such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences,
Applications should be sent to rights@oecd. org 3 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES Foreword Innovation has driven long advances in productivity and economic growth.
firms and public research actors recognise that modern economic growth must go hand in hand with societal progress.
The recent economic crisis, which finds part of its roots in financial innovation, reminds us of the importance of mobilising science,
this is illustrated by the emergence of new actors who seek to mobilise STI to meet social demands in areas such as health, energy or the environment.
and make the case for new policies to enable innovation to support the creation of shared social and economic value.
33 CHAPTER 4. STAKEHOLDER'S INVOLVEMENT...41 CHAPTER 5. A METHOD THAT GOES BEYOND GOOD PRACTICES:
OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS...69 CHAPTER 10. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCEDURES IN GERMAN INNOVATION POLICY: AN OVERVIEW...
which was characterised as profit-oriented and nationally targeted. The underlying motive of innovation has been generating economic value.
However, looking ahead to the society in the future, it is crucial to construct a new system that enables us to address social challenges through innovation by collaborating
and other societal stakeholders act in this context? The challenges faced by modern economies urgently call for new forms of collective action between public and private stakeholders
in order to better integrate social challenges into research and innovation. A new approach is necessary to solve problems where social and technological progress co-evolves
There is a wide consensus that the disconnection between economic growth and wellbeing is increasing. At the same time research and innovation have become one of the main engines of growth However,
Failing to mobilise innovation to address some of the issues that affect populations at the global and local level has very high opportunity costs.
and involves multilateral collaboration among different stakeholders. The presence of social entrepreneurs, new actors on the innovation scene are necessary to bring forth the social dimension.
The recent economic crisis has made the need for innovation to address social challenges even more apparent and acute.
which ascertains the limits of market mechanisms based on free competition. It calls for an evolutionary approach to solve problems by applying science
There are business opportunities and synergies to be exploited by better integrating social challenges at the core of innovation activities.
Involvement of various stakeholders. Learning spaces where good future dialogues are held for stakeholders to interact
and liaise Initial funding, maintenance of the research system and liking together the natural sciences and the social science.
New forms of innovation Innovation that aims directly to address social challenges must cope with specific barriers that cause under-investment
The prospects of large profits in the social area are limited which hinder incentives to invest
further progress calls for a greater involvement of stakeholders who can introduce the necessary capabilities and interests in research and innovation to address social challenges.
long term forward-looking intervention, inter-ministerial, demand-side instruments combined and coordinated with supply-side instruments, participative,
Implemented in different environment and toward various social challenges, it should pave the way for new modes of involvement
'A wealth of dispersed, uncoordinated, experiments involving various stakeholders in different learning spaces are already in place
but notice that much of the thrust and efforts to mobilise STI for society have focused on economic objectives such as competitiveness and economic growth.
However, the current economic crisis reminds us of the importance of mobilising STI not solely for generating economic benefits,
as well as the opportunities and barriers, of innovation to address social challenges. Participants also discussed a number of recent initiatives
and specific instruments that could enable governments and other stakeholders to address social challenges 12 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES through research and innovation.
The rationales and opportunities to foster innovation to address social challenges The growth of modern economic systems has generated more numerous, complex and urgent social challenges.
Today, there is a growing consensus that the disconnection between economic growth and social welfare is increasing. Growth does not automatically lead to social welfare anymore
This results in the persistence of social challenges even in countries with significant economic growth and a growing social division between different population classes and countries.
it is also an opportunity. There are business opportunities and synergies to be exploited in better integrating social challenges at the core of innovation activities.
Social challenges have a strong mobilizing effect, which would allow gathering of competences and resources, beyond sectors and disciplines boundaries.
These feedback loops carry the different elements of social demand toward upstream stages (e g. R&d.
New collective experimentations involving multiple stakeholders, including users and concerned parties, have been developed. Although mainly restricted to information technology innovation activities,
and services and are acknowledged now as competitive assets. 13 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES Box 1. The first step of the collective reflection:
new products and services, new organizational patterns (e g. management methods, work organization), new institutional forms (e g. mechanisms of power distribution by assignment, positive discrimination quotas
On the funding side, social entrepreneurs look for ways to ensure that their ventures will have access to resources
Social challenges are also multi stakeholders (e g. universities, research institutes, private companies, government, civil society, citizens.
