e g. attractive brand names or access to human capital abroad. 3. 3. 2 Financial Problems and State Support As stated in section 3. 2 the lack of financial resources
The private partner may invest its own capital and the public partner recompenses that at the end of the contract.
Capital and project development costs are funded with issue bonds or other debt. DBFOM is financed also 16/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013 The Baltic Institute of Finland/BSRP Transport Cluster with public grants and private equity investments.
and invests its own capital to renovate and modernize it. The private partner operates it under a contract with the public partner.
Nordic Triangel links the Scandinavian countries and their capitals and boosts connections to the rest of the Europe.
which links the capitals of Scandinavia to each others. The construction work of the Ring Rail started in 2009
The company's capital consists of equity which is paid by owners and debt capital. The debt capital is loans from domestic and international banks.
The European Investment Bank finances nearly half of loan demand and it granted loans from the Nordic Investment Bank, Nordea and other commercial banks.
and their contribution has been studied with respect to their roles as economic entities, commoditised knowledge producers, shapers of human capital and institutional actors in networks.
The Capital Region Growth Forum in Hovedstaden (2007-2020) is the most important regional body for innovation and business development:
Research into human capital has suggested that innovation-driven growth in small and medium sized firms is fostered by a broad range of capabilities both managerial and entrepreneurial (Kakaki 2003;
Human and social capital in turn also activate networking opportunities and increase firms'absorptive capacities, defined as the capacity of make use of external knowledge.
whose social capital is too low to allow them to emigrate, hopelessness activates circuits of violence
the reduction (or qualitative change) in social capital (instead of people actually meeting in person with all the personal interactions that usually shape relationships, they merely Skype and leave aside all the rest),
'This in turn, generates strong social capital (both some bonded and bridging types) amongst user communities.
and significant building of social capital (mainly bonding, but also some bridging types), including an alumni community providing an on-and offline knowledge base for new start-ups.
thereby generating strong social capital. A prime focus of all three cases is also creating flexible capacity out of underused and unused assets (i e. people's time and both technical and behavioural skills
or enabling the latter to be developed as knowledge communities which also build social capital. All three main types of networks are deployed,
This in turn, generates strong social capital amongst user communities. All three cases also started as mainly small world networks,
and builds social capital (both bonding & bridging)- Starting as small world, scaling to scale-free, with some random-Trust, reciprocity, cooperation-Flexible, fast,
more and better jobs Standard & bespoke ICT alongside traditional activities All types depending on case-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding,
and where important social innovation benefits arise especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded
and where important social innovation benefits arise especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded
communities-Social capital (mainly bonding, some bridging)- Starting as small world, scaling to scale-free, with some random-Collaboration, partnerships, coopetition & relationships-Building capacity,
both with and without traditional activities All types, except matching finance to needs, depending on case-Complementary on-and offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding, some bridging)- Starting as small world,
including matching local finance to local needs-Complementary on-and offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding,
The currency of the sharing economy is‘peer trust'based on‘reputational capital, 'so measuring, transporting
and thus their‘reputational capital',become important values. But it reaches further than this. When local communities share assets
and where important social innovation benefits arise especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded
and where important social innovation benefits arise especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded
Both cases also facilitate important social innovation benefits especially in the form of social capital with both bonded
thus investing in social capital, and it is open to experimentation since participants are free to innovate the way they use it and
-and offline knowledge community-Social capital bonding & bridging Starting as small world & scaling to scalefree plus much
(smart capital) to support social innovation-Increase the probability of numerous types of actors to donate
To build social capital between the HIV community (HIV-positive people and those who aim to help) and the rest of the world.
To de-stigmatise is to build social capital, or the condition of the possibility for building bridging social capital.
But the approach also aims to make people actually engage, donate, vote, etc.,i e. to build bonding social capital.
Social innovation outcomes In the following the social innovation outcomes and their beneficiaries reported by the cases are summarised:
and increase social capital, with the MOOCS being the exception of also including random network effects and scale-free networks.
capital Online small world support network, issue depending scaling to scale free-Building capacity and skills-Trust, collaboration,
Social Capital Among African-american and Latin-american Low-Income Mothers, Social Problems, Vol. 50, No. 1 february 2003), pp. 111-135 Economist Magazine (2012) A sense of place technology and geography, 27 october 2012 Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989) Building theories
Perez, C (2004) Technological revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden ages, IBM 2004 Annual Report.
