3m Design for environment: P&g, SCJ, Visteon Staged gate process Dow Partnered eco-efficiency analysis:
Through a Life cycle Matrix and Life cycle Management (LCM) teams, 3m ensures that its business units take a holistic approach to addressing environment, health, safety,
and opportunities for improvement at all stages in the innovation process. This approach can also identify smaller improvements that lead to more sustainable products during the course of development,
For example, customers using 3m's Surface Saver tape for making ophthalmic lenses requested recyclable release liners for the tape. 3m put together an LCM team to solve the problem.
resulting in a 40%solid waste reduction for customers, reduced shipping costs for the double-sized rolls,
Partnered ECO-EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS at BASF Two key questions for industry are How can economy
On the environment axis, the product's ecological fingerprint is measured according to criteria in five categories:
On the economy axis, the product is compared with alternative products in terms of overall costs, including material and energy flows.
over 130 eco-efficiency analyses have been carried out, about half in collaboration with BASF customers. One such study, commissioned by the parliamentary faction of the German Green party, compared the eco-efficiency of new and old refrigerators.
/25 What processes are most likely to LEVERAGE THE VALUE OF OUR INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL? In a number of areas today, technology is emerging more rapidly than societal systems can comprehend
but may also be anticipated in other health-related fields as well as nanotechnology, communications and electronics, entertainment, and software.
New models for capitalizing on intellectual capital are being developed, the objective being to create both societal value and business value.
"&#%(30 Project timeline 1998 September Stakeholder Dialogue: Innovation Brussels (STM) 1999 March-September Regional Dialogues Taiwan, Philippines, Taiwan, Brazil, Argentina (STM) March-November Biotechnology Scenario Project August
A Corporate Survey published September Innovation and Sustainable Business workshop November Innovation and Technology Project launched at WBCSD Council Meeting Berlin December Stakeholder Dialogue:
Boston November Meeting on Information technology Implications Stuttgart 2001 February Meeting on Information technology Geneva March Working group meeting Montreux May Stakeholder Dialogue:
Intellectual Property rights Montreux July Assurance Team Meeting Geneva July 2001-February 2002 Electronic Stakeholder Dialogue:
Intellectual Property rights September Working group Meeting Kuala lumpur November Assurance Team Meeting Jongny sur Vevey Switzerland 2002 February Stakeholder Dialogue Meeting on Intellectual
and technology as well as stakeholder views of these practices. In addition, the scenarios developed by the WBCSD for global development,
Appendices 31 IPR stakeholder dialogue UNDERLYING QUESTIONS What are the proper rules of access to genetic resources
in order to contain the monopolistic effects of IPRS and safeguard competition and the dynamics of innovations?
influential in the area community, organization Who speaks for future generations Who/which group is underrepresented Appendices Identifying stakeholders A GUIDING MATRIX G#86>$eanq#"XXN("#$"(#5ff#"#FF"F#FF#:@
development via the three pillars of economic growth, ecological balance and social progress. Our members are drawn from more than 30 countries and 20 major industrial sectors.
John Ryan CHAIRPERSON ENTERPRISE AND PRODUCTIVE INVESTMENT SUBCOMMITTEE FACT Over 90%of all businesses in Ireland are in the SME sector FACT Last Year of the total Business Expenditure
and human resource development Lack of strategic thinking Absence of management capability Third level institutions not seen as‘SME-friendly'Costs Enterprise Ireland Time Knowledge of Available
and Innovation opportunities Review the issue of local authority rates and charges Knowledge bases and Innovation Roadshow be established Policy Paper Recommendations Examine ways to make 3rd Level Sector more SME friendly Freedom
This redirects policy attention to the business environment, venture capital and business development support. The research recommendation is to include the notion of absorptive capacity in studies of innovation systems.
The sector comprises Small and Medium-scale Enterprises (SME's), creating thousands of jobs, especially among low educated.
where global buyers drive incremental innovation processes based on their deep knowledge of market demand. It was expected therefore that interactions with global buyers would lead to higher innovation levels.
This paper therefore poses that absorptive capacity demands more attention in both innovation policy and research.
Section 2 describes innovation theory and zooms in on home accessories in emerging economies. Section 3 offers a background to the (evolution of the) sector and firms.
