where scarce resources have to be complemented with smart thinking to tackle great challenges and turn them into opportunities for growth.
greater interoperability, boosting internet trust and security, much faster internet access and better investment in research and development.
and Communication Technologies (ICT) can currently help addressing and solving some of these societal challenges.
as a result of the EU budget investment in ICT research and innovation. Thanks to ICT solutions it is possible to provide everyone, regardless of their location, with better and personalised healthcare,
Last but not least, continuous research and innovation can help to build a secure and trustworthy digital environment
Our stakeholders include public authorities, universities, research centres, industry, civil society and other organisations. Only with their engagement and mobilisation we can satisfy societal needs using ICT solutions.
and care for the environment to support future growth 40 Living in a secure and trustworthy society 33 Effective online public services for citizens and businesses 23 Independent, active and safe living
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have made already a strong contribution to these goals, but much more remains to be done. ehealth technologies enable the delivery of higher quality and more efficient services to European citizens,
irrespective of where they are. This is made possible by granting online access to personal health information, by supporting prevention and early diagnosis for diseases,
by supporting personalised therapies and by implementing innovative telemedicine services. The smart use of technologies
Digital solutions to improve people's quality of life can respond to the demand for sustainable healthcare systems.
Ultimately, ICT should enable users to better manage their health and lifestyle, with improved quality of services and reduced healthcare costs.
telemedicine services should be deployed widely. To reach these objectives, the ehealth Network, which is composed of Member States'representatives,
The Network is supported by the ehealth Governance Initiative, a group of ehealth stakeholders 7 which develops strategies, priorities,
the ehealth Action Plan 2012 2020 will support Member States in bringing forward Interoperable ehealth services within and between national healthcare systems.
ranging from personal health management to research investments into personalised medicine, all designed to put patients at the centre of healthcare.
On a practical level, ehealth services, just as other electronic public services, rely on digital infrastructure: effective and fast broadband connections are key to the spread of telemedicine services.
In 2011,95%EU citizens had basic broadband access, meaning that the Digital Agenda for Europe's target of 100%broadband coverage for all Europeans by 2013 is well on track.
and communication technologies to provide healthcare specialists with a framework for the monitoring and analysis of epilepsy-relevant multi-parametric data.
On the other hand, it means giving people the opportunity to travel freely throughout Europe knowing that they
The project is currently testing how to make the patient summaries securely accessible to the European emergency services (112 emergency number) and the potentialities of the European Health insurance card
Routine and leisure activities will be monitored in the users'home environment. The information will increase patients'self-awareness
2011-2014 11 The widespread usage of telemedicine services based on interaction between doctors and patients or among health professionals through electronic media is an opportunity for citizens and a driver of great economic impact.
However, despite a general level of maturity in telemedicine applications and Personal Health Systems (PHS) devices which enable the provision of personalised health services regardless the patient's location the market is developed not yet on a large scale.
The Renewing Health project seeks to deliver telemedicine and PHS services to the large segment of the population suffering from Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
and evaluation of innovative and patientcentred PHS and telemedicine services using a common rigorous assessment method (MAST).
and telemedicine services are sustainable and improve the quality of life. Moreover, they enable patients'involvement and empowerment while optimising the use of resources in healthcare provision. epsos epsos has the aim of at improving medical treatment of citizens while abroad by providing healthcare professionals with the necessary electronic patient data.
the project provides the foundation for evidence of the effects of telemedicine services and PHS.
2010-2012 12 The attitude of the end user is key to allow the diffusion of telehealth services.
and coordinate the management, organisation and delivery of health and care services related to diagnosis, treatment, care, rehabilitation and health promotion.
To this end, the project assessed deployment of four innovative Integrated Care Services (ICS) for chronic patients (respiratory,
Greece and Norway where it developed insights into local structural and operational barriers to overcome for further development of Integrated Care Services.
Development of Integrated Care Services for chronic patients with enhanced effectiveness and reduced costs; Consolidation of an open source modular Health Information Sharing Platform supporting organizational interoperability among actors and clinical decision support systems An innovative business case Strategies for scalability of the ICT
services at regional level http://www. nexeshealth. eu Funded by the ICT Policy Support Programme (ICT PSP)- Competitiveness & Innovation Programme (CIP) Duration:
2008-2012 13 Independent, active and safe living for older people Europe's population is ageing.
and health and social care public spending, it will also bring new opportunities. Older people are a key resource for society.