Two important types of social capital have been identified by Putnam (2007), and these are particularly important in the context of ICT as well as for issues of inclusion:
149 Bonding social capital: tight, strong ties with the most immediate family members, closest friends and within closely knit communities of like-minded people that are bound together by common features that they regard as fundamental to their identity, such as ethnicity, deep religious beliefs
Bridging social capital: rather more loose, less committed connections to acquaintances, colleagues, and far-flung, weaker ties between rather diverse communities.
and this means a reduction in school dropout rates and equipping human capital with improved skills.
The main initiatives in this respect include projects with knock-on effects focused on ICT (linked to Barcelona Mobile World Capital) and on sustainable mobility (electric vehicles, development of new businesses and economic activities, etc..
and enhance the willingness to cooperate for common goals Several important constituents of social capital are missing e g. trust is low in international comparisons,
Representatives of INNOREG, similarly to those of other RIAS can only hope their network would be sustained and their in depth knowledge of both the regional innovation stakeholders (their network capital) and of the regional innovation specifics,
the development of the capital is perceived (by stakeholders in other regions) to be at the expense of the rest of Hungary (a zero sum
As for the capital, persisting financial problems and shortage of funding result in below-the-optimal level of urban development.
Both the capital and its 23 districts have municipal governments with independent functions and powers, i e. the local governments of both the capital itself and its 23 districts have equal status and power a phenomenon that is unique in Europe.
The main drivers of regional performance are services in general, and high-value knowledge intensive services3 such as ICT in particular,
The biggest challenge jeopardising both regional economic performance and the shift to innovation-driven growth is the unfavourable turn in Hungary's fiscal and regulatory environment that reduces the attractiveness of the capital as a base for high
%and the share of foreign capital in R&d financing is the highest in Hungary, at 16%versus 12.35%.
human capital. The share of the population aged between 25 and 64 with a tertiary education was 28.9%in 2008,
The planned structural change is guided by the principles of 1) reducing the budgetary contribution to higher education and 2) diminishing the excessive weight of the capital in higher education.
Csepeli, Prazsák, 2011) in Hungary several constituents of social capital are below the optimal level:
and the necessity to maintain RIAS. 16 capital) and of the regional innovation specifics, perspectives and bottlenecks would be considered an asset too valuable to be left to decay.
JEREMIE VC programme was launched with the aim of improving Hungarian SMES'access to capital in the early (seed
Only one of them, Euroventures IV VC Capital Fund is entitled to carry out VC investment in CH,
The number of companies with foreign capital was 20,328 (2008), representing 70.1%of total. The share of the regional stock of FDI in Hungarian total was 64.4%.
However, this performance is concentrated to the capital, Budapest and its agglomeration. Thus, inside the region, there are at least three distinct parts with different level of development, different economies etc.
improving conditions of access to capital, promoting cooperation between companies (clusters and virtual companies). Emerging hot technological fields are numerous.
Society and Social Capital research unit at T6 Ecosystems, a research SME based in Rome, Italy.
These include an increase in social capital, i e. the immaterial wealth derived from having links with certain people as a means to reach other people,
Portes, A. 1998)' Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology'.'Annual Review of Sociology.
Luca Bergamo examines the topic of cultural capital as a major asset to European society, an asset that he believes can bring Europe out of the current crisis and into a shared place of diverse and democratic values and beliefs.
Rather, such an approach will require investing in the development of social capital, which ultimately depends on the cultural capacity of citizens and on the quality of their everyday life experiences.
it should not come as a surprise that a majority of citizens does not consider cultural policy AS'SUCH AN APPROACH WILL REQUIRE INVESTING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL,
Partner with citizens'organisations and the civil society at large in search of convergences to make a positive difference on the accumulation of social capital.
in short, they provide experiences that impact those essential cultural capacities that are the elementary components of social capital.
which all actors can directly benefit by contributing to the growth of social capital in Europe
largely capital-driven in energy. However, the lessons from these studies have yet to be digested fully in terms of how to improve the targeting and effectiveness of the programmes,
0. 75 1. 27 11.2%Venture capital and seed capital as%of GDP 0. 03 0. 094 4. 0%Linkages & entrepreneurship Public-private co
The revised act authorizes each member state to adopt national legislation reducing its paid-in minimum capital requirement the amount of capital that entrepreneurs need to deposit in a bank account or with a notary before or within 3 months of incorporation.
