5 An economy in transition: from digital to digitally-driven...8 Vision and objectives...13 Vision...
77 Benchmarking analysis...78 4 Foreword Digital technologies are one of the most important sources of growth for national economies.
They enable economies to create more jobs, improve people's lives and build better and greener societies.
and accelerate smarter use of‘digital'technology in various sectors of the European economy. Michel Catinat Head of Unit Key Enabling Technologies and ICT Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General European commission 5 A business landscape in transition The European business landscape:
the European economy is by far the leading economy worldwide. With almost 74%of the EU GDP, the service sector dominates,
SMES1 are the backbone of this service-driven economy. From Table 1, it is clear that the typical EU enterprise is a SME,
1 067 387 3 492 980 2 485 457%21.6%18.9%17.9%58.4%41.6%SMES are the backbone of the European economy,
this gap in‘entrepreneurial perception'between the two economies has reduced surprisingly as the image of European citizens towards entrepreneurs slightly improved(+4)
Nevertheless, in the EU a truly entrepreneurial climate is often lacking 8 said that an economy almost fully driven by (micro) SMES could be the ideal catalyst to make the most of the huge potential of digital technologies.
An economy in transition: from digital to digitally-driven There is no debate over whether digital innovation is a profound force in our economy.
The digital economy isn't just about speeding up communication across borders or changing the skills workers need;
in order to leverage the digital potential for Europe's SMEDRIVEN economy. 3 Definitions see Annex. Quenching customer insight:
These innovations are changing economies and markets, and reinventing relationships between organisations, suppliers and customers thus becoming critical elements for growth, innovation and job creation.
To foster a truly entrepreneurial culture to leverage the digital potential for Europe's SME-driven economy.
cover the transformation to a digitally driven economy, digital entrepreneurship5, high-tech skills and talent, access to finance
and engage with customers and stakeholders. They create the jobs and growth opportunities of the future. 15 Figure 4 Objectives The analysis in this paper is oriented around the above five pillars.
Governments and policy makers are recognising the important role of digital in the economy and efforts are being made to foster digital entrepreneurship.
Pillar 1 Increase industry digital transformation In order to increase the take-up of digital technologies and intensify the digitisation process in Europe's economy
not only to connect to other start-ups and stakeholders in that city, but to adjacent cities and to the entire country as well.
and innovation-driven economy will have a clear dependence on technology, high-tech skills and human capital are required arguably also for successfully doing business in the digital age.
New competences and jobs for a greener and smarter economy 10 IDC (2009. Post crisis: e-Skills are needed to drive Europe's Innovation Society 11 See:
countries like Singapore and the UK have relaxed their visa requirements for highly skilled individuals willing to work in their national economies.
with Member States and other stakeholders at its centre, however, needs to be strengthened further and further developed. 13 The Startup Visa Act does not allocate any new visa numbers
and enhance investments Finance is crucial to business success and an important factor for economic growth in Europe, especially in view of any past or future economic crisis.
validation of product features, market segmentation, price and demand, pre-sales and customer feedback as well as word-of-mouth marketing and a stable, committed shareholding structure.
currently taking actions aimed at monitoring the various initiatives already been put in place by organising workshops with European stakeholders
Green paper on long-term financing of the European economy 24 European commission (2013. Strengthening the environment for Web entrepreneurs in the EU Lack of information
Measuring Industry Digitisation-Leaders and Laggards in the Digital economy Generally, central and northern economies are more digitised
and those economies lead Eastern and Southern Europe in all but one industry(‘real estate, rental & leasing').
'The gaps between regions tend to be the largest in Europe's traditional, non-service oriented economies like‘chemicals'and‘basic manufacturing'.
