and their stakeholders as well as the complex problem-solving required in such endeavors. We also identified five mini-cases of SMES that developed compelling new business models that were accompanied by the creative use of information technology
) Government plays a much more prominent role in the economies of most European and Asian countries.
Penetration of Services 18 3. 5 Mini-Cases The first mini-case illustrates how a supplier of a commodity product changed its business model to provide a complete service thereby satisfying previously unmet, indeed unvoiced, needs of its existing customers.
However, despite the fact that there has been a major shift in the GDP of developed nations from product-based to service-based economies, research agendas have not kept pace. 23 Indeed,
The fifth mini-case provides an interesting and illustrative example of a company supplying commodity chemicals yet providing greater value to customers, and partners.
whereby several stakeholders participate in parallel in an ongoing dynamic relationship to provide a total valuable solution to all parties Information flow ranging from one-way on an irregular basis to two-way on a continuous basis Operational issues, i e.,
The interviewees varied greatly in their opinion about the role of MEP in the economy.
This is despite the fact that current U s. economic activity in the private sector based on service revenues exceeds 82%(Rae, 2005.
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Global economy. G. I. Susman. Northampton: Edward Elgar. Describes small firm collaboration
Competing in a Service Economy: How to Create a Competitive Advantage Through Service Development and Innovation.
"Small Business Economics 6 (5): 327-347. Describes small businesses compared to large ones on the basis of strengths and weaknesses.
NON CLASSIFIE UNCLASSIFIED Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques 2000 ENHANCING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMES IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY:
WK1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SME INNOVATION IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY...3 Introduction...4 Globalisation Challenges...4 Globalisation...
32 WK1 3 SME INNOVATION IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY*This paper serves as the background document for the Workshop on Enhancing the Competitiveness of SMES through Innovation at the Bologna conference.
and help reduce the disadvantage of scale economies which small firms face in all aspects of business.
This explains why economists have reopened the debate on whether some market and systemic failures disproportionately affect small firms,
Globalisation Challenges 3. Both scale economies and research and development have become more important instruments for competitiveness in the global economy.
which span a broad range of economic activities in a disparate set of industries across different countries. 4. This section briefly explains
what triggered the wave of globalisation reshaping the economy at the end of the 20th century. To understand globalisation's impact on SME innovativeness
One of the most important implications of globalisation is that the comparative advantage of OECD nations is shifting away from traditional factors of production, such as land, labour and capital, towards knowledge-based economic activities.
Globalisation 5. Perhaps the most radical change in the economic landscape of the end of the 20th century has been the shift in economic activity away from a local or national sphere toward a much more international or global.
The measures of transnational economic activity which prove there has been a strongly positive trend toward greater global activity include:
The Economist recently proclaimed The Death of Distance on its front page. 2 While the telecommunications revolution has brought the cost of transmitting information across geographic space to virtually zero,
and (5) shift into knowledge-based economic activities. 8. While some firms fell victim to the first strategy, many of the firms from OECD countries that have restructured successfully resorted to alternatives 2,
This alternative involves shifting economic activity out of traditional industries, where the high-cost countries of the OECD have lost their comparative advantage,
and into those knowledge-based industries where comparative advantage is compatible with both high wages and high levels of employment knowledge based economic activity.
Emerging comparative advantage that is 2 The Death of Distance, The Economist, 30,september 1995. 3 The Downsizing of America
By contrast, the rest of the economy experienced fairly steady growth at around 3%over this period. 5 Innovative activity of in the United states has jumped
Given the shift in comparative advantage towards more knowledge based economic activity, many scholars have predicted the demise of SMES.
But in fact, the share of economic activity accounted for by SMES has risen in most OECD countries.
or even enhance their competitiveness in a globalizing economy. This background paper discusses some of the strategies open to SMES as they try to become more productive and shift more knowledge-based activities.
whereas the R&d-sales ratios of the largest corporations fell from 3. 5%to 3. 1%.4 The Valley of Money's Delights, The Economist, 29,march 1997, special section, p. 1. 5
This is consistent with economic theories of innovation and technical change where inputs to the innovative process are understood to be heterogeneous
government policy can do much more to help the majority of SMES manage the transition to a global, knowledge based economy.
Which metaphor is most apt depends on a given industry's underlying technological conditions, scale economies, and demand.
Where scale economies are important, the revolving door model is more common. While start-ups and new entrants may not be deterred by the presence of high scale economies,
a process of firm selection ensures that only those firms that grow will be able to survive beyond more than a few years. 36.
and depending upon the severity of the other selection mechanism-the extent of scale economies-may ultimately be forced to exit out of the industry.
and experimentation that otherwise would remain untapped in the economy. The Information technology Strategy 37. A second strategy SMES can use to improve their competitiveness in global markets involves the application
or the level of output required to reach scale economies. This notion has received considerable attention in the popular press.