In increasingly demand-driven markets, incremental innovations enable firms to enter market niches at relatively low cost.
business, economics and innovation systems. The first focuses on innovation processes within firms, the second studies the role played by innovation in social and economic change,
Firms constantly acquaint themselves with the latest technologies and market demands in interaction with researchers, buyers, business associations, business development services, finance institutes, firms, friends and family.
through different phases of production (involving a combination of physical transformation and inputs of various producer services), delivery to final customers,
The opportunities of firms to innovate however depend on the strategies of global buyers and mode of governance of value chains (Gereffi 2005).
This offers limited opportunities to innovate, as buyers and suppliers transact but do not interact.
These also provide limited opportunity to innovate, as powerful global buyers control brands, designs, marketing and/or market relations.
This severely limits opportunities of suppliers to innovate. As suppliers don't conduct allactivities themselves it is expensive and risky for them to switch buyers.
Relational value chains, a third mode, provide more opportunity to innovate, as suppliers conduct more activities themselves,
However, strategies of global buyers may still limit opportunities of suppliers to innovate, because a large number of suppliers depend on a small number of buyers.
In a modular global value chain, suppliers have even more opportunity to innovate. Modular suppliers are specialized in components of final products (modules
opportunities to realize innovations depend on the mode of governance and strategies of global buyers. Local Innovation System A local innovation system (also referred to as a regional innovation system) sets its boundary based on geographical and cognitive proximity (Boschma 2005.
However, many clusters in emerging economies are driven poverty, with limited innovation potential (Knorringa and Meyer-Stamer 1998.
The case of home accessories in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 4 comprises the business environment, education systems and the regional ability to attract
which is assimilated subsequently by other staff through communication and training. Both are easier when the knowledge gap within the sector is small
This requires a willingness to invest, access to finance, management capability and business plans. The last step is to exploit the transformed knowledge and routines.
Absorptive capacity is determined by entrepreneurship and firm-level attributes. This is studied in business management literature.
Entrepreneurship is seen widely as the most important determinant of absorptive capacity in SME's (Marins 2008.
Risk-taking propensity is expected to be crucial as well as innovation by definition requires an investment with an uncertain outcome.
Firm level attributes include firm size and organizational structures and routines, such as participation in decision making, job rotation and interdepartmental communication and cooperation (Justin et al 2005, Reece 2007, Piralis and Reece
Innovation in home accessories in emerging economies As this study zooms in on innovation in home accessories in an emerging economy,
A second specificity is that most knowledge in emerging economies is derived still from global value chains (Mani and Romijn 2004.
A third specificity is that most local innovation systems in emerging economies are immature and most contexts are not yet up to par.
The relatively weak but improving business environment, and education system reduce the ability to innovate. The question is
A fourth and last specificity is that the absorptive capacity of firms in emerging economies increases rapidly
and global value chains enable exporting firms in emerging economies to innovate and 2007, Chen et al 2011).
The most appropriate indicators were selected based on recent studies in emerging economies (Altenburg 2008, Fu et al 2011.
Contextual variables that influence innovation are macroeconomic stability, the education system and the business environment. As these are likely to be incomplete in emerging economies,
they impact on innovation (Lundvall 2007). Case study approach The study applies an embedded single case study approach.
Bantul, which is rich in resources and skilled labor, houses about 70%of all firms. The relatively high density and closeness to the cultural city of Yogyakarta create a conduce environment for innovative firms.
As Yogyakarta is one administrative metropolitan area, it creates unity in governance issues..It embeds a study of a subset of 27 innovative firms,
The traditional clustering of firms per type of material has been replaced by clustering around market demand.
As respondent#1, 5 and 53 note, this has reduced global competition to a few comparable locations, especially in Thailand and the Philippines.
Due to availability of raw material and a skilled labor force, firms were able to produce for global markets (Ismanilda 2011.
silver, due to demand and knowledge of the Dutch occupiers, and leather, due to exports (Isminalda 2011).
At the same time policies restricted export opportunities. These market failures reduced opportunities of small firms to innovate and export.
The Soeharto period however also laid the base for second stage as basic education improved sharply,
The Bali bombing about halved demand from tourists, but had limited a impact on exports. The earth quake destroyed stock and factories,
This was rectified partly by increased demand in emerging economies, including Indonesia itself, but still the main issue for many firms became how to survive (resp.#
'After a phase in which development opportunities were relatively open, the development path narrowed down. The crises matured the sector.