Figure 15 illustrates clearly that it's not possible to speak about one digitally empowered single market in Europe as the European business landscape is a patchwork of national economies and Basic Manufacturing Utilities Business & Administrative Services Transportation & Logistics Consumer goods Real estate,
These objectives and policy options have been discussed extensively with stakeholders-industry, academics and European policy makers. The policy actions developed to overcome the challenges
the U k. government commitment has articulated a strong vision for the U k. to emerge as a leading centre in the new high tech economy
and Sweden being connected the most economy in the World Role models and big exits were and are a source of inspiration for (future) entrepreneurs Due to‘limited'internal market opportunities,
research and innovation-sustainable, thanks to a decisive move towards a low-carbon economy, and inclusive, with a strong emphasis on job creation and poverty reduction.
with 1. 2 million jobs expected to be created in infrastructure construction in the short term, rising to 3. 8 million jobs throughout the economy in the long term.
and opening up international markets. 3. Access to finance and capital to improve lending to the real economy by better mobilising
the Small Business Act for Europe reflects the European commission's political will to recognise the central role of SMES in the EU economy.
The European E-business Support Network for SMES (ebsn) was established in response to high-level political focus on the important role of ICT in boosting the competitiveness of the overall EU economy.
the ultimate beneficiary is the entire European economy. The first results are remarkable. The business benefits of digital supply chains lie in significant gains in efficiency
This section looks into options for policy action in all industries and sectors of the economy as there is potential
and workshops with key stakeholders from both private and public sectors. Some options for policy action build further upon
however, when looking into specific sectors of the economy, some differences are observed in the degree of digital transformation among traditional businesses and SMES or start-ups.
This type of platform should bring together stakeholders with hands-on experience in their field of specialisation as well as entrepreneurs with specific ideas about opportunities fostering digital applications into sectors less digitally transformed.
It is supposed that private partners are to be key stakeholders. Take into account issues concerning market distortion and competition.
Identification of key responsibilities at Member State level, for the implementation of the action and the creation of awareness involving local stakeholders.
referring to lagging-behind other economies (primarily the US) in applying science into marketable technological applications.
Develop awareness campaigns among stakeholders and decision makers for the opportunities of crowdfunding. Support research on the impact of new forms of funding for entrepreneurs.
-Emerging market needs, new business paradigms and their impact on the European economy. Develop a scorecard with indicators for monitoring the key aspects across Europe.
but are expected to have a high impact on the economy. These projects are described in Table 5. Table 5 Strategic investment projects Objective Action Description Pillar 1:
With a European economy, consisting of more than 60%of traditional, service-orientated companies there is a huge potential to be leveraged.
Governments and policy makers are beginning to recognise the important role of digital in the economy
Green paper on long-term financing of the European economy-European commission (2013. Strengthening the environment for Web entrepreneurs in the EU-European commission (2012.
New competences and jobs for a greener and smarter economy-OECD (2010. ICT Skills and employment 72 Annex Industry clusters Table 7-Industry clusters in Europe(%of total Member State workforce employed in particular cluster) Source:
The report sets out to illustrate the potentialadded-value to The irish economy by addinganother dimension to its ecosystem of innovation supports
Explain the global shift towardsdesign-driven innovation practices 10the design processas a tool of innovationexplain the global shift towardsdesign-driven innovation practicesnever before has innovation been so importantto The irish economy.
by export-orientated economies and as key enablers of innovation strategies. In October 2010, the European commission included design as a priority in the new Europe 2020 Flagship Strategy‘Innovation Union'stating that:
Ladder models of design propose that there is a range of rolesof design that are stepped from the bottom-up from no designuse to more integrated and sophisticated applications of designby firms. 9the Danish Model and theglobalizing Learning Economy, Bengt-Åke
the Danishgovernment adopted a four-year national design policy in 2003as one of five new strategic initiatives to promote economicdevelopment under the programme Denmark in the Cultureand Experience Economy.
A greater awareness and adoption of a design-driven innovation approach and design thinking can impact positively on economic growth and job creation in Irish SMES. 10danish National Agencyfor Enterprise and Housing (2003.
and11finish Ministry of Employment and the Economy and the Ministry of Education and Culture (2012.
and policy advisors Industry Stakeholders Development Agencies and Government departments in Irelandand Northern ireland Strategic Design in Ireland 53 Key Findingsthere is a self-fulfilling context for design thinking/strategic design
and economic growth and design-driveninnovation has a role to play; That innovation is a key part of internationalisation and company growth;
More than before designis associated with user-driven innovation activities by companies 56finish Ministry of Employment and the Economy and the Ministry of Education and Culture (2012.
Theseofferings range from consulting or advisory services, on-site mentoring, matchmaking between designers and businesses, education and training anddissemination of information about the economic value of design.
