Enterprise and Industry Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 More information on the European union is available on the Internet (http://europa. eu) Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
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impact of economic crisis not as severe as expected. Differences in innovation performance are becoming smaller again although at a modest rate.
Firm investments, Linkages & entrepreneurship and Intellectual assets. Outputs cover the effects of firms'innovation activities in 2 innovation dimensions:
Sweden, Germany, Finland and Slovenia reach highest ranks as regards Firm investments; Denmark, United kingdom, Belgium and Sweden are top performers in Linkages and entrepreneurship;
Denmark, Austria, Germany and Sweden reach top positions in Intellectual assets; Germany, Luxembourg, Sweden and Ireland are the highest performers in the Innovators dimension;
EU Member States'innovation performance 6 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 negative growth was observed in business innovation investments and financial support to innovation.
Firm investments and Finance and support. In particular, the positive growth of public R&d expenditures (1. 8%)was offset by a continuous decline in venture capital investments(-2. 8%).In addition,
a positive improvement in Business R&d expenditure (2. 0%)was negatively offset by firms'Non-R&d innovation expenditures(-4. 7%).At a wider European level,
and business innovation cooperation as measured by Linkages & entrepreneurship. In both dimensions the best performing country (Denmark) is performing more than nine and seven times better than the least performing countries, Latvia and Romania respectively.
and measures the availability of finance for innovation projects by venture capital investments and the support of governments for research and innovation activities by R&d expenditures by universities and government research organisations.
‘Firm investments'includes 2 indicators of both R&d and Non-R&d investments that firms make
in order to generate innovations.‘‘Linkages & entrepreneurship'includes 3 indicators measuring innovation capabilities by looking at SMES that innovate in-house
and Collaboration efforts between innovating firms and research collaboration between the Private and public sector.‘‘Intellectual assets'captures different forms of Intellectual Property rights (IPR) generated as a throughput in the innovation process including PCT patent applications, Community trademarks and Community designs.
the Contribution of medium and high-tech product exports to the trade balance, Exports of knowledge-intensive services, Sales due to innovation activities and License and patent revenues from selling technologies abroad.
For Venture capital investment data is available for 20 Member States. Changes to the IUS 2013 Although the general methodology of the IUS 2014 remained unchanged there have been three modifications as compared to the IUS 2013.
At the request of the European council to benchmark national innovation policies and monitor the EU's performance against its main trading partners, the European commission has developed a new indicator on innovation output
2011 Finance and support 1. 3. 1 R&d expenditure in the public sector as%of GDP Eurostat Eurostat 2005 2012 1. 3. 2 Venture capital investment as%of GDP
Eurostat Eurostat 2007 2012 FIRM ACTIVITIES Firm investments 2. 1. 1 R&d expenditure in the business sector as%of GDP Eurostat Eurostat 2005 2012 2
. 1. 2 Non-R&d innovation expenditures as%of turnover Eurostat (CIS) Eurostat (CIS) 2004,2006, 2008,2010 Linkages & entrepreneurship 2. 2. 1 SMES innovating in-house
(in PPS€)( environment-related technologies; health) OECD Eurostat 2003 2010 2. 3. 3 Community trademarks per billion GDP (in PPS€) Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market Eurostat 2005 2012
2010 Economic effects 3. 2. 1 Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and services) as%of total employment Eurostat Eurostat 2008 2012 3. 2
. 2 Contribution of medium and high-tech product exports to the trade balance United nations United nations 2005 2012 3. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports as%total service exports
The spread in performance is largest in Open, excellent and attractive research systems (5. 88%)and Linkages & entrepreneurship (5. 59%.
for Human resources between the Innovation leaders and followers and between the Moderate and Modest innovators, for Open, excellent and effective research systems and Linkages & entrepreneurship between the Innovation leaders and followers and for Intellectual assets between the Moderate
and further develop the knowledge-based economy. Most of the Innovation leaders and followers perform above the EU average,
and support Medium (3. 77%)-Firm investments Low (2. 41%)-Linkages & entrepreneurship High (5. 59%)-Intellectual assets High (4. 82%)-Innovators High (4. 77%)-Economic effects Low (2. 19%)-Table 2:
Spread in performance in the different innovation dimensions across and within performance groups Figure 5:
Estonia's strong performance has to be interpreted with care as the score for this dimension is based on one indicator only (R&d expenditures in the public sector) as data on venture capital investments are not available.
