DSI activities:
a for profit business, which publishes MAKE magazine. History and mission The first Maker Faire was held on April 22 23,2006, at the San mateo County Event Center.
over 100 exhibiting makers, hands-on workshops, demonstrations and DIY competitions. The launch of Maker Faire in the San francisco bay Area in 2006 demonstrated the popularity of making
For example the event featured demonstrations on the DIY opportunities in the Arduino open source electronic board and Raspberry Pi.
and the benefit of participating in such open innovation environments for DIY product designers. In addition to showcasing opportunities for DIY making,
Make also sell DIY kits that can help people easily get started on making, such as an Arduino compatible kit which can help potential DIY makers develop their own 2-player reaction game.
Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to turn their ideas into products or services,
There are also many applicable business models for implementing some open-source hardware even in traditional firms. For example, to accelerate development
Not for profit, foundations and social enterprise Aim: Participation and democracy Neighbourhood regeneration Technology Trends:
governments or campaign groups) which one might have expected to set up such services did not see any interesting possibilities in this field.
and mobile services that rely on locating a particular point within the correct country, district, county, city or region.
(which enabled the team to develop services that were much more‘radical'than might have been allowed had the government vetting process been more rigorous) were critical to mysociety first being set up.
it is possible to make profits doing commercial work that can be re-invest 141 ed in charitable,
this wholly owned trading arm now accounts for about half of mysociety's profits, while the other half comes from donations from donors, large and small.
Insecure funding environment: Funding streams normally come and go much faster than project will need them to survive.
Working out who and how to fund ongoing services can be a major challenge. Measuring Impact: It is easy to start projects without having predefined success, rendering substantive impact hard to measure.
and a favourable funding environment (grants with loose ties) were critical to mysociety succeeding in 2003/4.
's social enterprise model, means that the organisation are not solely thinking about the needs of funders-but also about clients'requirements quite often,
Scalability: mysociety always had a focus on scalability. Their first business plan stated Every project we build must be able to serve a million people for the same running costs it would take to serve ten.
What does the future look like? mysociety has future plans that relate to various different parts of their work:
To grow the open-source communities around some of their core websites and components so that they are of ever greater value to larger numbers of people.
To develop better impact metrics to gain a better understanding of how their services do
In simpler terms the Open Government Vienna project has seen the city adopt an open data policy and share data related to population, economics and science.
Relevant data also comes from around the areas of statistics, geospatial, transportation and economics. This shift to transparency
To this end, the city hosts competitions with awards for innovation and development coming out from the open data generated to deal with the particular needs of citizens in the city,
The Open Government Strategy was launched in 2011 in the city of Vienna‘to further make public e-services and PSI available for use for citizens and companies.'
approximately two thirds of Vienna's real economic growth is due to innovation. What is the role of the organisation within the DSI ecosystem?
'the City of Vienna offers‘a comprehensive range of e-government options',‘with about 600 official e-government web pages and a variety of administrative services available online.'
such as the location of pharmacies, kindergartens or one-way streets) and new e-services are being added and updated continuously.
DSI network effect Open Government Vienna has centred itself around interaction, communication and collaboration with the community in several ways:
Schwedenplatz (where citizens came together with experts as part of a design competition organised by the City of Vienna to draft a mission statement to regenerate the Schwedenplatz area.
With any innovative project like Open Vienna, there is a challenge in engaging stakeholders when, from the outset,
Environment Agency Austria, small municipality of Engerwitzdorf, City of Graz, Region of Styria and others.
Ideation and Development: An initial concept needs to be refined into a clear proposition, including robust discussion between interested parties
By doing so, Open Ministry in some ways offers citizens the opportunity to be co-creators of a set of laws more reflective of their values and concerns.
to change donation laws to enable crowdfunding projects, a law proposal on marriage equality, and the copyright law proposal explained more fully above.
and legal advice to transform potentially good ideas into viable proposals to be debated on in parliament.
Type of organisation Opencorporates is a for-profit company, based in the UK. History and mission Opencorporates was created by Chris Taggart and Rob Mckinnon, under the auspices of their company, Chrinon Ltd,
thus ensuring Opencorporates has a sustainable business model and giving an incentive to release information back to the community.
Finally, the incubation within the Open Data Institute helped Opencorporates grow their business model and receive expert support from open data peers.
Type of organisation Open Garden is based a San francisco for-profit start-up. History and mission The Open Garden Mesh app was launched in Beta on May 21st 2012 during Techcrunch Disrupt in New york city.