The interplay between market demands for innovation and externalities thus push the sector towards middle to high end product markets.
Also, firms that won design competitions (resp.##3, 5, 8, 14,16 of the qualitative survey) are all (very) innovative,
In all three cases, the product demands highly specialized production techniques and the number of sales is large. 8 Linear regression analysis between the dummy of innovate all (independent variable) and innovation level (dependent variable:
The growing Asian market demands much brighter colors than western markets. Respondent#1 illustrates that incremental change can be creative as well:
when a new season demands new colors and designs. 27%of all firms change their product design even more regularly
But there are no large investments in capital-intensive mass production. This is not only considered risky in volatile markets,
but also not in line with the growing demand for handmade products. Radical shifts in production processes are rare
as customers buy a set of products instead of just one product. Most of my buyers order 25 to 100 sets.
0%Acces to finance 42,4%Time of entrepreneur 25,3%Process Acquisition Acquiring up-to-date knowledge outside Indonesia enables firms to be one step ahead of local competition.
We are not really looking into the opportunity to modernize machines. The investments would be huge
and demand is unsure. If you want to modernize, you have to specialize in one product.
We prefer to have more products. What if stone is no longer trendy?''Exporters have a significantly better ability to acquire knowledge,
His awareness of western markets, business culture and communication styles create particularly strong assets in acquiring international knowledge.
availability of finance, business plan and management capacity. Access to finance is seen as a major constraint by firms.
I also give them an opportunity to express themselves. In the west, designers give detailed specification to their workers.
and opportunities were lost. As respondent#1 expresses:‘‘I actually turned down an order of KLM.
It confirms that variation in absorptive capacity of firms in emerging economies explains variations in innovation levels. 12 11 Linear regression analysis of absorptive capacity and innovation level (dependent variable:
Determinants of absorptive capacity Determinants include entrepreneurship and firm attributes. The importance of entrepreneurship was tested in a stepwise multiple regression analysis (table 11.
Based on the regression, entrepreneurship does indeed explain about 44%of the variation in absorptive capacity,
whereby only education (dummies) and the previous position (dummies) are significant indicators. As expected, higher educated have more absorptive capacity then lower educated.
For these firms to appreciate dynamic and fashion oriented market demands, quality requirements and other critical success factors of products in global markets is difficult,
provide learning opportunities and processes of constructive destruction. Firms that survive and prosper have learned and are able to deliver high quality products up to standards.
Buyers select (a) sample (s), demand further modification or move elsewhere. If they buy a product,
Such radically new products are shown normally at exhibitions, competitions and trade fairs. They potentially open up new market avenues.
whom may demand different designs and standards and from global buyers that demand high standards.
They know the market demand. If buyers come here they give us direction. We sit and discuss the collection of 2013.
Buyers are also more likely to know the profit margin of suppliers16captive value chains in home accessories do provide opportunities to innovate.
Standards of production, quality, environment and labor were audited. IKEA audited the firm, their subcontractors, suppliers,
Not only the mode of governance but also strategies of buyers determine opportunities to innovate (Gereffi 2005.
Strategies of IKEA have influenced indeed opportunities. IKEA initially contributed to the innovation process, but subsequent changes in value chain strategies resulted in the termination of contracts.
Transactions provide ample opportunity to learn by doing. Typically, a buyer sends a detailed product specification or design concept, after
There is a lot of competition. Therefore, your whole range of products must be interesting. I offer every natural stone from Indonesia.
and provide less opportunity for tacit knowledge sharing. Modular value chain Many firms aim to establish their brand name in Indonesia.
Design competitions play an important role in gaining brand reputation. However, to be regarded as a modular player,
New regulation demands a separate certification for each designed lamp and wooden product. As he produces small tailor-made quantities
Keeping design and clients a secret is a dream in such an environment. However, joint activities of exporters where innovative firms join forces-at a horizontal level
but also win many design competitions. In 2011, KREO won 6 of the 15 design prices in Indonesia.
but in addition offers joint product design and community development services. APIKRI has a team of two designers
it allows high educated entrepreneurs to live in the attractive living environment of Yogyakarta and remain connected to global value chains
and somewhat more dynamic clusters in emerging economies (see for an overview Knorringa and Meyer-Stamer 1998).