In terms of economic growth, this means also high potential for the expansion of current markets and the creation of new ones.
people with disabilities easily interacting with their environment: these are just some examples of the benefits Information
and Communication Technologies (ICT) can bring to people. Ultimately, ICT can support a behavioural change, providing tools that empower older people to keep control of and responsibility for their lives.
now allocate funds to meet the priorities the EIP on AHA identifies (e g. prevention, integrated care, age-friendly environments, adherence to prescription).
disabled and people with physical impairments starts by improving their living conditions in their own environment,
The pilot project Dreaming developed a solution that integrates different services (such as tele-care, tele-medicine and elderly-friendly videoconference),
and mobile communications. The services were tested in six pilot sites across Europe over the last 24 months of the project.
The final results showed that the services were accepted well by the trial participants, whose majority experienced an increased sense of security. 15 DREAMING DREAMING integrated familiar devices-such as blood pressure cuffs, mobile phones and TV-in a single platform.
The system is based on a box installed at the user's home and connected to the network.
Key information on the environment where the person lives and on his/her clinical parameters are sent to a Contact Centre
2008-2012 In the same field, the recently ended Living Lab on Wellbeing Services and Technology project,
The SRS project is developing the prototype of a remotely controlled robot that will act as a home carer for the elderly,
SRS The project will deliver the prototype solution thanks to the following innovation: HRI (Human-Robot Interaction) design principles and interaction patterns for semiautonomous multi-role shadow robots in home environments.
A safety-oriented framework derived through extensive usability and user acceptance. Mechanisms to enable the robot to be operated tele,
the universaal project produced the first prototype of an open platform with standardized specifications on
Runtime support, a software environment providing services for the execution of AAL applications. Development support,
and their caregivers in the development phase of the prototype robot. The feedback on the prototype has been generated so far by cyclic on site user validations on a pan-European scale.
The longitudinal analysis of the end users'needs has enabled a better understanding of parameters such as acceptance, integration in a domestic environment and suitability for social interaction.
The results have been taken into account in the deployment of the marketable product. http://www. excite-project. eu Funded by the Ambient Assisted Living Joint Programme (AAL JP) Duration:
and SMES with the research base to develop products and services for innovation in healthcare.
which level of demand is uncertain. As a response to this market failure, public authorities should make greater use of their purchasing power.
the SILVER project adopts a crossborder Pre-commercial Procurement (PCP) to obtain prototype solutions supporting independent living.
The project will run an open competition on potential innovative solutions using robotics technology. The competition will focus only on the challenges to address, without specification of the final expected output.
The aim is also to demonstrate the effectiveness of such processes to meet societal needs and lead to wider adoption by governments.
Solution Design Prototype Development Pre-commercial/small scale development Commercialization/diffusion of product/service. http://www. silverpcp. eu Funded by the Seventh Framework Programme
Moreover, the solution is targeted also on the US market which presented business opportunities for its commercialisation.
The principal output of the project was a prototype of an innovative alarm system for fall detection
The usability, accessibility and acceptability of the final prototype have been tested with real end-users. The main innovation consists in the development of a care system
2008-2010 CONFIDENCE The system developed works indoors, with small and low cost changes needed in the user's environment.
and services can automatically adapt their user interface to the specific impairments and preferences of elderly users.
GUIDE puts a dedicated focus on the emerging Web & TV platforms and services (Connected TVS, Set-Top Boxes, etc..
Online delivery of basic services to citizens (e g. personal documents and certificates, income taxes and job search tools) and businesses (e g. company registration, social contributions, corporate tax, VAT) help
there has been a steady increase in the interactive use of these services, such as the downloading of official forms
and specific needs, such as services for online registration of new companies or getting the unemployment rights, are met not yet fully.
The objective is to empower users to actively contribute to the production of egovernment services or even policy-making.
so that citizens and businesses can benefit from on-line services in other EU Member States as easily as they do at home,
the personalisation of services to better respond to users'needs and the promotion of more open, proactive and transparent administrations.