This calls for more research activities on multidisciplinarity and promoting stakeholders'involvement, in particular by favouring the implementation process of research priorities
These actors range from social entrepreneurs and enterprises to amateur scientists, International organisations, NGOS and private foundations,
as a new actor, social entrepreneurship proves to be more and more essential to promote this trend
Prospects of large profits in the social area are limited, which hinders incentives to invest and commit resources to these activities.
not only create economic value but also enhance social institution. Therefore. NPO, civil society are to be involved, which are rather low key in field of traditional innovation as‘Actor'in charge of leading innovation.
Normally, the economic meltdown is supposed to trigger the demand of radical change and it attributes the economy recovery.
This wave contributes to the economic growth. A proliferation of organizations working on the boundaries of research and practical action.
Such currents have converged in this area including Social Innovation refers to various waves of change which triggers the ripple effect as output of innovation. 17 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES Social challenges The fact is that the environment surrounding our society is rapidly changing, not to mention the climate change, aging population, energy problems,
or food crisis, and due to the evolution of our lifestyle, social structure and institutions are evolving.
and promote innovative social entrepreneurship. Also, we need to keep the quality of public services for citizens and entrepreneurs at a high level, in the light of the new environment
such as ageing population. The government needs to provide this quality by putting the needs of citizens and entrepreneurs first,
by seeking effective collaboration with semipublic bodies and private parties and by allowing space for renewal and entrepreneurship.
seizing opportunities others miss and improving systems, inventing new approaches, and creating solutions to change society for the better.
On the funding side, social entrepreneurs look for ways to assure that their ventures will have access to resources
the OECD LEED Programme1 created a multi-stakeholder Forum-the Forum on Social Innovations (FSI) 2 Built around this principal objective,
its multi-stakeholder nature; its balanced approach between a theoretical and practical dimension; and its international scope.
New actors, products, services, processes, Social impact, Territorial impact, Replication potential, Sustainability 20 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES innovation is, in fact,
The FSI stakeholders, through a consultative process with international experts carrying out field analysis in several countries to identify its main features,
and can deal with new stakeholder and territorial relationships: Social innovation seeks new answers to social problems by:
identifying and delivering new services that improve the quality of life of individuals and communities; identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs,
India and China. 6. For an interesting example of social innovation in Brazil, see Chapter 5 on social entrepreneurship and social innovation in SMES,
Entrepreneurship and Innovation, OECD,(2010). 21 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES Social innovation is distinct from economic innovation
such as the so-called social enterprises The concept is simple but its implementation requires innovative thinking and processes.
are doing so by delivering new welfare services at both national and local levels, often in partnership with the public sector. They are shaping new processes and services a more tailored approach thus enabling increased public sector efficiency.
In addition, users are involved increasingly in the design of these services and user-driven social innovation is suited undoubtedly better to meeting user needs. 8. Mohammad Yunus,
economist and Nobel Peace Prize, developed the concepts of microcredit and microfinance. He founded the Grameen Bank.
In 2006, Yunus and the bank were awarded jointly the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to create economic and social development from below. 9. A social business is designed to address a social objective.
The profits are used to expand the company's scope and improve the product/service. It is a no dividend company,
The OECD provided a definition of social enterprises in 1999. Social enterprises are organisations taking different legal forms in different countries
which are organised in an entrepreneurial spirit and pursue both social and economic goals. p. 9). Social enterprise refers to any private activity conducted in the private interest,
organised with an entrepreneurial strategy but whose main purpose is not the maximisation of profit but the attainment of certain economic and social goals,
and which has the capacity for bringing innovative solutions to problems of social exclusion and unemployment (p. 10), OECD,
Access to capital and changes in financing; employment, targeted insertion, delivery of social and community services;
balanced growth approaches to development; social cohesion in the New Economy; social enterprises and social entrepreneurship;
corporate social responsibility; community capacity building; study visits, events, international conferences, and publications are the output of these activities. 24 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES BIBLIOGRAPHY Antonella Noya (ed.)(2009) The Changing Boundaries of Social Enterprises, Paris:
OECD Antonella Noya and Emma Clarence (eds. 2009) Community Capacity Building: Creating a Better Future Together, Paris:
OECD Antonella Noya and Emma Clarence (eds. 2007) Social Economy: Building Inclusive Economies, Paris: OECD (available in French in 2009, published by Economica, France) NESTA (2007) Innovation in responses to social challenges,
wwwnesta. org. uk/assets/uploads/pdf/Policy briefing/innovation in response to social challenges policy briefing nesta. pdf OECD (2004) Entrepreneurship: A Catalyst for Urban Regeneration, Paris:
OECD OECD (2003) The Nonprofit Sector in a Changing Economy, Paris: OECD (also available in French and in Spanish) OECD (2003) Asset Building and the Escape from Poverty:
A New Welfare Policy Debate,(on-line booklet also available in French, Spanish and Italian) OECD (2001) Corporate Social Responsibility:
Partners for Progress, Paris, OECD OECD (1999) Social Enterprises, Paris: OECD (also available in French and Spanish) 25 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES CHAPTER 2. FOUNDING ELTERN-AG-OUR EXPERIENCES AS SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS Meinrad M
. Armbruster Professor, University of Applied sciences Magdeburg, Germany and Janet Thiemann Eltern AG Summary The ELTERN-AG Project.