The association designs new environmental-friendly production techniques, offers training and entrepreneurship development. The association houses an impressive amount of machines
and prototype production processes developed by themselves. Though not all firms attach great importance to the government,
Members of the associations meet (bi) monthly, creating opportunities to share tacit knowledge. All maintain close contact with government.
but all universities increasingly pay attention to entrepreneurship and community services. At ISI, students can choose between more artistic and more commercial art studies.
The case of home accessories in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 32 Business Development Services (BDS. BDS focuses on SME's and clusters, at the exclusion of exporters and value chains.
for instance by organizing training events, subsiding associations and subsiding environmental-friendly investments. They also play an important role in rebuilding the sector after the earth quake.
We lose our investment in innovation, which easily adds up to 10 to 20%.%Such opportunistic behavior reduces trust and reciprocity and hence limits collective efficiency.
as well as clear quality standards related to product safety, environment and labor. However, Indonesia mainly follows international standards.
The past two decades the business environment improved considerably. Ease of doing business improved, while the sector and Yogyakarta became more attractive for high educated business startups.
The past decades the Indonesian government has increasingly been able to create an enabling business environment.
whereas affirmative action for entrepreneurship development continued. However, the ease of doing business still allows room for improvement (World bank 2012.
The past five years politics in Indonesia has woken up to the economic, social and cultural opportunities of home accessories, with a range of policy initiatives,
In combination with a more attractive sector and a better business environment, it helps understanding the establishment of highly innovative firms by highly educated in sectors such as IT, T-shirts, lady bags,
In the context of an emerging economy, where variation in absorptive capacity of firms is large,
The business environment and attractiveness of the sector for high educated improved considerably the past two decades,
business environment, city attractiveness and venture capital. Despite significant improvements in these fields, improvements are needed still.
Especially the governance of the local innovation system demands attention in order to stimulate local knowledge development and exchange.
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Entrepreneurship in regional innovation systems: A case study of the biotechnology industry in Shanhai. Copenhagen. Suharmoko, A. 2008.
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Studies from Indonesia"(Unpublished paper, No date. Tambunan, T. 2006. Development of small-and medium-scale industry clusters in indonesia.
www. kadin-indonesia. or. id,.Tambunan, T."Entrepreneurship Development in Indonesia"(Paper, www. kadin-indonesia. or. id, 2006.
The role of government in supporting transfer of technology to and technology diffusion among indonesian n0n-farm small and medium enterprises. review of empirical studies and case study of tegal.
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, Yogyakarta City council Ma'sum, Director and operation manager, Estetika, Yogyakarta Mark Kwami, Director MKWAMI Design Services, consultant of CBI Nurhadi, production manager
association of transformation indicators (V-Cramer/significance) Innovation ivestments*Money borrowed*Business plan available*Constraint: subcontractor capacity Constrain:
/488.124/.466 Borrow. 5/.000 X. 629/.000.269/.028.140/.379.215/.101 Business plan. 577/.000.629/.000 x. 304/.026.220/.183.101/.795 Constraint:
access to finance. 124/.466.215/.101.101/.795.207/.038.037/.714 x*Investment, borrowing and business plan significantly associate with each other
and were computed into a new variable. The three constraints do not associate significantly with most others.
and freight management ITS services on European transport corridors and in conurbations...pp. 13 16 Action area 3:
By harnessing state-of-the-art information and communication services and technologies, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) can make a significant contribution to the EU's efforts to pursue its broader goals for transport for the decades ahead.
of interoperability between modes and countries and of cross-border continuity of services hindering broader ITS uptake and market penetration.
I believe this makes investment decisions safer, helps to unlock service innovation potential and ensures that transport can continue to deliver its core role for a thriving European economy in a user-oriented, safe and environmentally-friendly way.
Siim Kallas Vice-president of the European commission 1 32 I N t E L L I G E N t t R A n s P O R T s Y
for example by means of integrated multimodal trip planners or tracking services for co-modal freight transport.