The New British Design Council and the Global economy. Design Management Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, P. 10-14. 34the British Design Councilwas opened in 1944. 35rualik-Murphy, G. 2010.
In open-market countries where there is a particular reliance upon export-orientated economies e g. New zealand (Export-Orientated Economies;
Where market failure is evident and intervention is necessary, in the casewhere the allocation of goods and services by the free market is not efficient and effective i e. low export performance of SMES (Market Failure);
Given the size of New zealand's domestic economy and its lack of scale and critical mass,
Policy and strategic advice/input provided to Invest NI, wider NI Government its partners and stakeholders.
if UK businesses are to compete with rivals in fast-emerging global economies. The review, endorsed by the Chancellor, recommended support for the Design Council's programme and calledfor it to be made available across the UK to help SMES use designas a business tool.
Building a Balanced Economy ona Secure Manufacturing Base. 71 Intriguingly, a survey conducted in 2010 by the same organisation showed that the number of companies introducing
and uses service design as a tool for economic growth within the advanced materials and manufacturing sector.
Support Programmes 75 Backgrounddesign Flanders is part of Enterprise Flanders a government agency charged with developing the economy and enterprises in Flanders
Meetings Heldlouise Allen, Head of Innovationprogrammes, Design and Craftscouncil of Ireland/Brendan Coogan, Assistant Principal, Economic Division, Department of Finance/Neil Cooney, Senior Economist
A robust health information environment will allow all stakeholders patients and service users, health professionals, policy makers and the general public to make choices or decisions based on the best available information.
9 2. 1 Health service improvement 9 2. 2 Economic benefits 10 2. 3 Stakeholders 10 3 Interoperability standards...
in order to inform key stakeholders service users, suppliers, purchasers and implementers of ehealth applications, and healthcare providers and any other interested parties about the proposed future direction of ehealth standards in Ireland,
The Authority is committed fully to stakeholder consultation and values all feedback provided as part of its standards development process.
and input of all stakeholders as to where ehealth interoperability standards are required most urgently and where therefore the work of the Authority and the esag should be targeted.
in order to inform key stakeholders including: suppliers, purchasers and implementers of ehealth applications, healthcare providers, and any other interested parties, about the proposed future direction of ehealth standards in Ireland,
whose impact continues to growï. 2. 3 Stakeholders A wide range of stakeholders will benefit from having ehealth interoperability standards in place including healthcare professionals, service planners, healthcare organisations, healthcare software suppliers, implementers
The benefits to stakeholders include the following: service users benefit from the use of ehealth interoperability standards in a number of ways.
are developed collaboratively with all the key stakeholders involved, generally under the auspices of an SDO, and crucially also promote competition.
The Authority has commenced a programme of standards development working with stakeholders. The Health Service Executive (HSE) is finalising its ICT Strategy
Equally, it is recognised that all stakeholders are consulted in the development of ehealth standards for Ireland
The economics of standardization, Final report for Standards and Technical Regulations Directorate. UK department of Trade and Industry, University of Manchester;
and enabling all stakeholders to access and comment on standards developed including via public comment periods of at least 60 days Making every effort to achieve consensus,
revoking and amending those delegations as required advise the Authority on the identification of key stakeholders e g. user communities,
Building security, protection and trust within society and the economy...30 1. Greater online protection for citizens and companies...
we want to seize the opportunities that digitisation presents to strengthen Germany's role as an innovative and highly productive economy within the European union and across the globe.
Without confidence in the security and integrity of the digital world, we will not succeed in harnessing the true potential of the digital transformation for the benefit of our economy and society.
Today, Germany's ICT industry generates almost 85 billion euros of economic value added, and therefore contributes more to the economy than the traditional industries such as mechanical engineering or automotive.
The sales figures also speak for themselves, with this industry generating turnover of some 228 billion euros globally.
Meanwhile, the sinister threat of cyber espionage is ever present not only for our economy and citizens but also for the state.
In the face of these challenges, we must work with all stakeholders in particular at a European level to formulate solutions that do not diminish the opportunities presented to all of us by digitisation.
but also to the business models on which the network economy is based. The use of encryption and other security mechanisms is necessary to ensuring Internet safety.
and planning certainty for all stakeholders and also gives due regard to expanding networks in rural areas.