Firm investments (Firm Activities) In the dimension Firm investments the Innovation leaders and followers are performing the best (Figure 8). Germany
both for science-based R&d activities and non-R&d innovation activities including investments in advanced equipment and machinery.
Member States'performance in Firm investments 16 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 Linkages & entrepreneurship (Firm Activities) In the dimension Linkages & entrepreneurship the Innovation leaders and followers
The research systems in these countries are geared also towards meeting the demand from companies as highlighted by high co-publication activities.
Member States'performance in Linkages & entrepreneurship Intellectual assets (Firm Activities) In the dimension Intellectual assets the Innovation leaders are performing the best (Figure 10.
which protect new goods and services. The majority of the Innovation followers perform below average,
innovation seems a natural strategy for firms to meet their customers'demands and to face competitive pressures.
On the other 24 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 Growth in Linkages & entrepreneurship (1. 7%),Economic effects (1. 2%)and Innovators (0. 7%)has been positive but below average.
For Finance and support(-0. 5%)and Firm investments(-1. 4%)growth has even been negative,
in particular due to a strong decline in Venture capital investments(-2. 8%)and Non-R&d innovation expenditures(-4. 7%).3. 2 EU growth performance For the EU innovation
The EU is improving its educational knowledge base showing that Europe is turning into a more knowledge-based economy.
Sigma-convergence occurs when the spread in innovation performance across a group of economies falls over time.
and Exports of knowledge-intensive services (25.1%as compared to 45.3%for the EU). Iceland is an Innovation follower
It means that enterprises in these countries invest more in research and innovation and collaborative knowledge-creation between public and private sectors is developed better.
Canada, South africa Finance and support 1. 3. 1 R&d expenditure in the public sector as%of GDP OECD, Eurostat OECD, Eurostat 2011 FIRM ACTIVITIES Firm investments
2. 1. 1 R&d expenditure in the business sector as%of GDP OECD, Eurostat OECD, Eurostat 2011 Linkages & entrepreneurship 2. 2. 3 Public-private co
Eurostat 2010 2. 3. 2 PCT patents applications in societal challenges per billion GDP (in PPS€)( environment-related technologies;
. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports as%total service exports United nations, Eurostat United nations, Eurostat 2011 South africa 3. 2. 5 License and patent
and Exports of knowledge-intensive services data are not available. Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 33 graduates and Knowledge-intensive services exports the US has managed to improve its performance lead.
For all other indicators either the performance lead has declined or the performance gap to the EU has increased.
International co-publications, Most-cited publications, Exports of knowledge-intensive services and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Most cited publications, R&d expenditures in the public sector, Exports of knowledge-intensive services and License and patent revenues from abroad.
On the other hand South korea still has a performance lead in Knowledge-intensive services exports but the performance lead for this indicator is decreasing in favour of the EU. Only in License
from abroad, Exports of knowledge-intensive services, Patent applications and Public-private copublications. Australia is performing better than the EU on 3 indicators related to the public sector:
The performance gap on Exports of knowledge-intensive services is decreasing in favour of Australia.
and its performance gap has become smaller in 7 indicators, in particular in Patent applications, Public-private co-publications, International co-publications, Tertiary education and Exports of knowledge-intensive services.
Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 39 knowledge-intensive services. The performance gap with the EU has increased for 9 indicators, particularly for Doctorate graduates, License and patent revenues from abroad, International co-publications and Patent applications.
Brazil is only performing better than the EU on Exports of knowledge-intensive services. 9 For most indicators
in particular In public-private co-publications, Patent applications and Exports of knowledge-intensive services. Brazil has managed to reduce its performance gap in 9 indicators
and improve its performance lead in Exports of knowledge-intensive services. The performance gap on Doctorate graduates and the Contribution of medium-high-tech product exports to the trade balance has worsened.
and other technical services) and EBOPS 284 (Other business services). Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 41 measuring the performance of its science system;
India is only performing better than the EU in Exports of knowledgeintensive services where its share of exports is 60%higher than that of the EU. India's growth performance is mixed with growth in 4 indicators being above the EU, in particular for Mostcited publications and Public
Performance has worsened in Non-R&d innovation expenditures and to a lesser extent also in Venture capital investments, SMES with marketing and/or organisational innovations and Fast-growing innovative firms.