In the area of starting a business the paid-in minimum capital requirement is the same in the 2 cities in all 11 economies
time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a limited liability company Dealing with construction permits Procedures,
(or even eliminate) the minimum capital requirement for new firms. They can invest in company
or eliminating the minimum capital requirement (see table 4a. 1 at the end of the chapter). Timor-Leste, the economy that improved the ease of starting a business the most,
São tomé and Príncipe eliminated the minimum capital requirement for business entities with no need to obtain a commercial license.
Moldova abolished the minimum capital requirement for all limited liability companies. The Russian Federation through amendments to its civil code and federal law, eliminated the requirement for a company's founders to deposit the charter capital before incorporation.
Russia also abolished the requirement for companies to notify the tax authorities of the opening of bank accounts.
by eliminating the minimum capital requirement and thus the need for a capital verification report from an auditing firm.
Russia made starting a business easier by eliminating the requirement to deposit the charter capital before company registration as well as the requirement to notify tax authorities of the opening of bank accounts.
deposit the capital and obtain a certificate of deposit. Cut or simplified postregistration procedures (tax registration, social security registration, licensing) Armenia;
In Bangladesh obtaining a zoning clearance from the Capital Development Authority (Rajuk) in Dhaka takes 45 days on FIGURE 6. 2 Half the economies that require the additional step of obtaining a zoning
Doing Business database. 62 DOING BUSINESS 2015 coverage of property taxes. 7 A case in point was the Maputo Structure Plan in Mozambique an initiative to collect geographic data that was aimed at aiding the physical development of the capital
One study found that credit registries played a valuable role in calculating credit risk for capital
PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS 77 Specifically, greater shareholder protection is associated with larger capital markets, 2 a lower cost of capital, higher cash flows, more efficient firm-level
consistent with the more developed capital markets in these economies (figure 9. 5). Sub-saharan africa is the only region where the majority of economies provide the same level of protection for minority shareholders in both types of companies,
Most of these changes were aimed at providing tax relief for investment in physical capital or research and development (R&d) while limiting the deductibility of other items.
Thailand, for example, encouraged capital investment with accelerated depreciation for equipment and machinery acquired before December 2010.
Cost of Capital and Earnings Transparency. Journal of Accounting and Economics 55 (2 3): 206 24.
Agency Costs of Free Cash Flows and the Effect of Shareholder Rights on the Implied Cost of Capital.
The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New york:
$ Cost(%of income per capita) Paid-in minimum capital Number of procedures Preregistration Registration, Postregistration incorporation Time (days) Formal operation Entrepreneur 118 Doing Business 2015 Operates in the economy's largest business city.
Has start-up capital of 10 times income per capita, paid in cash. Performs general industrial or commercial activities,
when final document is received 25%Paid-in minimum capital 25%Time 25%Cost 25%Procedures Rankings are based on distance to frontier scores for 4 indicators TABLE 14.3
no bribes No professional fees unless services required by law Paid-in minimum capital(%of income per capita) Funds deposited in a bank
and Australia, Colombia and 110 other economies have paid no-in minimum capital requirement (table 15.1).
the 95th percentile is used for the indicators with the most dispersed distributions (including time, cost, minimum capital and number of payments to pay taxes),
New zealand 1 18a Time (days) New zealand 0. 5 100b Cost(%of income per capita) Slovenia 0. 0 200. 0b Minimum capital(%of income
percentile among all economies in the Doing Business sample. c. One hundred and ten other economies also have a minimum capital requirement of 0. 0. d. In 11 other economies it also takes only 3
which in turn reduced the paid-in minimum capital Reforms affecting the labor market regulation indicators are included here
Benin Starting a business Benin made starting a business easier by reducing the minimum capital requirement
China Starting a business China made starting a business easier by eliminating both the minimum capital requirement
Czech republic Starting a business The Czech republic made starting a business easier by substantially reducing the minimum capital requirement
Italy Starting a business Italy made starting a business easier by reducing both the minimum capital requirement
and the paid-in minimum capital requirement and by streamlining registration procedures. Labor market regulation Italy relaxed the conditions for using fixed-term contracts
if the capital is paid in cash. Pakistan Trading across borders Pakistan made trading across borders easier by introducing a fully automated,
Russian Federation Starting a business The Russian Federation made starting a business easier by eliminating the requirement to deposit the charter capital before company registration as well as the requirement to notify tax authorities of the opening of a bank account.