On a European level, cooperation is increasing with a view to achieving a common framework for the coordinated use of ITS that allows for EU-wide and continuous services for the user.
interoperable systems and seamless transport services become the norm for Europe's road transport system.
and seamless ITS services and promote harmonisation while leaving EU Member States the freedom to decide which systems to invest in.
and principles for ITS deployment but it does not oblige Member States to deploy IT systems or services on their territory.>
and take into account the advice of all stakeholders considering the existing standards when appropriate and conducting an impact assessment with cost benefit analysis. Assisting bodies The Commission will be assisted by two bodies in the implementation of the ITS Directive:
Meanwhile, the ITS Advisory Group bringing together representatives of stakeholders such as industry, service-providers and associations of users supports the Commission on the technical and business aspects of ITS deployment.
Communication from the European commission (COM (2008) 886. Date of adoption: 16 december 2008 The European commission's ITS Action Plan is working to accelerate
The action plan was adopted after much preparatory work and a long consultation with stakeholders. Its main focus is to ensure the compatibility and interoperability of systems,
to facilitate the continuity of ITS services, and to do so through coordinated and concerted action at EU level.
the EU Member States, infrastructure-and service-providers and other stakeholders. Grouped into six priority action areas (see pages 6 and 7 for an overview),
Implementation The implementation of the ITS Action Plan represents a joint effort by several European commission services, coordinated by the Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport with the direct and active collaboration of four other directoratesgeneral
the Information Society and Media DG, the Research and Innovation DG, the Enterprise and Industry DG and the Climate Action DG.
The plan is implemented also in close cooperation with ITS stakeholders, as seen for example in the staging of various workshops on action plan topics.
This notably concerns both digital mapping and the provision of (real-time) traffic and travel information services.
and freight management ITS services on European transport corridors and in conurbations The need to accommodate rising traffic volumes, notably on the major European transport corridors and in conurbations,
Furthermore, cooperative systems based on exchange of information and communication between vehicles and with the road infrastructure are also developing rapidly
and providing services for safe and secure truck parking. Another challenge is to achieve the full-scale roll out of the‘ecall'in-vehicle emergency call system.
These issues could be a major barrier to the wider market penetration of some ITS services
I O N Real-time traffic and travel information>THE CHALLENGE Traffic and travel information services allow Europeans to make well-informed decisions both before and during their journeys.
Given advances in data-collection technology and with growing demand for more precise and real-time information, the need for more and better data is increasing all the time.
and travel information services. Definition of procedures for the provision of EU-wide real-time traffic and travel information services, addressing notably the following aspects:
provision of traffic information services by the private sector provision of traffic regulation data by the transport authorities guaranteed access by public authorities to safety-related information collected by private companies
guaranteed access by private companies to relevant public data 39>AC T ION 1. 2>A c T I O N 1. 2 I N t
and stakeholders and will consider policy options for implementing measures including legal and/or nonlegal instruments.>>
but in recent years private services have increasingly been entering the traffic-information market in conjunction with real-time navigation or location-based services.
EU-wide information services that include free components could also represent an appealing model for public private partnership.>
>define the scope of safety-related services>develop suitable organisational models>ensure that free safety-related information is available for all road users>harmonise a Europe-wide free minimum service>TASKS
Definition of specifications for data and procedures for the free provision of minimum universal traffic information services (including definition of the repository of messages to be provided) Traffic safety information services 1 32
and it may also help to promote sustainable modes of transport and competition between modes.
organisational and service-provision specifications for EU-wide multimodal travel information services. A study was launched to support the European commission's work towards a European multimodal journey planner
and freight across the EU means tackling a range of issues related to the interoperability of systems and the continuity of ITS-related traffic-management and freight-management services across borders,
and interoperable ITS services ensuring seamless support to the road user>foster cooperation and facilitate the electronic exchange of traffic data and information across borders,
and different stakeholders and promote best practices in deployment and operation of ITS services>TASKS AND ACHIEVEMENTS A study was initiated by the European commission examining key issues
and priorities for European action to ensure EU-wide continuity of ITS services. In order to define the minimum requirements for a truly European service
three trafficmanagement services dynamic lane management, variable speed limits and transport-related event-planning and road incident-management operations were to be screened.
The current conditions for continuous and interoperable deployment will be assessed as well as their potential for an EU-wide roll out.