Bulgaria has performed below the average of the EU. The weakest indicators are Venture capital investments and Non-EU doctorate students.
Strong declines in growth performance are observed in Venture capital investment and Non-R&d innovation expenditures. Note:
Non-R&d innovation expenditures and R&d expenditures in the public sector. Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and in Venture capital investments.
A strong decline is observed in Venture capital investment and Non-R&d innovation expenditures. Note: Performance relative to the EU where the EU=100.46 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 Denmark is an Innovation leader.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorates students, Venture capital investments and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Most notable growth declines are observed in Non-R&d innovation expenditures Venture capital investments and Sales share of new innovations.
No data for Venture capital investments. Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 49 Ireland is an Innovation follower.
Employment in knowledge intensive-services and Knowledge-intensive services exports. Relative weaknesses are in Community designs and Non-R&d innovation expenditures.
Community designs, Venture capital investments and R&d expenditures in the business sector. Greece performs above the EU average on International scientific copublications, Sales share of new innovations and SMES with Marketing and/or Organisational innovations.
Growth has declined in Non-R&d innovation expenditures and Venture capital investments. Note: Performance relative to the EU where the EU=100.
%Spain is performing for most indicators below the average of the EU. Relative weaknesses are in License and patent revenues from abroad and Knowledgeintensive services exports.
The largest growth decline is observed for Venture capital investment. Other notable declines are in SMES innovating in-house and in Community designs.
No data for Venture capital investments. 54 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 Italy is a Moderate innovator.
Growth declines are observed in Venture capital investments, Non-R&d innovation expenditures, Community designs and Employment in knowledgeintensive activities.
No data for Venture capital investments. 56 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 Latvia is a Modest innovator.
No data for Venture capital investments. Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 57 Lithuania is a Moderate innovator.
No data for Venture capital investments. 58 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 Luxembourg is an Innovation follower.
Relative strengths are in International scientific copublications, community trademarks, Venture capital investments and in Community designs.
No data for Venture capital investments. Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 61 The netherlands is an Innovation follower.
Relative weaknesses are in Knowledge-intensive services exports and in the Sales share of new innovations.
Strong declines in growth are observed for License and patent revenues from abroad and Knowledge-intensive services exports.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and Venture capital investments. Strong increases in growth are observed for Community trademarks
Large declines in growth are observed in Non-R&d innovation expenditures, New doctorate graduates and Venture capital investments.
Romania performs similar to the EU for New doctorate graduates and Knowledge-intensive services exports.
Strong declines are observed Non-R&d innovation expenditures, R&d expenditures in the business sector, Non-EU doctorate students and Venture capital investments.
Relative weaknesses are observed in Non-EU doctorate students and Knowledge-intensive services exports. Most indicators are growing in Slovenia.
No data for Venture capital investments. Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 67 Slovakia is a Moderate innovator.
No data for Venture capital investments. 68 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 Finland is an Innovation leader
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and Knowledgeintensive services exports. High growth is observed for Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students.
but slightly declined in 2013, in particular due to declining venture capital investments. The performance relative to the EU has been declining over the whole period from 148%in 2006 to 135%in 2013.
Relative weaknesses are in Sales share of new innovations and Knowledge-intensive services exports. High growth in Sweden is observed for Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students.
Strong declines in growth are observed for Venture capital investments and Sales share of new innovations. Notes:
No data for Venture capital investments, Non-R&d innovation expenditures and SMES innovating in-house. 10 Over the whole 2006-2013 period Community trademarks grew strongly as shown in the graph showing the growth rates per indicator.
Large growth declines are observed in Community designs and Venture capital investments. Notes: Performance relative to the EU where the EU=100.
Relative weaknesses are in Knowledge-intensive services exports and Innovative SMES collaborating with others. Performance in terms of growth has improved particularly for Community trademarks Non-R&d innovation expenditures
Strong declines in growth are observed in Knowledge-intensive services exports and Innovative SMES collaborating with others.
No data for Venture capital investments, PCT patent applications in societal challenges and Employment in fast-growing firms of innovative sectors.
and R&d expenditures in the public sector. Declines in growth are observed only for Knowledge-intensive services exports and Non-EU doctorate students.