"10 10 Tom Peters,"New Products, New Markets, New Competition, New Thinking,"The Economist, 4 march, 1989, pp. 27-32.
In the physical world, scale economy and standardisation plays a major role. The digital world enables individual product customization The customers will directly interact only with the intermediary,
and business partners that they are committed to the local economy. The Mittelstand companies also espouse a strategy
Jacobs thus develops a theory about how a greater variety of industries within a geographic region promotes knowledge externalities, ultimately innovative, activity and economic growth. 14 50.
) WK1 16 because it maximises the ability of firms to appropriate economic value accruing from their investments in new knowledge,
) Results of a study by Feldman and Audretsch (1999) indicate that a region characterised by a diversity of firms engaged in complementary economic activities,
While the marginal cost of transmitting information across geographic space has been reduced drastically with the telecommunications revolution, the marginal cost of transmitting knowledge,
and knowledge developed for a particular application can have economic value in very different applications. As Glaeser et al. observed, intellectual breakthroughs must cross hallways and streets more easily than oceans and continents..
An emerging economics literature demonstrates that knowledge spillovers are constrained indeed geographically. Data constraints can be overcome to study the extent of knowledge spillovers
There is considerable evidence that the transnational economic activities of SMES have been increasing over time. Not only has the absolute value of foreign direct investment activities by small and medium-sized enterprises increased over time,
In particular, SMES are disadvantaged clearly by scale economies and other size related ownership-specific advantages.
clearly makes FDI an important element of the panoply of strategies open to SMES who want to remain innovative in a global economy.
Almeida, Paul and Bruce Kogut, 1997, The Exploration of Technological Diversity and the Geographic Localization of Innovation, Small Business Economics, 9 (1 february, 21-31.
Audretsch, David B.,1998, Agglomeration and the Location of Innovative Activity, Oxford Review of Economic policy, 14 (2), 18-29.
WK1 33 Bruederl, Josef and Peter Preisendoerfer, 1998, Network Support and the Success of Newly Founded Businesses, Small Business Economics, 10 (3), 213-225.
Buckley, Peter J.,1997, International Technology Transfer by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, 9 (1), Small Business Economics, February, 67-78.
Strategic Differences between SMES, working paper University of Gent, under review at Small Business Economics.
Comparing Large and Small Multinationals as Technology Producers, Small Business Economics, 9 (1 february, 53-66.
Feldman, Maryann P.,1994, Knowledge Complementarity and Innovation, Small Business Economics, 6 (3), 363-372.
Benjamin, 1997, Alliance Strategies of Small Firms, Small Business Economics, 9 (1 february, 33-44. Greenwood, Jeremy and Boyan Jovanovic, 1999, The IT Revolution and the Stock market, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 89 (2 may.
Griliches, Zwi, 1979, Issues in Assessing the Contribution of R&d to Productivity Growth, Bell Journal of Economics, 10,92-116.
1992, The Search for R&d Spill overs, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94,29-47. Hirschman, A o.,1970, Exit, Voice,
Jacobs, Jane, 1969, The Economy of Cities, New york: Random House. Jaffe, A.,1989, Real Effects of Academic Research, American Economic Review, 79,957-970.
Jaffe, A.,Trajtenberg, M. and Henderson, R.,1993, Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 63,577-598.
Kohn, Tomas O.,1997, Small Firms as International Players, Small Business Economics, 9 (1 february, 45-51.
The Economics of Small Firms: A European Challenge, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 25-41. Loveman, Gary and Werner Sengenberger, 1991, The Re-emergence of Small-scale Production:
An International Comparison, Small Business Economics, 3 (1), 1-38. Mustar, P.,1997, How French Academics create hi-tech companies:
Prevenzer, Martha, 1997,‘The Dynamics of Industrial Clustering in Biotechnology,'Small Business Economics, 9 (3), 255-271.
Schwalbach, Joachim, 1989, Small Business in German Manufacturing, Small Business Economics, 1 (2), 129-136.
Schwalbach, Joachim, 1994, Small Business Dynamics in Europe, Small Business Economics, 6 (1), 21-26.
of Regions,'Small Business Economics, 8 (2 75-86. Sternberg, Rolf, 1990, The Impact of Innovation Centres on Small Technology-Based Firms:
The Example of the Federal republic of germany, Small Business Economics, 2 (2), 105-118. Sternberg, Rolf, 1996, Technology Policies and the Growth of Regions, Small Business Economics, 8 (2), 75-86.
Van dijk, Meine Pieter, 1995, Flexible Specialisation, The New Competition and Industrial Districts, Small Business Economics, 7 (1), 15-28.