The Plan is requesting Member States to formally agree on a common list of key cross-border public services and implement seamless crossborder e-Government services in the EU single market.
STORK has developed a European Electronic Identity (eid) Interoperability Platform allowing citizens to use their national electronic identities to access public egovernment services in other Member States, in full respect of data protection
The project STORK 2. 0 now aims to expand the identification services to legal entities, representatives and mandates,
It thus builds a basis for a future widespread use of eid solutions across borders contributing to Europe's leadership in eid market. eprocurement is one of the high impact services with the potential to represent an important portion of Europe
's economy the overall market for purchases of goods, services and works by the EU public sector is estimated to be almost 20%of EU GDP (2010 figures).
An increase in trans-EU eprocurement serves the goal of a digital single market, it can make Europe more competitive especially for SMES,
Also called‘Virtual Company Dossier',this STORK 2. 0 Cross-border eid services in real life settings (pilots in elearning and Academic qualifications, ebanking, Public services for Businesses and ehealth
building blocks and services and promoting implementation across Europe. The European services sector accounts for 75%of the EU's GDP and employment,
and the 4. 4 million firms in this sector generate 95%of all new jobs. Benefiting from the results of PEPPOL and the STORK Large scale Pilot
SPOCS seeks to build the next generation of Points of Single Contact (PSCS) intermediaries between services providers and national public administrations as foreseen in the Internal Market Services Directive.
and the interoperability between national egovernment services is poor. In this context, SPOCS has been aiming to take down barriers to cross-border business
as well as EU governments at every level which will enjoy reduced costs through automated and simplified processes and more competition in bids.
the opportunity to process this online, in their national language, is a concrete example of e-Justice for citizens.
the proposed Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) sets as one of its main goals the interconnection of national digital services infrastructures to unlock the potential of European public services.
The proposal foresees to support investment in the provision of cross-border digital services in key areas including eprocurement,
Connecting existing systems will allow communication and data exchanges based on the development of common technical standards in the field of e-Identity, e-Signatures,
It was very important to collaborate closely with the STORK project on the recognition of electronic identity for anyone accessing the services network. 1 http://ec. europa. eu/budget/reform/documents/com2011 0665 en. pdf ECRN The project's main objectives were:
giving users the opportunity to contribute to policy drafting and impact assessment. At the same time, citizens'feedback helps decision makers at national and European level to better understand the impact of their policies by feeding citizen reactions back to them.
as well as with the opinions of relevant stakeholders. The platform is customised for Greece, Hungary, Italy and Spain,
and social networking) to pilot a range of citizencentred services (e g. searchable inventories on national migration policies and related legislation).
It provides a Social networking space Ourspace where young Europeans can express their thoughts on politics society, economy and debate them with politicians and peers across Europe.
Immigrationpolicy 2. 0 The projects proposes a single entry point to a range of services,
Data repositories Search Services Knowledge Harvesting and Content Extraction Services A Governmental Management and Modelling Service (GMMS) Migration Policy synchronization and homogenization services Open Debate
Suport Services (ODSS) http://www. immigrationpolicy2. eu Funded by the ICT Policy Support Programme (ICT PSP)- Competitiveness & Innovation Programme (CIP) Duration:
monolithic architecture models make it difficult to reuse services for the development of new applications. What if these services were connected
and the access to information opened up? The European commission is currently testing the potential of a Cloud of public services for the development
the project plans to demonstrate the ability to build more intelligent services by using and combining data integrated seamlessly through the Cloud.
It will assess the business benefits for both public and private organizations of developing new collaborative services in areas such as transport and mobility, localization and geographic information,
and environment and pollution. http://www. open-dai. eu/Similarly, the eenviper project (2012-2014) will integrate relevant processes
and deploy services, as part of a Cloud of e-Government services that supports the granting of environmental licensing procedures to citizens and businesses.
At the same time it supports public participation, consultation and transparency in policy making. http://www. eenviper. eu/32 In many regions of Europe,
or impossibility of finding information and services provided by local public authorities on the internet.
and businesses information and better adapt public e-services to the needs of people and businesses.
thus seeking to make services more accessible, user-friendly, efficient and less expensive for the taxpayer. 33 Living in a secure and trustworthy society The concern for security is as old as humankind.