No data for International scientific co-publications, Most cited scientific publications, Venture capital investments, PCT patent applications,
No data for Venture capital investments. Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 77 6. Innovation Union Scoreboard methodology Step 1:
Venture capital investments, Publicprivate co-publications, PCT patent applications, PCT patent applications in societal challenges and License and patent revenues from abroad.
, 34 0, 51 0, 66 0, 49 0, 43 1. 3. 2 Venture capital investments 0, 277 0, 307 0, 038
FIRM ACTIVITIES Firm investments 2. 1. 1 R&d expenditure in the business sector 1, 31 1, 52 0, 39 1, 01 1, 96
0, 25 0, 61 0, 59 1, 66 0, 36 1, 27 0, 19 0, 40 Linkages & entrepreneurship 2. 2
43 5, 56 3. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports 45,3 42,3 25,5 29,2 65,1 55,6 36,4 67,4 53,0 21,6 33,7
1. 3. 2 Venture capital investments 0, 277 0, 300 0, 134 0, 234 0, 213 0, 137 0, 310 0
289 FIRM ACTIVITIES Firm investments 2. 1. 1 R&d expenditure in the business sector 1, 31 0, 50 1, 22 1, 95 0
1, 77 1, 06 0, 90 Linkages & entrepreneurship 2. 2. 1 SMES innovating in-house 31
80 4, 25-3, 13-10,47-10,47 8, 08-3, 50 5, 92 3. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports 45,3
, 4%12,9%-2, 1%1. 3. 2 Venture capital investments-2, 8%-1, 1%-17,5%-12,0%-1, 3%-1, 6%-1
, 3%-10,6%-7, 1%-0, 4%-5, 5%0, 0%4, 3%FIRM ACTIVITIES Firm investments 2. 1. 1 R&d
, 9%-15,8%0, 3%-19,8%-10,6%Linkages & entrepreneurship 2. 2. 1 SMES innovating in-house-0, 1%-1, 1%-2, 2%-2
, 1%3. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports 1, 0%0, 1%11,7%5, 0%0, 5%1, 9%2, 9
7%-0, 5%3, 3%-0, 4%0, 6%2, 6%10,9%-0, 7%1. 3. 2 Venture capital investments-2
, 9%FIRM ACTIVITIES Firm investments 2. 1. 1 R&d expenditure in the business sector 2, 0%4, 4%1, 0%1, 8%9
%-2, 8%9, 8%4, 1%0, 0%Linkages & entrepreneurship 2. 2. 1 SMES innovating in-house-0, 1%0, 6%5
Knowledge-intensive services exports 1, 0%-1, 6%-3, 3%3, 1%4, 0%5, 2%1, 4%2, 2%5
It provides a measure for the supply of human capital of that age group and for the output of education systems in terms of graduates.
and is linked positively with economic growth. Eurostat Eurostat 1. 2. 1 International scientific co-publications per million population Number of scientific publications with at least one co-author based abroad (where abroad is non-EU for the EU27) Total
) and the higher education sector (HERD) Gross domestic product R&d expenditure represents one of the major drivers of economic growth in a knowledgebased economy.
and wealth of the EU. Research and development spending is essential for making the transition to a knowledge-based economy as well as for improving production technologies and stimulating growth.
Eurostat Eurostat 1. 3. 2 Venture capital(%of GDP) Venture capital investment is defined as private equity being raised for investment in companies.
Venture capital includes early stage (seed+start-up) and expansion and replacement capital Gross domestic product The amount of venture capital is a proxy for the relative dynamism of new business creation.
In particular for enterprises using or developing new (risky) technologies venture capital is often the only available means of financing their (expanding) business.
Eurostat Eurostat Comment: Two-year averages have been used 2. 1. 1 R&d expenditure in the business sector(%of GDP) All R&d expenditures in the business sector (BERD) Gross domestic product The indicator captures the formal creation of new knowledge
within firms. It is particularly important in the science-based sector (pharmaceuticals, chemicals and some areas of electronics) where most new knowledge is created in or near R&d laboratories.