Definition of a set of common procedures and specifications to ensure the continuity of ITS services for passenger
in particular, event and emergency planning Continuity of ITS services>A c T I O N 2. 1>AC T ION 2. 1 1 34 I N t E
-context-and location-aware as well as connected to a wide range of information services.>>AIMS:>>simplify pan-European freight flows>develop secure ways of making supply-chain and‘en route'information available online to customs,
and communication technologies>improve interoperability of computer applications used by different stakeholders>develop a standard framework for freight information exchange covering all transport modes
and all stakeholders>TASKS AND ACHIEVEMENTS The relevant European commission services have ensured close coordination of the‘e-Freight'(see box) and other research projects (Discwise, Euridice, Freightwise, Integrity, Rising, Smart-CM,
Smartfreight) relating to smart logistics, resulting in a commonly agreed framework for information and communication technologies in transport logistics.
demonstration of innovative e-Freight capabilities http://www. efreightproject. eu Identification of ITS services to be deployed in support of freight transport (e-Freight)
as well as for investment decisions. An ITS architecture needs to cover technical aspects plus the related organisational, legal and business issues.
or are using an ITS architecture to deploy IT systems and services. In addition the interoperability, continuity of services, multimodality and urban aspects of ITS architecture have generally been overlooked,
and need to be addressed duly.>>AIMS:>>define, adopt and support the deployment of a multimodal European ITS framework architecture,
The results of E-FRAME were to be analysed along with those of the study on continuity of services (see also page 13
and definition of an ITS framework architecture for urban transport mobility, including an integrated approach for travel planning, transport demand, traffic management, emergency management, road pricing and the use of parking
and mobile communications offer new opportunities for infrastructure access and charging systems. Interoperability between systems is needed
a consultation of professional stakeholders and the EU Member States was carried out in the period December 2010 to February 2011.
Moreover, important communication standards between the various EETS stakeholders were adopted. Implementation of the interoperability of electronic road toll systems (Directive 2004/52/EC) Electronic road tolling>A c T I O N 2. 4>AC T ION
availability of common European standards and the willingness of most stakeholders the‘ecall'in-vehicle emergency call system is yet to be deployed widely in Europe.
Further measures are needed to encourage concerted action by all stakeholders including vehicle and equipment manufacturers,
AND ACHIEVEMENTS The European commission issued in August 2009 a communication,‘ecall: time for deployment',foreseeing a range of further actions:
Commission services later finalised an ecall impact assessment to help decide on the best way forward towards ecall deployment,
as the coordination body bringing together representatives of the relevant stakeholder associations and of national platforms, meets at regular intervals to discuss technical details and practicalities.
recommendations on mobile communications (implementation of ecall flag in mobile networks; specifications for PSAPS, under the ITS Directive;
communication and entertainment systems to be present in our cars. This includes devices that are built traditionally into the car, such as radios and CD PLAYERS,
and for the safe integration of nomadic devices into the car environment.>>AIMS:>>define the required measures for the safe use and operation while driving of inbuilt and nomadic information, communication and navigation equipment and for the safe interaction of nomadic devices with the driver,
between themselves and with the inbuilt car systems>define required measures for the safe mounting of nomadic devices in cars>facilitate the safe integration of information
and communication services and functionalities such as those related to traffic and travel information>TASKS AND ACHIEVEMENTS A European commission study produced in 2010 a detailed analysis of the regulatory situation in the EU Member States regarding nomadic devices
yet the impact of ITS applications and services on vulnerable road users has not been documented well known
and in a second stage prioritise, those ITS applications and services that can have the most significant impact on the various categories of vulnerable road users.>
and the most relevant ITS applications/services>assess (positive/negative) impacts of ITS applications and services on the safety and comfort of vulnerable road users,
and if possible quantify these impacts>prioritise among ITS applications and services, and detail concrete measures to enhance positive impacts
to be complemented by a stakeholder consultation. More in depth research about safety impacts possible countermeasures and safe human machine interfaces was planned also.