For planning purposes, all stakeholders need to know in advance which frequencies are available for which requirements.
These changes are having a massive impact at the very heart of our economy. Networked production or Industry 4. 0 has the potential to recast value added chains
we are establishing a political dialogue that will facilitate an exchange between the relevant stakeholders in government,
Existing communication barriers between the individual stakeholders are being removed. Other measures are: zzthe establishment and expansion of research and technology programmes with high transferability to industry, for example, the areas of autonomic technology, 3d, big data, cloud computing and microelectronics;
A cross-sectoral strategic approach can harness growth potential for the national economy and provide stimulus for social progress. 2 Supporting the young digital economy By bringing together established businesses and young, innovative enterprises under a future-oriented innovation and growth policy,
and proactively engage all stakeholders from the spheres of industry, science, civil society and politics.
we are examining to what extent these rules must be developed to take account of the dynamically evolving technological and economic conditions of the global data economy.
Demographic trends are directly affecting the supply of labour and thus the performance of Germany's economy and social system.
The State is only one of several stakeholders in this area. Industry is required also to make its contribution towards energy and resource conservation.
therefore work with the Länder and other stakeholders in the education sector to support greater use of digital media in education and over the entire lifetime of the individual.
Together with the Länder and all education stakeholders, the Federal government will develop a digital learning strategy that will systematically use,
Building security, protection and trust within society and the economy VI. BUILDING SECURITY, PROTECTION AND TRUST WITHIN SOCIETY AND THE ECONOMY 31 The Federal government has set itself the task of ensuring that the network is secure
in order to reap the full benefits of digitisation for German society and its economy. People will not trust new digital services
and offerings unless their data is protected and they can operate with maximum security on the Internet.
and economy. zzwe will modernise and harmonise European data protection law in the digital internal market in order to strengthen the rights of citizens in the networked world
and want to play our part in protecting society and the economy in the digital age.
free and secure global Internet as a space for diversity of opinion, participation, innovation and as an engine for economic growth and work.
Multi-stakeholder processes in which stakeholders from industry and business, science, government and civil society work together transparently within the framework of their respective responsibilities,
are particularly important in this regard. We are also broadening our strategic bilateral and multilateral consultations.
) Our aim is to ensure the participation of all stakeholders (multi-stakeholder approach. 36 VII.
we will continue to regularly discuss our positions on issues relating to Internet governance with German stakeholders.
she worked as a research assistant employing large-scale data analysis tools to analyse the impact of foreign-born workers in the US economy.
Nathalia holds a Master of science In public Policy and Management and a Bachelor of arts in Economics. The authors wish to thank Susan Schorr, Head, ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau Special Initiatives Division, for her advice, direction and contributions during the preparation of the report.
and other stakeholders need to be more adept at developing and launching initiatives in real time. This is a challenging task,
High youth unemployment not only hampers economic growth, for youth it can be a debilitating experience that affects their desire
People with more advanced ICT skills can take advantage of an even wider range of opportunities brought about by the growth of the app economy
holding back economic growth while stifling the aspirations of people recently entering the workforce and at the beginnings of their careers.
Gallup 2. 2 The skills mismatch In addition to the protracted economic crisis from which many countries are still trying to recover,
In the developing world, as much as two-thirds of the young population is underutilized in some developing economies,
2012p 2013p 2014p 2015p 2016p WORLD 12.7 11.6 11.7 12.6 12.7 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 Developed Economies & EU
or training (NEET) is one of the main challenges policymakers in developed economies face. In Japan and the United states, NEET rates were 9. 7 and 15.6 per cent respectively in 2010,
since the economic crisis started. 26 2. 4 Regional trends: Developing countries The labour market in the developing world is highly diverse
First Findings,(Eurofound, 2011), 5. 23 Clive R. Belfield, Henry M. Levin, Rachel Rosen, The Economic value of Opportunity Youth,(Washington, D c.:
at 21 per cent of the total population. 39 Although this represents an opportunity for economic growth,
locale=en. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 WORLD Developed Economies & EU Central & Southeastern Europe (non
track the interventions of numerous stakeholders in multiple processes, and evaluate system performance more effectively. 66 The Community Knowledge Worker (CKW) programme is an initiative of The Grameen Foundation in Uganda that features a network of information intermediaries using mobile technology to deliver agricultural information
Inefficient allocation of scarce resources and lack of coordination among key stakeholders have made duplication of efforts, overlapping responsibilities,
and consumption of services and the possibility for emerging economies to contribute for the first time to the world's services industry,
and knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) as well as industry specific services. 72 73 Offshore services are a potential vehicle for low-and middle-income countries to participate in the global knowledge economy
A common way through which an economy can enter the offshore services value chain is by establishing call centre operations.