Eurostat Eurostat 2. 1. 2 Non-R&d innovation expenditures(%of turnover) Sum of total innovation expenditure for enterprises, in thousand Euros and current prices excluding intramural
and extramural R&d expenditures Total turnover for all enterprises This indicator measures non-R&d innovation expenditure as percentage of total turnover.
such as investment in equipment and machinery and the acquisition of patents and licenses, measure the diffusion of new production technology and ideas.
i e. those firms that had any co-operation agreements on innovation activities with other enterprises
OECD Eurostat 2. 3. 2 PCT patent applications in societal challenges per billion GDP (in PPS€) Number of PCT patent applications in Environment-related technologies and Health.
and environment-related technologies and is increased relevant as numbers of patent applications in health technology and environmentrelated technologies will be necessary to meet the societal needs of an ageing European society and sustainable growth.
it identifies the origin of goods and services, guarantees consistent quality through evidence of the company's commitment vis-à-vis the consumer,
and is a form of communication, a basis for publicity and advertising. Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market Eurostat Comment:
or services) and processes, is a key ingredient to innovation in manufacturing activities. Higher shares of technological innovators should reflect a higher level of innovation activities.
Many firms, in particular in the services sectors, innovate through other non-technological forms of innovation.
Eurostat (CIS) Eurostat (CIS) 3. 1. 3 Employment in fast-growing enterprises in innovative sectors(%of total employment) The sum of sectoral results for the employment in fast-growing enterprises
Fast-growing enterprises are defined as firms with average annualised growth in employees of more than 10%a year, over a three-year period
Total employment in fast-growing enterprises in the business economy (without financial sector) The indicator shows the degree of innovativeness of successful entrepreneurial activities.
It captures the capacity of a country to transform its economy rapidly to take advantage of emerging demand.
or ISCED6) Total employment Knowledge-intensive activities provide services directly to consumers, such as telecommunications, and provide inputs to the innovative activities of other firms in all sectors of the economy.
Eurostat Eurostat 90 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 3. 2. 2 Contribution of medium and high-tech products exports to the trade balance The contribution to the trade balance is calculated as follows:(
Value of total trade The manufacturing trade balance reveals an economy's structural strengths and weaknesses in terms of technological intensity.
UN Comtrade UN Comtrade 3. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports as%of total services exports Exports of knowledge-intensive services are measured by the sum of credits in EBOPS
(Extended Balance of payments Services Classification) 207,208, 211,212, 218,228, 229,245, 253,260, 263,272, 274,278, 279,280 and 284 Total services exports as measured by credits in EBOPS 200 The indicator measures the competitiveness of the knowledge-intensive services sector.
Knowledge-intensive services are defined as NACE classes 61-62 and 64-72. These can be related to the above-mentioned EBOPS classes using the correspondence table between NACE,
ISIC and EBOPS as provided in the UN Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services (UN, 2002).
Eurostat Eurostat 3. 2. 4 Sales of new to-market and new to-firm innovations as%of turnover Sum of total turnover of new or significantly improved products,
either new to the firm or new to the market, for all enterprises Total turnover for all enterprises This indicator measures the turnover of new
Services with a technical content, including technical and engineering studies, as well as technical assistance; and Industrial R&d.
AND SUPPORT FIRM INVESTMENTS LINKAGES & ENTREPRENEURSHIP INTELLECTUAL ASSETS INNOVATORS ECONOMIC EFFECTS EU 0, 583 0, 539 0, 558 0, 417 0, 550
-17.43-8. 35 1. 02 3. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports 45.3 17.61 61.85 35.78 35.78 73.05 31.57 48 19
70.3 74.9 81.1 92.2 89.5 108.8 104.2 73.8 81.9 90.3 3. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports 38.9 136.6 79.0 79.0
. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports 1. 0%4. 3%5. 6%5. 6%-2. 4%-1. 8%-3. 4%0. 7
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The Firm investments dimension includes 2 indicators of both R&d and non-R&d investments that firms make
in order to generate innovations. The Linkages & entrepreneurship dimension includes 3 indicators and measures entrepreneurial efforts and collaboration efforts among innovating firms
and also with the public sector. The Intellectual assets dimension captures different forms of Intellectual Property rights (IPR) generated as a throughput in the innovation process.