São tomé and Príncipe Starting a business São tomé and Príncipe made starting a business easier by eliminating the minimum capital requirement for business entities with no need to obtain a commercial license.
and by establishing provisions for an increase in share capital through debt-equity swaps. Solomon islands Getting electricity The Solomon islands made getting electricity easier by improving procurement practices for the materials needed to establish new connections.
(%of income per capita) 10.0 Cost(%of property value) 9. 9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 745 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number
(US$ per container) 1, 270 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 24.1 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 171 Time to import (days) 26 Dealing with construction
060 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 20.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 180 Time to import (days) 43 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 67
to export (US$ per container) 1, 090 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 151 Time to import (days) 23 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 30 DTF score for getting credit (0
) 1, 770 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 4. 0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 30 Dealing with construction permits
885 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 36 Time to import (days) 18 Dealing with construction permits (rank
200 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 8
150 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 13.6 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 52 Time to import (days) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 78
460 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 104 Time to import (days) 25 Dealing with construction permits (rank
005 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 13 Dealing
) 810 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 192.2 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 104 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 7
281 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 33.6 Dealing with construction permits (
per capita) 7. 6 Cost(%of property value) 5. 6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 810 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number
460 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 104 Time to import (days) 30 Dealing with construction permits (rank
240 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 18.2 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 89 Time to import (days) 8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 82
355 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 160 Time to import (days) 19 Dealing
230 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 37 Dealing with construction permits (rank
440 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 1. 6 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 116 Time to import (
260 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 28.6 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 36 Time to import (days) 13 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 182
145 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 35 Dealing with construction permits (rank
323 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 89 Time to import (days) 17
container) 705 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 89 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits
375 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time to import (days)
305 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 308.5 Documents to import (number) 12 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 49 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 75
905 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 171 Time to import (days) 43 Dealing with construction permits (rank
125 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 104 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits (rank
per capita) 139.5 Cost(%of property value) 4. 4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 795 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 26.1 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting
capital(%of income per capita) 156.4 Documents to import (number) 12 Getting credit (rank) 116 Time to import (days) 25 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 166 DTF score
680 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 3 Getting credit (rank) 7 Time to import (days) 10 Dealing with construction permits (rank
490 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 607.3 Documents to import (number) 17 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 68 Dealing with construction permits (
615 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 201.7 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 90 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 123
per capita) 0. 7 Cost(%of property value) 1. 2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 910 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number
Cost(%of income per capita) 0. 9 Cost(%of property value) 3. 6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 823 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0
per container) 2, 355 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 2 Time to import (days) 13 Dealing with construction
295 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 226.7 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 24 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 31
365 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 500.0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 63 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 111
795 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 79.3 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 104 Time to import (days) 54 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 102
020 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 89 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank
390 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 3. 4 Documents to import (number) 13 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 32 Dealing with construction
per container) 1, 335 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 26.6 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits
) 12.6 Cost(%of property value) 10.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 865 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank
240 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time to import (days) 17 Dealing with construction permits (rank
(%of property value) 0. 6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 795 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 14.5 Documents to import (number) 3 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time
capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 180 Time to import (days) 18 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 146 DTF score for getting credit (0 100) 5. 00 Cost to import (US$
to export (US$ per container) 990 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction
) 1, 040 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 43.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 89 Time to import (days) 10 Dealing with construction permits (rank
535 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 3. 5 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 89 Time to import (days) 24 Dealing with construction permits (rank
(%of income per capita) 9. 2 Cost(%of property value) 0. 7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 625 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents
045 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 2. 7 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 10 Dealing with construction permits (rank
390 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 14.3 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 104 Time to import (days) 44 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 94
850 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 182.1 Documents to import (number) 12 Getting credit (rank) 185 Time to import (days) 59 Dealing
container) 765 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 18.6 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time to import (days) 5 Dealing with construction permits (rank
380 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 164.4 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 165 Time to import (days) 44 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 28
per capita) 22.5 Cost(%of property value) 3. 0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 790 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9
property value) 4. 0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 615 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 7. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 36 Time
335 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 2 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 11 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 86 DTF score for getting credit (0 100) 50.00 Cost to import (US$
145 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 19.6 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 104 Time to import (days) 22 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 76
Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 160 Time to import (days) 19 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 71
355 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 7 Time to import (days) 10 Dealing with construction permits (rank