They can produce inconsistent data services that leave consumers wondering when and where they can access the network,
where it provides the access to connect knowledge and communication. What technological methods and tools is it using,
Open Garden's technology provides an opportunity for carriers to address the shortcomings of cellular networks even as they deliver a superior experience for mobile data users.
where everyone is granted the access to knowledge and tools for communication. With more knowledge being shared there,
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy, other Technology Trends: Open networks, Open data, Open Knowledge DSI activities:
Knowledge Unit (focusing on technological infrastructure and general architecture), Long term Project Unit (managing research and projects), Services Unit (research and development) and Operations Unit (administration.
and services to be built using the published data. It was developed originally in 2006 by the OKF to run Thedatahub. org, a public registry of open knowledge datasets.
which was Europe's biggest open data competition to date, attracting 430 entries from 24 Member States.
Better economy: Openness permits easier and more rapid reuse of material and open data and content are the key raw ingredients for the development of new innovative tools and services.
Impact of CKAN: The impact of CKAN is probably the most tangible impact of OKFN.
or develop new web services and events related to the open knowledge agenda. What are the main barriers to innovate
Not for profit Aim: Collaborative consumptions Technology Trends: Open knowledge Key Facts: 120+articles from 70+contributors, published in French,
and opportunities they need to thrive. The network is built on the belief that an economy based on sharing,
collaboration and openness can solve many of the complex challenges the world faces. Founded in January 2012,
as an independent, not-for-profit organisation, Ouishare has evolved from a handful of Parisian enthusiasts to a global community spread across Europe,
Type of organisation Ouishare is a not for profit organisation, which organizes the global Ouishare network.
History and mission The overarching aim of Ouishare is to shift the focus of the economy to one that can find new ways to connect,
Ouishare calls this paradigm shift and the sum of these developments‘the collaborative economy'.'The network was born in January 2012 out of a Facebook group in Paris,
In its early stages, the Ouishare community was a Facebook group created in April 2011 to connect people who believed in the potential of the collaborative economy
They began to organise meetups every month in Paris to continue their discussions about the collaborative economy in person.
is that Ouishare becomes a crucial vehicle in facilitating the shift to a collaborative economy by growing a strong, international network of people and projects.
while proposing alternatives for value exchange in currencies and gift economies. Crowdsourced and open knowledge is opening up institutions such as governments, science, education and culture,
While Ouishare sees great‘disruptive'potential in the collaborative economy it also recognises this presents a number of challenges for the movement.
and little systemic vision about the change they will bring to society and the economy. Furthermore, few projects are actually collaborating;
Secondly, collaborative economy needs better exposure and education, which Ouishare believes could fasten the adoption of new user practices,
and drive business model reinvention by enlightened professionals. Except for a few success stories such as Airbnb and Blablacar,
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Sharing economy, Participation and democracy Technology Trends: Open Knowledge, Open Data DSI activities:
A network, A research project, Operating a web service Key facts: A‘wiki'with nearly 8000 pages of information,
The primary activity P2p foundation undertake to achive its goal is running the P2p foundation wiki, a website with with nearly 8, 000 pages of information on the P2p economy.
the foundation organises meetups between stakeholders interested in the debate around the P2p economy. To data it has organised two annual physical meet-ups in Belgium and the UK,
such as, instant messaging systems and online chat networks for communications; Peer-to-peer-based digital currencies, electronic money that acts as alternative currency, such as Bitcoin, an open source P2p money,
This model of network arrangement differs from the client server model where communication is usually to and from a central server.
digital commons are not subject to the physical constraints of scarcity. This demonstrates how the P2p Foundation has used technology to enable production
‘legal nonprofit organisation'donations make up a significant part of the organisation's finance and business model. Users and supporters are encouraged to help support
government organisations and others who use them to continuously develop more effective products, pharmaceuticals, services and care.
Type of organisation Patients Like Me describes describes itself as for-profit organisation with a not just for profit attitude.
Both a part of Patientlikeme's business model as well as its mission to create better treatments for its members,
These products may include drugs, devices, equipment, insurance or medical services. Patientslikeme tells members exactly what they do
to create it an environment with ease, where patients share data about their treatments, symptoms,
Commercenet's investment and support model combines the elements of a research lab, startup incubator and public interest initiative.
it requires to be both innovative around a business model and be able to meet the standards of medicine.