1. 3. 1 Public R&d expenditures as%of GDP Identical Eurostat 2005 2009 1. 2. 2 Venture capital as%of GDP 1. 3. 2 Venture capital
ACTIVITIES Firm investments Firm investments 2. 1. 1 Business R&d expenditures as%of GDP 2. 1. 1 Business R&d expenditures as%of GDP Identical
2008 Linkages & entrepreneurship 2. 2. 1 SMES innovating in-house as%of SMES 2. 2. 1 SMES innovating in-house as%of SMES Identical Eurostat 2004,
2008 3. 1. 3 Resource efficiency innovators as%of all firms---EIS 2009 indicator no longer used---3. 1. 3 High-growth innovative enterprises New
& high-tech manufacturing as%of workforce---EIS 2009 indicator no longer used 3. 2. 2 Employment in knowledge-intensive services as%of workforce---EIS 2009 indicator no longer used---3. 2. 1
Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and services) as%of workforce New indicator Eurostat 2008,2009
and high-tech product exports as%of total product exports Identical UN/Eurostat 2005 2009 3. 2. 4 Knowledge-intensive services exports as%of total services exports 3
. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports as%of total services exports Identical UN/Eurostat 2004 2008 3. 2. 5 Sales of new to market innovations
It provides a measure for the supply of human capital of that age group and for the output of education systems in terms of graduates.
and is linked positively with economic growth. Data source: Eurostat 1. 2. 1 International scientific co-publications as%of total scientific publications of the country Numerator:
This indicator was introduced by the EC services to capture research performance. Data source: Science Metrix/Scopus 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate holders as%of total doctorate holders of the country Numerator:
R&d expenditure represents one of the major drivers of economic growth in a knowledge-based economy. As such, trends in the R&d expenditure indicator provide key indications of the future competitiveness
and wealth of the EU. Research and development spending is essential for making the transition to a knowledge-based economy as well as for improving production technologies and stimulating growth.
Eurostat 1. 3. 2 Venture capital(%of GDP) Numerator: Venture capital investment is defined as private equity being raised for investment in companies.
Management buyouts, management buyins, and venture purchase of quoted shares are excluded. Data are broken down into two investment stages:
Early stage (seed+start-up) and Expansion and replacement (expansion and replacement capital. Seed is defined as financing provided to research,
Capital may be used to finance increased production capacity market or product development, and/or provide additional working capital.
Replacement capital is defined as purchase of existing shares in a company from another private equity investment organisation
or from another shareholder (s). It includes refinancing of bank debt. Denominator: Gross domestic product as defined in the European System of Accounts (ESA 1995), in national currency and current prices.
The amount of venture capital is a proxy for the relative dynamism of new business creation.
In particular for enterprises using or developing new (risky) technologies venture capital is often the only available means of financing their (expanding) business.
Comment: Venture capital is a highly volatile indicator: two-year averages have been used to reduce volatility rates. This is a highly skewed indicator
and a square root transformation has been used to reduce the volatility and skewed distribution of this indicator.
Eurostat (EVCA (European Venture capital Association) is the primary data source for VC expenditure data) 9 2. 1. 1 Business R&d expenditures(%of GDP) Numerator:
Sum of total innovation expenditure for enterprises, in national currency and current prices excluding intramural and extramural R&d expenditures.
Total turnover for all enterprises (both innovators and noninnovators), in national currency and current prices.
Several of the components of innovation expenditure, such as investment in equipment and machinery and the acquisition of patents and licenses, measure the diffusion of new production technology and ideas.
Mainly your enterprise or enterprise group or Your enterprise together with other enterprises or institutions.
Mainly your enterprise or enterprise group or Your enterprise together with other enterprises or institutions.