015 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 35.8 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time to import (days) 7 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 8
1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 875 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 2. 8 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 36 Time to import (days) 41
040 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank
to export (US$ per container) 1, 300 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 40 DTF score for getting credit (0 100
container) 1, 355 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 18.7 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 12 Time to import (days) 16 Dealing with construction permits
Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 416.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 31 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 159 DTF
448 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 401.3 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 22 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 165
value) 4. 6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 730 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 165 Time to import (days
200 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 17.6 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank)
450 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 11.5 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 7 Time to import (days) 16 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 103
export (US$ per container) 590 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 3 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time to import (days) 5 Dealing with construction
to export (days) 17 Cost(%of income per capita) 8. 3 Cost(%of property value) 5. 0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 885 Minimum capital(%of income per capita
530 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 9. 3 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 52 Time to import (days) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank
332 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 111.2 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 36 Time to import (days) 21.1 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 184
) 21.1 Cost(%of property value) 10.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 572 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 35.5 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit rank) 71
350 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 89 Time to import (days) 37 Dealing with construction permits (rank
) 3, 550 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 12.8 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 180 Time to import (days) 82 Dealing with construction permits (rank
160 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 2 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time to import (days) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank
per capita) 3. 5 Cost(%of property value) 7. 3 Cost to export US$ per container) 620 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number
195 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 3 Getting credit (rank) 89 Time to import (days) 18 Dealing with construction permits (rank
580 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 12 Time to import (days) 17 Dealing with construction permits (rank
Cost(%of property value) 5. 8 Cost to export US$ per container) 829 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank
container) 825 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 185 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits
285 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 12 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 67 Dealing with construction permits (rank
255 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 116 Time to import (days) 26 Dealing with construction permits (
value) 0. 0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 870 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 19.5 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 160 Time to import (days) 21
Cost(%of income per capita) 14.5 Cost(%of property value) 5. 1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 670 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents
695 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits (rank
container) 1, 085 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 74.0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 116 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits
760 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 36 Time to import (days) 73 Dealing with construction permits (rank
950 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 116 Time
value) 2. 0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 600 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time to import (days
080 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 33.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit ( (rank) 116 Time to import (days) 30 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 164 DTF score for getting credit (0 100) 35.00 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1
795 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 151 Time to import (days) 33 Dealing with construction permits (rank
Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 12 Getting credit (rank) 160 Time to import (days) 29 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 143
140 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 33.8 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 185 Time to import (days) 37 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 189
Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time to import (days) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 15 DTF score for getting credit (0 100) 70.00 Cost to import (US$
425 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 22.5 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 165 Time to import (days) 7 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 50
376 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 36 Time to import (days) 11 Dealing with construction permits (rank
195 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 180 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank)
capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 12 Getting credit (rank) 151 Time to import (days) 39 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 72 DTF
per capita) 7. 2 Cost(%of property value) 3. 3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 525 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number
625 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 2. 3 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 116 Time to import (days) 22 Dealing with construction permits (rank
440 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 300.7 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 34 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 97
per capita) 11.0 Cost(%of property value) 5. 1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 855 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 1. 5 Documents to import (number) 7
) 23 Cost(%of income per capita) 12.8 Cost(%of property value) NO PRACTICE Cost to export (US$ per container) 695 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number
, 640 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 331.8 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 171 Time to import (days) 38 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 77
) 2. 1 Cost(%of property value) 10.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 675 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting
499 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 12 Time to import (days) 11.2 Dealing with construction permits (rank
(days) NO PRACTICE Time to export (days) 30 Cost(%of income per capita) 141.2 Cost(%of property value) NO PRACTICE Cost to export (US$ per container) 1, 045 Minimum capital(%of income
510 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time to import (days) 27 Dealing with construction permits (rank
745 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 12 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (
US$ per container) 985 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction
per capita) 9. 2 Cost(%of property value) 5. 9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 595 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number
100 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 25 Dealing with construction permits (rank
) 7. 2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 620 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 6,
650 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 25 DTF score for getting credit (0 100) 55.00 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1
545 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 116 Time to import (days) 39 Dealing with construction permits (rank
container) 915 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 6 Dealing with construction permits
per capita) 0. 3 Cost(%of property value) 0. 1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 870 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number
140 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 89 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits (rank
475 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 492.0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 61 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 119