Try to make patient value drive the value of products and services in the 177 healthcare market:
Patientslikeme's fast uptake illustrates the obvious need for services of its kind. 178 179 Peerby At a glance:
For-profit business Aim: Neighbourhood regeneration, Sharing economy Technology Trends: Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities:
Operating a web service Key Facts: About 15,000 members in September 2013 Website: https://peerby. com Organisation Name Peerby Short description Peerby is a Dutch for-profit start-up that operates a peer-to-peer sharing service for products.
Users can share or request items from people in their neighbourhood online, via the Peerby website, their mobile or social media channels.
and actor who was looking for new opportunities. He wanted to work on something he really believed in.
This lead to Daan to develop the prototype for the Peerby platform. What does it do,
Firstly, the platform seeks to create a more sustainable environment, where people instead of purchasing products borrow
It is referred also to as Person-to-person rental, P2p renting, Collaborative Consumption, the sharing economy and Product Service System.
Limited storage space in dense urban environment preventing consumers to keep all the goods they occasionally use,
The service is based on Internet and the principles of open knowledge and the sharing economy.
Peerby has received investment from a number of philanthropic as well as private investors including Stichting Doen, Agentschap NL, Sanoma Media and Green Challenge.
and the incubators Rockstart and Techstars. In these accelerator/incubator programmes for start-ups they learned how to build a company, how to pitch,
and how to convince financial investors. Daan believes that further access to a network of peers where he
The innovative development process and long-term scalability thinking: Peerby carried out several pilot studies and prototypes before launching the platform,
which helped Daan and his team develop strong evidence that the platform was credible and the principles behind it worked.
and quite an investment that doesn't pay off immediately (in salary). Almost all employees of Peerby own a piece of the company through stock options
In addition to the obvious challenge of getting engagement in the platform the two main challenges for Peerby has been developing a sustainable business model,
and care that they should will not be able to rent something in the future. 183 Getting the business model and team right:
we can therefore not resort to existing business models. The funding we received through contests and investors is spent
therefore on exploring new business models. Peerby's goal is to be a self-sustaining company, and they are exploring ways to make money from the platform.
and business model sets big challenges for the skills of him and his team‘We need to be flexible,
social enterprises, charities and foundations Aims: Education and skills Tech Trends: Open Knowledge No. of units sold worldwide:
Type of organisation The Rasperrypi is developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, a not for profit charity.
Cooperative collaboration of this sort between organisations (particularly those who might in the more proprietary business models of the past have been‘competitors')demonstrates a deep commitment to bringing about social innovation in the way educational tools are delivered.
and a ready addition to many other innovations without requiring large upfront investment. Its robustness and low maintenance requirements make it particularly suitable for harsher environments in many developing countries.
Its small size and portability make it suitable for applications that other computers can't reach. 187 It has very low power consumption,
so can work more easily in electrical off-grid environments. Other than the fact that the demand for the Raspberry Pi computers have exceeded far the team's original predicted figure of 10
000 (with over 3 Million units having been sold worldwide as of 2013; Heeks and Robinson have examined also the impact of Raspberry Pi amid an emerging class of computing devices they refer to as ultra-low-cost computing (ULCC.
In 2013 a Raspberry Pi ICT learning environment was installed at Dachio Primary and JHS Schools,
This means that it work more easily in electrical off-grid environments, making it an ideal device for educational purposes in developing countries, etc.
If one were considering the usual considerations of traditional business model, the licensing model of the Raspberry Pi technology might be deemed a disadvantage:
Two companies that make external cases for the device already accrue more revenue and profit than Raspberry Pi.
Offline Environments: While the Pi's design ensures it is suitable for off-grid environments,
this alone does not overcome other infrastructural barriers, such as there being limited or no Internet access. For this reason Khan academy Lite was developed as an offline version of Khan academy‘s curriculum of free learning materials.
Health and wellbeing, Energy and environment, Participation and democracy Technology Trends: Open Networks, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities:
The team turned to the crowds via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter, to finance the device and help launch a sensor network where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting.
while other prototypes can be linked to a mobile phone). These counters are available at different costs,
Safecast has gone some way in demonstrating this is possible by creating a process where citizens have done everything, from crowdfunding,
Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger counter, crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter have been used to raise funding for developing different versions of the Geiger counter
and open source approaches to develop the original prototype Geiger counters, Crowdfunding has been crucial in the funding
and scale up of the Geiger counters. Safecast successfully ran campaigns on crowdfunding platform Kickstarter (it raised $36,
900 with an original target of 33,000) to finance its first Geiger counter in 2011. It returned to Kickstarter again in 2012 to finance the Safecast,
Building on this, one case study of Safecast from researchers at University of southern california describe how the collaboration around Safecast through 195 social media
Safecast has used two rounds of crowdfunding on Kickstarter to fund the development of its devices.