The young creative team of investigators and social work students attract these parents (with children under seven-years-old) who are typically wary of state welfare 27 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES services,
The German government does offer parenting support services, but has developed a one-size-fits-all slate of professional seminars that are pitched to a middle-class,
The ELTERN-AG group is also planning to expand the slate of services offered and to expand the target population to include children ages seven to sixteen.
NESTA researches and explores all of the different parts of the innovation system from innovation capital and market incentives to knowledge creation and enterprise incubation.
and supporting social enterprises and new models of public service delivery, developing metrics and methods for social innovation and researching ways in
Social innovation engaging new actors, resources, systems and processes to create new social value can generate new ways of delivering existing services and design different ones.
and ensure services are most efficient. A tighter focus on efficiency and budget control ought to drive innovation,
Profile Books. 35 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES Figure 1. The process of social innovation3 1 Prompts 2 Proposals 3 Prototypes 4
Age Unlimited, NESTA's programme on ageing, works with people in their 50s to design new types of services for older people;
services and a social enterprise incubator to support new approaches to healthcare. NESTA's research work supports these practical interventions and builds on the research,
Our work looks to the public as the users of services, the people with ideas,
everybody would have an equal access to education and healthcare, opportunities on the job market, fair representation and rights in courts of law,
just rewards for the same job, a safe environment and adequate support in difficult situations.
multiplying and made more complex by globalisation and a degrading environment. They are all the harder to resolve as they are rooted systemically and interconnected.
and services to satisfy global markets and create employment. Politicians create new frameworks and policies to (hopefully) serve their constituents, fix failing market and societal mechanisms.
Too often, stakeholders work separately and/or against each other, hence limiting or annihilating their respective impact.
they identify opportunities for interventions and change, apply their creativity and lift all the obstacles that may arise.
competitive mechanisms have allowed for dramatic products and services innovations, increasing consumption and growing flows of capital into the business sector.
While the market economy has expanded hand in hand with democracy and increased investments in education and healthcare, the income gaps and power inequalities between the richest and the poorest, majorities and minorities, genders,
Muhammad Yunus then went on to launching numerous ventures with a positive social impact: fisheries, irrigation, clothing, etc.
During the great Bangladeshi famine of the 1970s, he realized that the chronic poverty of rural populations was linked directly to their impossible access to capital, leading to a vicious cycle of low income, low savings and low investment.
He developed the microcredit model to inject capital and allow for a higher income, savings, investment and an even higher income.
Starting with a very small experiment in the village of Jobra making microloans to women producers of bamboo furniture, he demonstrated the possibility to generate a profit.
He went on to secure funding with a bank and build a fully fledged village bank in 1983.
and opportunities and all are empowered to take charge of their own destiny. In other words, They will not give a man a fish;
what venture capital had been to the business sector: flows of capital invested into emerging ideas that had the potential to revolutionize society,
but only if they were carried by the right Social Entrepreneur. Over the past three decades, the pace of social innovation has accelerated dramatically thanks to a growing consensus that governments
and engage all the key stakeholders in their efforts. Let us take the example of Jean-Michel Ricard and Jean-Daniel Muller,
In order to do so, they progressively built a network of 300 sports teachers who could provide these services,
Thanks to solid scientific proof and a proactive communication, SIEL Bleu was able to engage doctors
In order to meet the demand and to ensure the quality of their service, SIEL Bleu has need a strong for trained physical activity teachers.