1) Product, developed by enterprise or group (2) Product, developed in cooperation with enterprises or institutions (3) Product, developed mainly by other enterprises
or institutions (4) Process, developed by enterprise or group (5) Process, developed in cooperation with enterprises
or institutions (6) Process, developed mainly by other enterprises or institutions Step 2: Calculate the share of product innovators innovating in-house as:(
7)=(1)+(2))/1)+(2)+(3)) Step 3: Calculate share of process innovators innovating in-house as:(
8)=(4)+(5))/4)+(5)+(6)) Step 4: From Eurostat data are extracted online from inn cis6 type-Enterprises by type of innovation activity for SMES on:(
9) Total enterprises (10) Novel innovators, product only (11) Novel innovators, process only (12) Novel innovators,
product and process innovators Data on (9) Total enterprises are used for the denominator. Step 5:
The numerator is estimated as the sum of: Novel innovators with only product innovations innovating in-house Novel innovators with only process innovation innovating in-house Novel innovators with product
and process innovations innovating inhouse (7)*(10)+(8)*(11)+(7)+(8))/2)*(12) For Novel innovators with product
Firms with co-operation activities are had those that any co-operation agreements on innovation activities with other enterprises
or more countries according to the geographical location of the business enterprise (or enterprises) that are listed in the authors affiliate address (es);
identifying certain goods or services as those produced or provided by a specific person or enterprise.
The Community trademark offers the advantage of uniform protection in all countries of the European union through a single registration procedure with the Office for Harmonization.
it identifies the origin of goods and services, guarantees consistent quality through evidence of the company's commitment vis-à-vis the consumer,
and is a form of communication, a basis for publicity and advertising. Data source: OHIM (Office of Harmonization for the Internal Market)/ Eurostat Comparison with EIS 2009:
i e. have introduced either New or significantly improved goods or New or significantly improved services. A process innovation,
or producing goods or services, New or significantly improved logistics, delivery or distribution methods for your inputs, goods or services or New or significantly improved supporting activities for your processes, such as maintenance systems or operations
Technological innovation as measured by the introduction of new products (goods or services) and processes is key to innovation in manufacturing activities.
goods or services (i e. first time use of variable pricing by demand, discount systems, etc. An organisational innovation,
Many firms, in particular in the services sectors, innovate through other non-technological forms of innovation.
Knowledge-intensive activities provide services directly to consumers, such as telecommunications, and provide inputs to the innovative activities of other firms in all sectors of the economy.
Note: This indicator was introduced by the EC services. Data source: Eurostat Comparison with EIS 2009:
The indicator on knowledge-intensive activities replaces EIS 2009 indicators 3. 2. 1 on employment in medium-high
and hightech manufacturing and 3. 2. 2 on employment in knowledge-intensive services. The indicator is correlated highly with the EIS 2009 indicator on knowledgeintensive services but not with the EIS 2009 indicator on medium-high and high-tech manufacturing. 3. 2. 2 Medium and high technology product exports
as%of total product exports Numerator: Value of medium and high-tech exports, in national currency and current prices.
Creating, exploiting and commercialising new technologies are vital for the competitiveness of a country in the modern economy.
This is because medium and high technology products are key drivers for economic growth, productivity and welfare, and are generally a source of high value added and well-paid employment.
UN Comtrade/Eurostat 3. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports as%of total services exports Numerator:
Exports of knowledge-intensive services are measured by the sum of credits in EBOPS (Extended Balance of payments Services Classification) 207,208, 211,212, 218,228, 229,245, 253,254, 260,263, 272,274, 278,279, 280
Total services exports as measured by credits in EBOPS 200. Rationale: The indicator measures the competitiveness of the knowledgeintensive services sector.
The indicator is comparable to indicator 3. 2. 2 on high-tech manufacturing export performance. Knowledge-intensive services are defined as NACE classes 61-62 and 64-72.
These can be related to the above-mentioned EBOPS classes using the correspondence table between NACE, ISIC and EBOPS as provided in the UN Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services (UN, 2002).
Data source: Eurostat (Balance of payments statistics)/ UN Service Trade 16 3. 2. 4 Sales of new to-market and new to-firm innovations as%of turnover Numerator:
Sum of total turnover of new or significantly improved products either new to the firm or new to the market for all enterprises.
Total turnover for all enterprises (both innovators and noninnovators), in national currency and current prices.
Services with a technical content, including technical and engineering studies, as well as technical assistance; and Industrial R&d.
The indicator Venture capital has the lowest data availability in the database (69%across all Countries.
UK-1. 3. 1 Public R&d expenditure-IS IS IS IS 1. 3. 2 Venture capital LU LU LU, UK LU, UK LU 2. 1
LU LU LU LU 3. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports LU LU LU LU,
Non-EU doctorate students (1. 23), Venture capital (1. 89), Non-R&d innovation expenditure (1. 67), Public-private co-publications (1
Non-EU doctorate students, Venture capital, PCT patents in societal challenges and License and patent revenues from abroad.