What is new is its extension to our digital environment. Indeed, our economy and society are now highly dependent on Information and Communication Technology (ICT.
We have grown accustomed to the benefits brought by the Internet, smartphones, and the visible and invisible computing power around us.
ICT services and devices have become an integral part of our way of life, and even of our culture.
and provide citizens with the trust in ICT services and devices, a twofold approach is needed:
or attack on, our services and devices. To meet this requirement, the European commission will propose the EU's Strategy for Cyber security.
It has created also a Task force Legislation Team (eidas) to deliver a predictable regulatory environment for electronic identification
and trust services for electronic transaction in the internal market to boost the user convenience, trust and confidence in the digital world. 2 The investment in research and development of secure, trustworthy and privacy-protecting ICT.
and people have come to depend on it for a number of activities such as voice and video communications, social networking, online banking, e-government and shopping.
Trust is the core of social and economic activity in the Internet, and is the basis of economic transactions, social connections,
and communication between people and organisations. As we increasingly rely on broadband networks, it is extremely important to make them more secure and trustworthy
All these factors make network management an evolving environment that becomes more challenging every day. The DEMONS project seeks to build a novel cooperative network monitoring
DEMONS's objective is to realise this infrastructure by applying novel distributed systems technologies and leveraging their native scalability and fault tolerance characteristics.
participation in virtual communities or the use of personalised services, maintaining lifelong privacy control. To date, credentials such as digitally signed pieces of personal information or other information used to authenticate
and privacy-preserving MONITORING for trustworthiness) The project will demonstrate the results in a production-like environment through inter and intra-domain trials.
These results will allow stakeholders to better understand privacy-preserving ABC technologies, and compare the relative merits of different technologies in different scenarios.
but also emerging small and medium sized enterprises (SMES) that wish to sell biometric technologies. ABC4TRUST (Attribute-based Credentials for Trust) ABC4TRUST s objective is to:
2010-2014 38 Secure and trustworthy service infrastructures Today, tens of millions of users rely on the internet to do business and access a wide variety of applications and services.
Examples include banking transactions, voice over ip, e-government services, e-commerce and business-to-business interactions. Trustworthy applications and services,
and their underlying software-based service platforms, are a prerequisite for the use and uptake of innovative business models and services that benefit the further development and growth of the European economy.
The Future Internet will provide an environment in which a diverse range of services are offered by a diverse range of suppliers.
Users are likely to unknowingly invoke underlying services in a dynamic and ad hoc manner. Moving from today's static services,
we will see service consumers that mix and match service components depending on attributes such as availability, quality, price and security.
Thus, the applications that end users see may be composed of multiple services from many different providers. The consequence is that the end user may have little guarantee that a particular service
or service supplier will actually offer the security claimed. The ANIKETOS project will help to establish
and maintain trustworthiness and secure behaviour in a constantly changing service environment. The project is aligning existing and developing new technology, methods, tools and security services.
Tabula rasa (Trusted Biometrics under Spoofing Attacks) The project will: address the need for a draft set of standards to examine the problem of spoofing attacks;
and trusted composite services. ANIKETOS The project is addressed to all service users, developers and suppliers.
and care for the environment to support future growth How to foster economic growth while respecting the environment and coping with a growing shortage in resources?
Information and Communication Technologies play an important role in this respect, supporting less resource-intensive production and allowing energy savings in for example, buildings, transport and electricity networks.
the establishment of a commonly agreed methodology to quantify the energy and carbon footprint of ICT goods, services and companies;
the assessment of the potential contribution of smart grids to the decarbonisation of the economy and promoting their interoperability;
and adapt cities into smart intelligent and sustainable environments. Almost three quarters of Europeans live in cities,
and ITS (intelligent transport systems) applications and services can bring to safer, cleaner and more energy-efficient mobility of people and goods. Green ITS can have a significant positive impact on road transport,
which has developed new information tools and services to help turn citizens into active energy-saving players.