This creates an opportunity for low-income countries to enter the knowledge economy. 2. Upgrading within the business process segment:
and how the emerging app economy 83 might generate new employment opportunities for young people around the world.
Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy Converting the Virtual Economy into Development Potential,(Washington, D c.:
and Vodafone. 83 The app economy refers to the range of economic activity surrounding mobile applications.
The app economy encompasses the development of and sale of apps ad revenue or public relations generated by free apps,
and the hardware devices on which apps are designed to run. www. techopedia. com/definition/28141/app-economy.
and Ernkvist, Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy, 28. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 20 Microwork Microwork is a series of small tasks that have been broken out of a larger business process
the app economy has generated roughly 752 000 app related jobs in the United states alone as of July 2013.92 The figure is 530 000 jobs in the 28 European union countries. 93 Apps
However, the verdict is out in terms of how sustainable the app economy will be, and whether it will produce enough revenue in emerging markets to support this new generation of entrepreneurs.
Sizing the number of jobs generated by the app economy is difficult. Any particular app could be created by a single teenage programmer,
or by a large team at a big company. 92 Michael Mandel, 752,000 App Economy jobs on the 5th anniversary of the App store,(Progressive Policy Institute, July 2013), www
. progressivepolicy. org/2013/07/752000-app-economy-jobs-on-the-5th-anniversary-of-the-app-store/93 Andreas Pappas,
The EU App Economy: 530,000 jobs and rising,(Vision Mobile, September 2013), www. visionmobile. com/blog/2013/09/report-the-eu-app-economy-530000-jobs-and-rising/94
Vision Mobile, Developer Economics 2012: The New App Economy,(June 2012) 4, www. visionmobile. com/blog/2012/06/report-developer-economics-2012-the-new-app-economy/.
/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 22 Jobs in the app economy can be categorized as follows:
IT-related jobs that use app economy skills the ability to develop, maintain, or support mobile applications.
Non-IT jobs (such as human resources or marketing) which support app developers in the same company.
Jobs in the local economy that are supported by app developers. The following is a list of types of app economy employers95 Large, medium,
and small app developers, who may be creating apps for themselves or for clients. Media and software companies that engage in app development for consumer use under their own name.
Finance and retail companies that use apps to reach customers. Other large non-tech companies that are developing apps for internal and customer use.
Large tech companies who develop essential infrastructure and complementary technologies for the app economy. Accounting and IT consulting firms,
and people in these regions become more engaged. 95 Mandel and Scherer, The Geography of the App Economy, 15.96 Vision Mobile, Developer Economics 2012:
The New App Economy, 73. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 23 Figure 9:
Developer Economics 2012 For developers focusing on in-region, for-region development, the opportunity may lie in addressing market gaps in app categories in their own country.
Emerging app economies have potential markets that are much larger than that of English speaking regions and Europe.
For economic growth in the app economy, it is crucial for developers to be able to continuously update their technical skills,
which promote networking among stakeholder communities in the mobile industry; provide advice, mentorship, idea and product development competitions, and;
Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy, p51. 103 Gold Farming refers to when individuals play a multiplayer online game to acquire in-game currency that other players purchase in exchange for real-world money.
Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 26 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of youth job
It is estimated that a shift to a greener economy could generate 15 to 60 million additional jobs globally over the next two decades
and lift tens of millions of workers out of poverty. 106 A recent OECD report argues that promoting ICT skills in the green and smart economy pays a double dividend by encouraging job creation
national and local levels. 108 The United nations Environment Program's 2011 Green Economy Report makes the claim that economic progress
and that the green economy will deliver green jobs and thus lead to decreased unemployment rates.