564 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 13 Getting credit (rank) 52 Time to import (days) 33.9 Dealing with construction permits (rank
265 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 5. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 7 Dealing
container) 765 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 206.3 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 116 Time to import (days) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank
Cost(%of property value) 7. 6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 765 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank
per capita) 3. 3 Cost(%of property value) 0. 3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 720 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 8. 8 Documents to import (number
value) 2. 4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 665 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 3 Getting credit (rank) 17 Time to import (days
335 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 165 Time to import (days) 30 Dealing with construction permits (rank
850 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days)
(US$ per container) 890 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 12 Time to import (days) 17 Dealing with construction
) 16.6 Cost(%of property value) 4. 3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 755 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 3. 6 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting
050 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 12.3 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 17 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 137
value) 7. 3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 780 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 89 Time to import (days
300 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 7 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 158 DTF score for getting credit (0 100) 85.00 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1
(%of income per capita) 5. 2 Cost(%of property value) 0. 3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 927 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 62.6 Documents to import (number
per container) 1, 485 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 7 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 7 Time to import (days) 13 Dealing with construction
401 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 19.4 Dealing with construction permits (rank
245 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 27 Dealing
property value) 3. 7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 490 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 151 Time
, 900 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 29.5 Documents to import (number) ) 4 Getting credit (rank) 180 Time to import (days) 13 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 112 DTF score for getting credit (0 100) 5. 00
per capita) 17.5 Cost(%of property value) 9. 0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 690 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6
) 1, 285 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 17 Dealing with construction permits
225 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 19.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 151
635 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 52 Time to import (
0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 705 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 171 Time to import (days) 17
185 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 151 Time to
Cost(%of income per capita) 0. 6 Cost(%of property value) 2. 8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 460 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0
(US$ per container) 1, 525 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 19.2 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 36 Time to import (days) 16 Dealing with construction
per capita) 0. 0 Cost(%of property value) 2. 0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 745 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 44.1 Documents to import (number) 7
to export (US$ per container) 840 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 36 DTF score for getting credit (0 100) 50.00
830 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 52 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank
335 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 12 Getting credit (rank) 171 Time to import (days) 130 Dealing with construction permits (rank
310 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 13.8 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 52 Time to
Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 89 Time to import (days) 13 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 60
. 7 Cost(%of property value) 13.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 805 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank
per capita) 17.8 Cost(%of property value) 7. 6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 935 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 11
Cost(%of property value) 11.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 585 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 151
630 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 165 Time to import (days) 46 Dealing with construction permits (rank
050 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 3 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 171 Time to import (days)
Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 4 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 23 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 55
per capita) 0. 5 Cost(%of property value) 4. 3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 725 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 12.8 Documents to import (number) 3
660 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 25.4 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 52 Time to import (days) 8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 45
995 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 272.1 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 165 Time to import (days) 24 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 189
) 2. 2 Cost(%of property value) 6. 2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 655 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6
050 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 12 Getting credit (rank) 116 Time to import (days) 70 Dealing with construction permits (rank
capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 151 Time to import (days) 26 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 169 DTF
) 6. 6 Cost(%of property value) 6. 3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 595 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5
) 28 Cost(%of income per capita) 0. 3 Cost(%of property value) NO PRACTICE Cost to export (US$ per container) 410 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 127.5 Documents to import (number
015 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 37.5 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 29 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 170
per capita) 7. 6 Cost(%of property value) 15.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 515 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6
(%of income per capita) 0. 7 Cost(%of property value) 7. 0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 843 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents
container) 805 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 116 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits
per capita) 16.4 Cost(%of property value) 4. 0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 990 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 12.1 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting
800 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 131 Time to import (days) 31 Dealing with construction permits (rank
880 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 17 Time to import (days) 28 Dealing with construction permits (rank
per capita) 6. 3 Cost(%of property value) 0. 2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 665 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number
005 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 17 Time to import (days) 6 Dealing with construction permits (rank
(US$ per container) 1, 224 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 2 Time to import (days) 5. 4
125 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 52 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank
090 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 13 Getting credit (rank) 104 Time to import (
490 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 36 Time to import (days) 24 Dealing with construction permits (rank
490 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 104 Time to import (days) 82 Dealing with construction permits (rank
per capita) 5. 3 Cost(%of property value) 0. 6 Cost to export US$ per container) 610 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number
(US$ per container) 1, 750 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 116 Time to import (days) 38 Dealing
065 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 185 Time to import (days) 27 Dealing with construction permits (rank
165 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 23 Time to import (days) 53
265 Minimum capital(%of income per capita) 0. 0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 104 Time to import (days) 71 Dealing with construction permits (rank
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