Health and wellbeing, Energy and environment Technology Trends: Open Networks, Open Data, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities:
At the IAAC Tomas met a group of people who were working on similar project prototype.
and thus help improve the environment quality. What is the social impact it is seeking,
fosters participation of the general public in the process of producing open data used for the purpose of monitoring the environment.
who are interested in using the Smart Citizen Kit in the city's work on improving urban environments.
the original financing of the kit happened via crowdfunding platform Goteo. A number of technological developments have been fundamental in making the kit a reality,
Building on this, the crowdfunding of the kit demonstrated the collective interested in a tool
To finance the project the Smart Citizen Kit team turned to the crowdfunding, via the Spanish Goteo crowdfunding platform.
but was aided by the funds generated through crowdfunding platform. The team returned to crowdfunding using platform Kickstarter in May 2013 once again,
where it managed to raise $68, 000 from 517 backers. The second round of crowdfunding helped the Smart Citizen team achieve their aim of purchasing bulk orders of hardware components to offer kits at the lowest possible costs
developing additional features for the smartphone app to interact with the hardware, and finalizing a 3d-printable, resilient enclosure.
by encrypting and routing communications through many different Internet servers. Subsequently Tor has been developed by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights watchdog the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
everyone was offering free services, and by free they meant‘we take all your information and sell it as many times as possible',
or investigating questionable web sites and services. For more mainstream users it could mean running Tor
It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features. Tor provides the foundation for a range of applications that allow organisations
Tor's team actively seeks out opportunities to attend conferences facilitate conversations and provide teaching tools on the importance of information sharing in safe, productive environments.
Growth in Tor relays and bridges resulting in improved capacity, span and reliability of the Tor network.
The Internet offers exciting new opportunities for individuals to express their views, parody politicians, celebrate their favourite movie stars,
These trends also undermine national security and critical infrastructure by making communication among individuals, organisations, corporations,
communications and documents are safe and secure. The alternative is a race to the bottom where only those users who seek out complex,
bolt-on security tools get protected communications, or worse yet become reluctant to use digital communications
and avoid services that both improve their lives and drive commerce. Those of us in the technology sector
but also host their websites via its hidden services capabilities, which mean sites can only be accessed by people on the Tor network.
Tor also pointed out that hidden services aren't just used by criminals, pointing to organisa 205 tions using the technology to protect dissidents, activists,
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Key Aims: Participation and democracy; Other Technology Trends: Open data*;
Some of its product offerings such as Crowdmap enable users to operate outside of traditional communication barriers to potentially monitor elections, map crisis information or curate local resources.
The main services provided by Ushahidi are three free software products that enable social activism and public accountability, through crowdsourcing of information from citizen observers by mobile phones or the Internet.
In an evaluation of the Ushahidi Project Haiti (UHP), involved stakeholders described how lives were saved as a result of the platform.
There is also evidence that the volunteer geo-location services offered by the UHP core team were useful for SAR efforts,
At the heart of Ushahidi is the use of online map services to crowdsource the mapping of local information.
Consulting Services As a result of the extensive experience the organisation has gained in customising their platform for multiple purposes worldwide,
Ushahidi have adapted their business model to offer new opportunities for collaboration through information-sharing offering technology customisation
and strategic consulting services to a wide range of clients (including Al-jazeera, the World bank and the United nations.
Ushahidi has announced the development of a USSD (unstructured supplementary services data) app to reduce the time it takes to process reports
browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data streams.
Scalability: Pretty much all of the site's requirements point to having a shared API (Ouroboros) that serves a large number of projects.
Presenting the public with the opportunity to play a part in scientific research seems an integral part of Zooniverse's overall success. Take for instance the case of Galaxy Zoo.
and inclusion Sustainable socioeconomic models Energy and environment Participative open government Pioneering science, culture & education Smart public services Open Networks Confine Opengarden. net Freecoin Everyaware Commons 4eu Tor Project Make sense Smart Santander Open Data Wikiprogress Open
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