Economy,(Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012). 107 OECD, ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy, OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198,(OECD Publishing, 2012), http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en
. 108 Angelica Valeria Ospina, The Outcome of Rio+20: An ICT Perspective on‘The Future We Want,'Notes on ICTS, Climate Change and Development, http://niccd. wordpress. com/2012/06/27/the-outcome-of-rio20-anict-perspective-on-the-future
/109 United nations Environment Programme, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication,(Nairobi, Kenya:
111 4. 7. 1 Green jobs and ICTS Data centres and other ICT infrastructures are increasingly vital for all sectors of the economy,
Other green jobs will be related to greening the economy, such as working on the systems that operate wind farms,
Other areas of employment in the green economy that involve a range of ICTS from geographic information systems to satellite imagery
In emerging economies and developing countries, the gains are likely to be higher than in industrialized countries,
Green Economy, Renewable Energy: Investing in Energy and Resource Efficiency,(UNEP, 2011). 111 OECD, ICT Skills and Employment:
New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy. 112 United nations Environment Programme, Transition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million Jobs, UNEP News Centre, May 31
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 28 4. 7. 2 Green jobs for youth The dialogue around ICTS and the green economy has centered largely on food security, sustainable agriculture, and energy efficiency.
Interestingly, youth participation in the green economy has not been an area of focus; however in the context of the 2012 Rio+20 conference on sustainable development, youth advocacy groups lobbied that young people should be seen as an asset for a green economy that would in turn generate youth employment. 113 Youth have expressed a strong interest
in renewable energy and fighting climate change as evidenced in local, regional and international youth climate movements. 114 Many surveys of youth show their desire to create green jobs for the future.
YMCA volunteer Upgrading youth ICT skills will be a key factor in their ability to participate in and benefit from the green economy.
community mapping and social media tools are offering new ways that young people can play a role in smart energy-efficient economic growth,
As shown, there is a wide range of ways that ICTS are revolutionizing all sectors of the economy
language training, especially English. 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support It is recognized widely that entrepreneurship is a necessary ingredient for stimulating economic growth and employment opportunities around the world.
and knowledge are key commodities. The chapter presents evidence from a range of programmes and activities aimed at exploring new opportunities for learning that capitalize on the characteristics of the knowledge society
Authors 151 International Labour Office, Apprenticeship in the Informal Economy in Africa,(Geneva: ILO, 2008.
partnerships across sectors to spur innovation, economic growth and employment. International agencies have played a vital role by bringing attention to the urgent needs of youth,
and convening governments and other stakeholders to set a global agenda and advocate for strategies to address the situation. 175 Mozilla Open Badges, www. openbadges. org/about. 176 Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-general's Message for 2012:
All stakeholders in the ecosystem international organizations governments, development agencies, private industry, nonprofit organizations, and foundations have important roles to play to realize greater opportunities for youth.
Doing so requires that stakeholders embrace the innovative process: be open to experimentation, ensure robust feedback systems are in place to learn from successes
"The Economic value of Opportunity Youth.""Washington, D c.:Corporation for National and Community Service and the White house Council for Community Solutions, 2012.
Apprenticeship in the Informal Economy in Africa. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2008. International labour organization.""China Youth employment Report."
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emc=eta1 Mandel, Michael. 752,000 App Economy jobs on the 5th anniversary of the App store.
New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy. OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198.
/Pappas, Andreas. The EU App Economy: 530,000 jobs and rising. Vision Mobile. September 2013, www. visionmobile. com/blog/2013/09/report-the-eu-app-economy-530000-jobs-and-rising/Partnership for 21st Century Skills."
"P21 Framework Definitions.""Last modified December 2009. www. p21. org/storage/documents/P21 framework definitions. pdf Plan CEIBAL, The.
Green Economy, Renewable Energy: Investing in Energy and Resource Efficiency. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, 2011. United nations Environment Programme.
Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP 2011.
Transition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million Jobs. UNEP News Centre, May 31, 2012. www. unep. org/newscentre/default. aspx?
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/Walton, Marion, and Jonathan Donner. Public Access, Private Mobile. Global Impact Study Research Report Series.
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