%The SAVE ENERGY project uses a serious game (virtual computer game used for professional training purposes) with an engaging virtual environment for users to gain awareness,
to review their own consumption history allowing them to take appropriate action to reduce it. esesh will also provide social housing providers, regional and national governments with the data they need to optimise their energy-related policy and investment decisions
ESESH is providing ICT-based services directly to tenants, allowing them to quickly and easily obtain information on their energy consumption through a web-based platform. http://esesh. eu/project/Funded by the ICT Policy Support Programme (ICT PSP)- Competitiveness & Innovation Programme (CIP) Duration:
The project builds on existing industry standards from the ICT and the energy sectors and communication and computing capabilities which are widespread in normal houses and working environments.
how to handle large scale communication, negotiation and information exchange between thousands of smart energy devices simultaneously;
how to interact intelligently with customers and deliver optimal home energy management; Greece: how to control smart energy devices in a fully decentralized and bottom-up way to achieve optimal energy efficiency
A Green IT Service Centre is an infrastructure for executing business services and a repository for the storage, management,
It enhances existing deployment strategies by moving computation and services around a federation of data centres sites.
which vehicles sense their environment and assist the driver or wirelessly talk to each other or the road infrastructure.
The project aimed to measure the impact of these systems on road safety, mobility, driver behaviour and the environment.
Greener transport Cooperative systems can also help transport to have less impact on the environment.
customers need to be free from range anxiety, i e. the fear to get stranded because the car runs out of battery power.
and encourage customers to take up electric road vehicles. ecomove (Cooperative mobility systems and services for energy efficiency) The project will tackle three main causes of avoidable energy use by road vehicles:
Inefficient road planning and route choice Inefficient driving performance Inefficient traffic management and control ecomove intends to achieve this reduction through exchange of information between vehicles
and new business opportunities at the interface between the car and the energy supplier. http://www. elvire. eu Funded by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) 49 Links to useful sources Digital
The key elements to reach such a digital success include access to top universities and research & development centers, together with funding opportunities.
m. s. vangeenhuizen@tbm. tudelft. nl EJTIR, 6, no. 1 (2006), pp. 39-60 In this paper we address the influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on sustainable transport in two ways,
and transport demand and by examining the direct application of ICT in the transport system.
Following a discussion of the various negative externalities of transport and a discussion of the latest insights into the impacts of ICT on transport demand,
information and communication technology is a set of heterogeneous technologies (hardware and software) that allow for electronic communication, data collection and processing in distributed networks (e g.
but also as becomes increasingly evident the generation of new transport demand. The extensibility impact of ICT use has allowed an acceleration of activities over both larger and smaller spatial scales
Accordingly, it opens ways to real-time detection and management of flows through transport and communication networks,
In manufacturing and services, this leads to various types of reorganization of value chains for efficiency reasons,
Sustainability of the transport sector is a major concern today for different levels of government throughout the developed economies of the world.
we will summarize the most recent insights into ICT use by persons and businesses and concomitant impacts on transport demand.
and vehicle models differ in their fuel economy, but in general the greater the vehicle miles driven by a countries motor vehicle fleet, the greater the amount of fuel that is used.
Use and Transport Demand It is recognized now increasingly that the links between ICT use and transport are inherently complex and far from a simple substitution model,
An increasing number of empirical studies suggests that the substitution of face-to-face contact by e-communication is limited
and that ICT often adds an extra mode of contact to the existing array of communication modes,
key meetings requiring rich modes of communication, like kickoff meetings and creative sessions, preferably take place as face-toface meetings (e g.
Impact on transport demand (persons) Use of E-services: shopping, banking, education, entertainment, government services On-line, last minute, booking (flights, hotels, holidays,
theatre) Reduces travel needs for routine transactions, but may cause increase of travel demand to central places with high-level services (e g. to enjoy shopping experience).
May add extra mode. Causes new travel demand due to lower consumer prices. Use of E-networking in social relations:
personal communication, chat rooms, network games Reduces travel needs for routine networking, but may cause new travel demand due to successful social networking.
For businesses, ICT use provides opportunities to implement e-business models (b2c and b2b) whereas particularly the intelligence of ICT provides opportunities to introduce new models of value chains,
value webs and models of remote diagnostics and monitoring (van Geenhuizen, 2005; Kenney and Curry, 2001;
The latter are sets of fluid congregations of businesses coming together on the Internet to create value for customers.
and maintaining advanced instruments at customers'locations from their business home base (van Geenhuizen, 2005).