and Muller have gone way beyond traditional entrepreneurship: they could have provided sports classes to the elderly who could afford it
More and more often, thanks to new technologies and opportunities for collaborations, Social Entrepreneurs are combining models to offer integrated social value chains and address all the needs of a given population;
and the capitals to rapidly and effectively bring their models to scale. The multiplication of these hybrid value chains is true in all sectors and particularly dramatic in developing countries,
to mobilize key stakeholder groups to systematically address them, to implement and sustain empowerment models,
we hence need to connect innovators and Social Entrepreneurs through new platforms of communication and collaboration.
and attract capital to Social Entrepreneurs. Changemakers, Global Giving, Idealist, Donorschoose. org or even the pages of Facebook are mere examples of a global phenomenon.
Social Entrepreneurs have seen clearly this opportunities and organizations such as Ashoka's Youth Venture7, Do Something8,
Increasing numbers of leading universities are offering programs in Social Entrepreneurship to train the next generation of Social Entrepreneurs
Large-scale investments have to reinforce the right collaborative platforms for innovators and Social Entrepreneurs, and to invest in new forms of entrepreneurial and societal education. to name a few).
INSEAD Social Entrepreneurship Programme, http://executive. education. insead. edu/socialentrepreneurship 12. NYU Catherine B. Reynolds Program for Social Entrepreneurship, www. nyu. edu/reynolds 13.
Stanford Center for Social Innovation, http://csi. gsb. stanford. edu 45 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES CHAPTER 5. A METHOD THAT GOES BEYOND GOOD PRACTICES:
producing and experimenting with prototypes (IV) and assisting the application of prototypes to wider areas (V) as seen in Figure 1. Figure 1. Relationship between RISTEX's activities
and implementation in society 46 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES The R&d Area for tackling with climate change and environmental degradation A number of problems nowadays we face in terms of our sustainability (i e. loss
deterioration of local economy and depopulation and so on) are techno-social problems, and complexly but closely interacting.
if the socioeconomic scenario related to for example legal controls and development of administrative systems and business models should not be reorganized with sufficient speed.
'Similar to other OECD member countries, Japan has a number of research funds to science and technology development for tackling climate change and environment degradation.
in developing regional independence with effective collaboration with a variety of stakeholders and local actors;
The importance of collaboration among stakeholders 47 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES and researchers both in social science and natural science has been recognized gradually.
university researchers, government, public-profit corporations, schools, industry, NPOS etc. Among the applications from the public, R&d projects are selected by the Area management team
finance and emission transaction, natural regeneration, regional economy, rural development and so on. A project example One of the R&d projects, From forest to houses co-realization of carbon abatement and comfortable life to 2050 (FY2009-2013), is the project that has a prospect of social innovation
which means‘houses made of natural materials'is a social enterprise that has a direct-linkage business model from forest to houses.
the direct-linkage business model from forest to houses While each team conducts its R&d activities dealing with the topic of forest management, wood processing, quality of houses and systems for woody houses
the project takes an open roundtable discussion approach that stakeholders sit on the same table
so that the social benefit of the direct-linkage business model from forest to houses is recognized widely
and arrangement to promote dialogue in multi-stakeholder settings, which I have developed with my colleagues over the years, called Good Future Dialogue.
This new innovation policy approach includes also a general shift from planning oriented policies focusing on innovation inputs towards a more flexible, enterprise oriented policies focusing on market developments.
and policies supporting the development of in-house competencies, both in private enterprises and public organisations.
New broader innovation approach also takes into consideration that both demand and supply side factors influence the way innovations emerge
The need for useroriented innovation in addition to demand-oriented is recognized. The users and user communities are seen increasingly important for business success and development for commercially successful innovations.
It necessitates a development and implementation of totally new policy instruments and methods to address new connections to stakeholders and actors.
In the following I will present an example of transforming interfaces between actors by using Good Future Dialogue in running workshops. 55 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES 2. Transforming communication:
The role of the facilitator is to ask certain questions from the stakeholders present representing different perspectives, voices, to the topic at hand.
which would stifle communication and creativity, especially concerning newcomers, like customers and citizens in the broader approach to innovation.
but building social capital and exploring possibilities for joint action. 58 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES REFERENCES Arnkil, R. 2008) Remembering the Future:
SOCIAL INNOVATION IN A COMPLEX WORLD Dr Philip Goodwin1 The rise of uncertainty Chief executive, Tree Aid (formerly Global Head, Creative and Knowledge Economy Programme, British Council
and protect their environment using trees. The views expressed in this piece are those of the author. 60 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES The blurring of boundaries in knowledge production
that whilst expertise has never been either as widespread or in such demand as today,
In the higher income economies, this seems to be as true for consumption of public as much as private goods. As a result
So what we might call the customer for knowledge is increasingly moving from being a passive recipient of innovation to active in the demands they make of it.