Development of appropriate measures including best-practice guidelines concerning the impact of ITS applications and services on the safety and comfort of vulnerable road users Vulnerable road users>A c T I O N 3
notably addressing the barriers and the possibilities for a business case for reservation services. In addition
and commercial vehicles and on telematic-controlled parking and reservation systems Services for safe and secure truck parking places>AC T ION 3. 5>A c T
both in the public and private sectors, have an interest in deploying ITS services involving in-vehicle equipment.
and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication>TASKS AND ACHIEVEMENTS A study launched by the European commission on an open in-vehicle platform architecture was completed in December 2010.
Adoption of an open in-vehicle platform architecture for the provision of ITS services and applications, including standard interfaces the outcome of this activity would then be submitted to the relevant standardisation bodies Open in-vehicle platform 2 33>AC T ION 4. 2>A c T I O
road and weather conditions to be used for high-quality information services. Enabling precisely this sort of interaction, this is where so-called‘cooperative systems'come into play.
assessment of deployment strategies, including investments in intelligent infrastructure Cooperative systems 2 34 I N t E L L I G E N t t R A n s P
and communication between vehicles and with the road infrastructure several communication protocols are being developed or have been defined
V2i and V2v communications for cooperative systems>promote the use of standardised specifications among stakeholders>TASKS AND ACHIEVEMENTS For I2i,
ETSI adopted the European Communications Architecture for Cooperative Systems as ETSI standard ETSI EN 302 665 V1. 1. 1,
ultimately with a view to finalising the whole suite of standards for communications of cooperative systems within ETSI. sta dardise the interface bet ee t affic co t ol II
http://www. datex2. eu Definition of specifications for infrastructure-to-infrastructure (I2i), vehicle-toinfrastructure (V2i) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2v) communication in cooperative systems I2i, V2i
, V2v communication>AC T ION 4. 3>A c T I O N 4. 3 2 35 I N t E L L I G
It also allows stakeholders to concentrate their energy where it really matters the efficient invention and production of goods and services.>
or traffic interfaces between the relevant traffic information/control centres and different stakeholders>define a standardisation process for the adoption of an open in-vehicle platform architecture>pursue European standardisation activities for cooperative systems>TASKS
the associated increase in vehicle/infrastructure electronics and communications raises security and privacy issues which,
For example, location-based services may in combining location information and personal data have possible implications for personal privacy.
addressing the specific data security and data protection issues related to ITS applications and services. Meanwhile, a number of EU-backed research projects have carried out work relevant to the topic,
such as Preciosa (Privacy Enabled Capability in Cooperative Systems and Safety Applications) and Sevecom (Secure Vehicular Communication).
and personal data protection aspects related to the handling of data in ITS applications and services and propose measures in full compliance with EU legislation Data security
the European commission is to launch (2011) a study to identify the major liability issues that need to be addressed in the context of deployment of ITS applications and services.
and ITS services have often been deployed on a fragmented basis. Voluntary agreements and standardisation have failed to deliver significant progress in terms of the deployment and use of such systems.
>EU-wide multimodal travel information services>EU-wide real-time traffic information services>road safety-related minimum universal traffic information, free of charge to users
>interoperable EU-wide ecall>information services for safe and secure parking for trucks and commercial vehicles>reservation services for safe and secure parking for trucks and commercial vehicles
>THE CHALLENGE The lack of easy and efficient access to knowledge about the benefits and costs of ITS applications and services,
and about experiences and evaluations of ITS implementation, is recognised as a key reason for slow investment.
Development of a decision-support toolkit for investment decisions in ITS applications and services This should include a quantified evaluation of the economic, social, financial and operational impact and cover aspects such as user acceptance,
life-cycle cost benefit as well as the identification and evaluation of best practice for facilities'procurement and deployment A knowledge tool for decision-makers 3 30 I N t E L L I G E N t t
I O N>THE CHALLENGE Investment decisions are typically based on awareness and understanding of possible options,
which should in turn help to boost ITS funding, investment and deployment.>>AIMS:>>know more about policies
Development of guidelines for the public funding from both EU (e g. trans-European transport network (TEN-T) and Structural Funds) and national sources of ITS facilities and services based on an assessment
and the fact that responsibilities are spread among many different stakeholders can make coordination and consensus difficult to achieve.
>facilitate practical dialogue between public and private stakeholders>promote the use of ITS in urban areas
while fostering interoperability and continuity of services>identify and exchange best practice including organisational and financing structures for key applications of urban ITS (traffic
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