Delivery may be reorganized to decrease transport demand; but if time pressure, more frequent delivery with smaller loads.
If more customers around the globe, distance may increase (more air transport) with smaller loads.
Impact on transport demand (persons) Remote (simultaneous) development and design Reduces travel demand of R&d personnel to some extent,
Remote diagnostics (monitoring) Reduces travel demand of servicing engineers, but is limited still due to legal issues concerning responsibility and liability of partners,
which ICT use leads to additional transport demand (persons and companies). ICT Innovation and Sustainability of the Transport Sector European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 46 Second-order adverse effects.
and service centers (telecommuters) and relocation at a greater distance from key suppliers (customers)( web-based companies).
i e. reinforcing ongoing trends in business strategies (like globalization) or opening up ways to new business models (like network and web-based models);
transport and the urban environment, provided that it is based on solid empirical grounding and behavioral rules consistent with observed behavior (e g.
Layer 2. Services on the infrastructure Public transport services, services for maintenance and transport management Public transport companies Operators of links and nodes ICT system manufacturers Public authorities
Providing/preventing access of public transport services to persons Matching different services. Layer 1. Physical infrastructure (links and nodes) Rail
Dedicated Short Range Communication (between following and oncoming cars)( mobile)( public, private. Monitors obstacles in the road network and sends help (persons and freight.
Information to reduce waiting time and searching time (mob. communication)( persons and freight. Broad, on critical links and nodes.
as well as the generation of air toxics detrimental to urban and global environments. The technologies intended to decrease the need for travel
Such signalization can be phased in some areas and demand responsive in other areas but the objective is to decrease the amount of vehicle standing time
The use of mobile communication in route advising seems underestimated for private car use and deserves more attention (Townsend, 2004).
and Dedicated Short Range Communications. The ICT innovations that are fixed (or semi-fixed), i e. Video Surveillance and Response, Informational Signing and the previously discussed Signalization,
because the provision of information may encourage the acceptance of demand management measures. Advanced Traveler Information systems Personal information systems may take different forms
In advanced modes, opening times of facilities (shops, services, etc. and the length of stays are used as an input,
Dedicated Short Range Communications These systems are based on information exchange between cars and may pertain to accidents, weather conditions, road construction,
These systems partly rely on mobile communication between vehicles on the same route (oncoming and following traffic)
a communication of this event is sent to a dispatcher. The dispatcher in turn can communicate with the driver
This refers to Navigation Systems, Dedicated Short Range Communication, In-vehicle Accident Sensors, Extended Viewing Systems and simple modes of Advanced Drivers'Assistance.
Table 5. ICT applications and potential for adoption in US and Europe Application Different potentials Excessive driving reduction (as well as lower emissions and fuel use) Signalization (e g. set in series) or demand
Demand responsive growing in the US, less likely in Europe. Larger potentials in US (private cars) as (status) symbol, also less expensive.
Dedicated Short Range Communication (between following and oncoming cars)( mobile)( public, private. No difference, already broadly adopted on critical links and nodes.
The authors Black and Van Geenhuizen European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 57 6. Concluding Remarks The above discussion on the impacts of ICT use on transport demand and on working
Exceptions are impacts of teleworking on travel demand and the impacts of ICT use in the transport system on fatality reduction, particularly off-vehicle speed limitation and in-vehicle driver assistance.
most of the innovations and prototypes of new technologies take about 25 years to become common in the transport fleet.
Adoption of Information and Communication Technologies and Personal Mobility. STELLA Focus Group 2 Synthesis Meeting, Budapest, 22-23 april 2004.
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 16 january 2004, pp. 5-19. Geenhuizen, van, M. 2004b. Virtual or Physical, or Something Else?
Space-time Constructs for Linking Information and Communication Technologies with Issues in Sustainable Transportation. Transport Reviews, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 665-677.
The Impacts of Virtual Mobility on Transport, the Environment, and Land use. STELLA Focus Group 2 meeting, Newcastle, UK, 8-10 may 2003.
Mobile Communication and Sustainable Transportation: An Agenda for Research and Action. STELLA Focus Group 2 Synthesis meeting, 22-23 april 2004, Budapest.
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