Von Hipple, E.,1994, Sticky Information and the Locus of Problem solving: Implications for Innovation, Management Science, 40,429-439.
and Firm Dynamics, Small Business Economics, 7 (1), 29-40. Wagner, Joachim, 1997, Firm Size and Job Quality A Survey of the Evidence from Germany, Small Business Economics, 9 (5), 411-425.
WK1 36 Zucker, L.,Darby, M. and Armstrong, J.,1994,‘Intellectual Capital and the Firm:
Managing innovation in a globalized economy defining the open capital. In Allam Ahmed (ed.),World Sustainable Development Outlook 2009:
Managing Innovation in e-Globalized Economy Defining the Open Capital 78 Paper 7: Implementing the SIV model on an Intensively Innovation-Oriented Enterprise:
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) 1 are crucial economic actors within the economies of nations (Stanworth and Gray 1993, NUTEK 2004, Wolff and Pett 2006.
Due to the significance of SMES to local economies, it is necessary to study and evaluate their performance (Acs 1999).
Several studies have shown that there is a clear connection between innovation and the creation of an entrepreneurial economy (Schumpeter 1934.
however, due to the realities of the current, dispersed economy (Polenske 2002). In this thesis, I used the EU definition of SMES (NUTEK 2004) when
It is important to discuss smallness in the context of the new economy, since this economy is influenced by the Information technology (IT) revolution.
When assessing the current system, the numerical, clear-cut, artificial borders used in the past should be downplayed; they are confusing and probably not reflective of the economic realities of today.
Politicians and administrators who are members of major institutions working with economic growth issues, such as Tillväxtverket and Näringsdepartementet,
In order to judge an economy, a firm performance model that considers the innovative input within SMES is required.
Analysis of the productivity concept has given a central role to knowledge in economic growth (Neale 1984.
and inability for any one buyer or seller to influence the price of any given commodity.
One issue that clearly shows the financial theory approach to studying firm performance is less than desirable is the fact that shareholders
Most financial theories hold that the objectives of the shareholders and the managers of firms are identical,
as shareholders and managers are identical economic agents (Crotty 1990). The assumption that managers and shareholders have identical objectives is certainly least true in the case of SMES.
There are four main differences between shareholder 24 and managerial objectives. Firstly, shareholders prefer a higher debt to equity ratio,
while managers try to reduce that ratio because higher debt decreases the worth of their financing portfolios.
Secondly, managers seek long term growth, manifested as an increase in firm size and higher capital-accumulations.
while shareholders advocate an avoidance of any risk. This is particularly problematic, because investments in innovation and new projects involve higher short term risks.
The shareholders tend to think mostly of selling the firm to get the best possible return on invested capital, especially upon the slightest indication of trouble.
shareholders tend to induce failure of the firm (Crotty 1990. All the above issues indicate that the financial theory approach is not the most accurate,
and even through the economy of an entire region (Etzkowitz and Klofsten 2005) or a country.
profitability, activity, liquidity, assets balance, and cash position. Statistical techniques, such as principal component analysis, can be used to reduce that number of variables (Mcpherson 1995.
and tend to be more dynamic than more mature firms Models used by managers of SMES should be of practical value The models must account for the nature of the modern economy,
and Steinmetz 1969.34 The fourth challenge stems from the nature of the modern economy, and has to do with the kind of enterprise structure generated in company build up.
As the modern economy becomes increasingly diffused (Polenske 2002), the agility and flexibility of SMES gives them a competitive edge over larger firms.
The term innovation Innovation is regarded as the instrument through which entrepreneurial economies are realized (Drucker 1985.
p. 9). The innovativeness of an economy can be augmented through a system of specialization where larger
Higher productivity of economies was attributed to investment in capital, which is mainly related to knowledge (Schultz 1959).
The bureaucratic theory was postulated by one of the most influential sociologists and political economists of the modern era, the German writer Max Weber.
and the general beliefs predominant in the economic system (Burgess 2009, Commons 1924, Cooley 1956, Weber 1968, Powell and Dimaggio 1991).
including profitability, activity, liquidity, assets'balance, and cash position (Libby 1975). Keasey and Watson (1987) used financial ratios, such as profitability, liquidity,
and gearing, to cover various aspects of company performance. I used the financial parameters most commonly reported by Swedish small firms (Abouzeedan 2001.
the most relevant difference between the two companies is that one of them works in a classical economic activity (fishery),
and absorption on economies. 74 We often wondered why some countries lack entrepreneurial drive and have low innovative output,
We wanted to look at the components that present the input capital into the innovation vitality of an economy from the perspective of individual firms'needs and external environments.
In that paper, we argued that economies have different levels of entrepreneurial activities depending on the availability of tangible and intangible resources.
and thus can describe the economy's general character. The paper also introduced another new type of capital as a component of innovation capital:
IBAM is an analytical tool that classifies economies based on their entrepreneurial conditions. IBAM was used to look specifically at Arab countries using a general knowledge and deductive approach to the issue.