But it is not just public demand or the co modification of everyday life that makes the blurring of these boundaries so important.
requiring knowledge and action to be developed across boundaries of culture, discipline, sector and business model. In defying hierarchy,
a wicked problem cannot simply be removed from its environment, solved and returned without affecting the environment.
Moreover, there is no clear relationship between cause and effect. Such problems actively require new approaches to find solutions.
environment and planning d Goodwin PP (1998)‘ Hired hands'or‘Local Voice':'constructions, experience and responses to local participation in conservation.
their products and services may contribute people's life comfortable and useful. Furthermore, their business activities sometimes may lead to industrial innovation.
Their innovative products and services can resolve various social issues. But on the other hand, they often lead to various social issues, like environmental pollution, human rights violation, etc.
Together with Mr. Toshihiko Fujii from METI1 I have proposed one concept on CSR in our book2 1. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan..
2008.67 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES innovative businesses, collaborating strategically with various stakeholders like international organizations, NGOS, rural communities, etc.
Multi-Stakeholder Communication Level1 Level2 Educating to all employees about sustainability Level3 Identifying the agenda to tackle Level4 Integrating into every process of business The Goal for Sustainability Affirmative Social
Sharing experiences with society Way for social challenge by business Level Process Business Ways & Tools 1 Multi-Stakeholder Communication Communication (with NGOS, Labor union, Coomunity
and the sustainability for environment and society by CSR. 3. Scalability Influential corporations like MNCS can especially lead to enlarge social impacts to change society.
OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS Pieter Waasdorp Deputy Director Inter-ministerial Knowledge and Innovation Directorate, The netherlands and Karen de Ruijter Programme Manager, Societal Innovation Agendas
land of entrepreneurship and innovation. This programme combines solving social issues with strengthening economic competitiveness by encouraging innovation.
By investing in projects that promote education, research and entrepreneurship. Opportunities In the past, social and economic objectives were sometimes in direct conflict with each other.
Dutch government sees opportunities in combining these objectives. A healthy business sector and good business climate contribute to both future welfare and innovative solutions to social problems.
Solutions for the protection from rising sea levels, for better healthcare and for a cleaner environment in turn offer businesses innovation and significant export opportunities.
And, as commissioner Máire Geoghegan-Quinn stressed recently: This is a clear win-win situation: new technologies, services and products and approaches are needed to meet Europe's major societal challenges,
and their development will open up new markets for business. More and more it is recognized that government cannot solve these major social challenges on its own.
How do we deal with the rising and changing demand for healthcare? How do we prevent our country from flooding in times of climate change?
And how do we keep our educational system sharp to ensure a workforce adequately equipped for our knowledge economy?
Knowledge, entrepreneurship and innovation can make major contributions to solving these challenges. Until now economic and societal ambitions have too much been perceived as separate tracks.
and strengthen the economy? There are limits to the already well-trodden routes in both the economic and social arenas.
as a result of a more efficient and effective use of labour and financial resources for exploiting economic opportunities and meeting social challenges.
then this will be visible not only 71 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES in terms of economic growth figures,
talent, public and private research and innovative entrepreneurship. These factors also feature prominently on the European union's agenda.
insufficient cooperation between stakeholders; fragmented knowledge transfer policies; and insufficient expertise regarding support of (social) entrepreneurship in the (semi) public sector. Insufficient cooperation and networking between stakeholders Innovation for social challenges clearly involves a wider set of stakeholders in the process of generation of ideas, application
and diffusion. One thing is for sure, solving complex social problems by knowledge and innovation, is no longer a task of government alone,
This stresses the importance of cooperation and networking between stakeholders. However, this cooperation does not appear automatically.
Poor demand articulation by social and business community might be a problem, but also weak incentives at knowledge institutes to take into account the social impact of their research.
Which mechanism could help the public sector to target stakeholders which normally are included not in the policy definition project?