It provides a measure for the supply of human capital of that age group and for the output of education systems in terms of graduates.
and is linked positively with economic growth. Almost 80%of EU27 youth has attained at least upper secondary education. But in some countries these shares are still too low, in particular in Iceland
Iceland R&d expenditure represents one of the major drivers of economic growth in a knowledge-based economy.
and wealth of the EU. Research and development spending is essential for making the transition to a knowledge-based economy as well as for improving production technologies and stimulating growth.
IE ROEE PT LU 37 1. 3. 2 Venture capital(%of GDP) Venture capital as a%of GDP 0. 000 0. 050 0. 100 0. 150 0
The amount of venture capital is a proxy for the relative dynamism of new business creation.
In particular for enterprises using or developing new (risky) technologies venture capital is often the only available means of financing their (expanding) business.
A broader definition including early-stage, expansion and replacement would provide a better picture on the availability of a domestic venture capital industry
and would also decrease volatility. For several countries data are not available as the domestic Venture capital markets are too small to collect such data.
The availability of venture capital differs widely in Europe. Only in Luxembourg Sweden and the UK venture capital represents more than 0. 2%of GDP.
Growth performance Growth performance is diverse with increases over time in 10 countries and decreases in 12 countries plus the EU27.
Growth has been very strong in Belgium with an annual increase above 20%and in particular in Greece with an annual growth close to 50%.
%The availability of venture capital has been declining rapidly in Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Ireland and Spain. Venture capital as a%of GDP-40%-30%-20%-10%0%10%20%30%40%50%HU DK AT IE ES PT CZ PL SE NO EU
NL UK SK DE LU IT FR BG FI RO CH BE GR 38 2. 1. 1 Business R&d expenditures(%of GDP) Business
Several of the components of innovation expenditure, such as investment in equipment and machinery and the acquisition of patents and licenses, measure the diffusion of new production technology and ideas.
HR 40 Correlation with the indicator on business R&d expenditure Indicators 2. 1. 1 and 2. 1. 2 both measure investment in innovation activities:
it identifies the origin of goods and services, guarantees consistent quality through evidence of the company's commitment vis-à-vis the consumer,
and is a form of communication, a basis for publicity and advertising. Most trademarks are applied for in Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta.
or services) and processes, is a key ingredient to innovation in manufacturing activities. Higher shares of technological innovators should reflect a higher level of innovation activities.
Many firms, in particular in the services sectors, innovate through other non-technological forms of innovation.
Luxembourg The indicator on knowledge-intensive activities replaces the European Innovation Scoreboard indicators on employment in medium-high and high-tech manufacturing and employment in knowledge-intensive services.
Creating, exploiting and commercializing new technologies are vital for the competitiveness of a country in the modern economy.
This is because medium and high technology products are key drivers for economic growth productivity and welfare, and are generally a source of high value added and well-paid employment.
IE EU TR IT BEMT LT CHHR IS CZGRLU SI PL SK BGRSNOMK LV RO 52 3. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports
as%of total services exports Knowledge-intensive services exports 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 LTHRTR IS BGSK SI HUMKPL PTATMTCHFRRSCZNL
Exports of knowledge-intensive services are measured by the sum of credits in EBOPS (Extended Balance of payments Services Classification) 207,208, 211,212, 218,228, 229,245, 253,254, 260,263, 272,274, 278,279, 280
The indicator measures the competitiveness of the knowledge-intensive services sector. The indicator is comparable to the indicator manufacturing export performance.
Knowledge-intensive services are defined as NACE classes 61-62 and 64-72. These can be related to the above-mentioned EBOPS classes using the correspondence table between NACE,
ISIC and EBOPS as provided in the UN Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services (UN,
) At EU level about half of the total services exports are knowledge-intensive. Export shares are around 70%in Denmark, Ireland and UK,
Growth performance The export share of knowledge-intensive services has been growing at an average rate of 1. 5%for the EU27.
Lithuania and Sweden at a rate above 5%.Knowledge-intensive services exports-10%-5%0%5%10%15%20%IS LT SE RS NL BE CH FR DK
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