For innovation to successfully address social challenges the importance of (new) partnerships and (new) stakeholders cannot be overrated.
improvement is necessary in exploiting knowledge for the economy and society. Insufficient use of research is still being made by companies
The production of knowledge and certainly the exploitation of it into economic and social relevant products and services is a question of collaboration between knowledge institutes
regarding support of (social) entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship makes a valuable contribution to the growth of productivity and the power of innovation in The netherlands.
Entrepreneurs act as change agents and translate new discoveries and inventions into new products and services.
Entrepreneurs seek new possibilities and make new combinations. Entrepreneurs are the drivers of change. Entrepreneurs are in an ideal position to help find solutions to social challenges, through creative and innovative products and ideas.
Such challenges include a cleaner environment and more security on the streets (smart cameras. In public and semipublic sectors, too, like healthcare and education, innovative entrepreneurship is needed
in order to ensure that economic and social objectives can be attained smartly and efficiently. However, there are still impediments for innovative entrepreneurship in the public and semipublic sectors.
The degree to which companies wish to innovate depends very much on the demand for innovation.
In the public sectors especially, markets are either absent or not sufficiently developed. Here, policy development and market development may very well go hand in hand.
For example the role of government itself in public procurement acting as a launching customer may stimulate innovative entrepreneurship. 73 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES Strategies
How to capture the interest of relevant stakeholders for identifying social priorities? What is the institutional infrastructure
what are opportunities and threats, what knowledge already exists and why is it not being used yet,
fostering innovative entrepreneurship; seek new arrangements for cooperation; focus on the role of government in acting as a launching customer;
find the right incentives for all stakeholders to participate and contribute. 74 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES We need innovations in the field of technology, in working methods, rules and conduct.
An innovative, enterprise-friendly government is another requirement one that not only supports innovations in every possible way,
and on the other hand dialog processes to give societal stakeholders the possibility to contribute to the definition,
When innovations shall meet social demands, one has to understand social demands. Public participation is the political involvement of citizens in public decision-making on different levels, from local, regional, national even to supranational level.
In this chapter we analyse various forms of direct and deliberative democracy in order to assess their applicability for a participative innovation policy.
and Norbert Müllert in the 1970s, gives the participants the opportunity to work out concrete solutions
Experts and lobbyists have the opportunity to present their positions, but, like juries, discussions involve only the participating citizens.
There are now several hundred trained mediators in Germany, dedicated courses of study and various further education opportunities.
If stakeholders rather than citizens are selected as participants in a consensus conference the procedure can have the opposite effect:
at the end of the conference the stakeholders are committed even more to their positions than at the beginning because they were unable to shrug off their role as representatives of particular interests during the consensus conference.
personally invited stakeholders and experts, or sometimes selected participants, meet in the run up to the conference over two weekends
The aim is to offer a novel, stimulating environment for a temporary, creative think tank that combines the pleasure of intensive exchange with tangible results.
Only the first step resembles models of communication that will be familiar to participants. The second step already deviates from the usual course of conferencing.
Approximately 40 attendees from politics, economy, science and civil society argued the political framework for the future utilization
and combine participative tools in order to meet the new policy demands for innovation to meet social challenges.
but they serve as a basis for reflection and discussion among stakeholders from the public and private sectors.
and less linear of doing research to new forms of class management in schools or new forms of communication within the political process.
allow a more accurate assessment of social innovation investments and results; permit better monitoring of the actions that underlie social innovations (hence improving/accelerating policy learning;
There is a huge opportunity cost in not valorising the knowledge stemming from this wealth of experiments that test the different options and configurations of social innovations.
For instance one can think of clusters dedicated to social entrepreneurship (as it is being initiated for instance in the South of France) or social enterprise incubator.
and linkages with social innovators and other social innovation stakeholders should be strengthened so that social innovation experiments feed in the research community.
where different types of stakeholders are involved in research programming In the UK NESTA provided interesting examples of new forms of labs that deal with social challenges (climate, aging, health. etc) Proposal 6:
To the extent possible, the variety of public decision-makers should reflect the diversity of stakeholders,
in order to involve more private stakeholders (concerned by solving social challenges). The governmental process should be able to gather the competencies
One way is for the OECD to help stakeholder to better characterise the notion of social innovation,
The challenge ahead is to bridge the gap between stakeholders and embrace differences and to move from debate to the delivery of new practical tools and approaches.
org. uk/NESTA Big Green Challenge www. nesta. org. uk/areas of work/public services lab/environment/big green ch allenge 99 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL
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