We argued that the three components of innovation capital must be in balance in order for an economy to be innovative and entrepreneurial in nature.
That in turn leads to a negative impact on the total innovative environment of the economy.
The IBAM analysis produced two types of economies one in which firms and their founders are entrepreneurial and the other in
It found that the best solution to the lack of individual entrepreneurial economies in that region is the additive solution.
The paper solidifies the issue of knowledge's impact on the economic value of product development by proposing new concepts such as the Knowledge Embedded Value (or KEV) and the Knowledge Embedded Value Margin (or KEVAM.
Furthermore, the paper looked at basic factors shaping the economies of the Arab countries including the negative impact of e-globalization on Arab countries and the competitiveness of the Arab economy.
The paper considered the characteristics of the Arab world economy and compared them to the characteristics necessary for an eglobalized economy.
The paper was closed with a discussion about the best strategies to achieve the additive Balance Solution.
The recommendation was to begin a gradual assimilation process encompassing several steps in order to create a single Arab market.
the analysis suggested in the paper can be used to assess any economy or group of economies.
All entrepreneurial relevant characteristics such as the nature of the local economy the high degree of fragmentation and dispersion of the economic structure, the narrow scope of some sectors, the absence of knowledge, the lack of innovativeness, the old-style
and the non-originality of the economic theory all stem, to a large extent, from negligence of the role played by SMES
Understanding the entrepreneurial policy required can help us to understand the innovation dynamics in economies as relates to the external environment of the firm.
Managing Innovation in e-Globalized Economy Defining the Open Capital This paper was published in Allam Ahmed (ed.),World Sustainable Development Outlook 2009, The Impact of the Global Financial crisis on the Environment, Energy
Innovation capital was meant to serve as an indicator for the degree of richness of the entrepreneurial environment in an economy.
Innovation activities in modern economies tend to be interconnected and open in their natures, and our understanding of the innovation process must reflect that.
and were built to consider a single firm in isolation from all other enterprises. 80 Neglecting the networking nature of modern economy is a major weakness in classical performance models for SME, especially as concerns innovation issues.
such as the locally concentrated nature of the economy, the high degree of fragmentation and dispersion of the economic structure, the narrow scope of economic development due to policies that focus on only a few sectors,
and the non-originality of the economic theory, stem, to a large extent, from negligence of the role played by SMES
Neglecting the networking nature of modern economy in relation to innovation issues is a major weakness in classical SME performance models.
The understanding of the entrepreneurial policy required can help us to understand the innovation dynamics of economies.
This is important when researchers want to address particular evaluation input indicators in relation to SME performance in an economy.
Traditionally, the discussion about different types of capital in relation to an economy's ability to be centered innovative around two basic concepts:
This form of capital is concerned more with societal input into the innovation activities of an economy.
Innovation capital presents the accumulated input of technology in relation to the firm's external environment that promotes innovativeness and the entrepreneurial drive of the economy.
To study the possible variations of innovation capital levels in an economy, I introduced the Innovation Balance Matrix (IBAM).
the SIV model can be used as a performance input indicator to build models at the aggregate level of the economy.
It is thus possible to use the SIV model to assess the status of SMES in a given economy,
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on the Socio-Organizational Challenges of the Knowledge Economy Télé-université/Université du Québec à Montréal 1 Jean-Marc Fontan, Fontan. jean-marc@uqam
dgtrembl@teluq. uquebec. ca Biographical note Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay is the Canada Research Chair the Socio-Organizational Challenges of the Knowledge Economy.
Part Two will address innovation from the perspective of evolutionary economists. We will reconstruct an explanation of social innovation as a cognitive process confronted with localized social resistance,
By transposing this notion into the field of economics, Schumpeter derives from it the notion of business and entrepreneur.
but the one who introduces this discovery into the firm, the industry, the economy, that is, strictly speaking, the person responsible for its diffusion.
However, it was the evolutionary economists who completed their work by proposing a global vision of innovation.
Cyclical effect of innovation According to evolutionary economists, the innovation process occurs in an organization or a firm;
However, for the evolutionary economists, these two places (SMES and large enterprises) do succeed not necessarily one another in time
as suggested by Rostow (1960) in his study on the stages of economic growth. It also and especially refers to the voluntary actions taken jointly by entrepreneurs
and Society complements the approach of evolutionary economists and authors who have drawn on their work.
Rather than explaining the links between innovation and economic growth (Amable, Barré and Boyer, 1997), this new approach seeks to understand the heterogeneous innovation processes that bring about social change at the meso-social and micro-social levels.
who redefines the field of what constitutes economics. It should be recalled that Polanyi defines the economy as a dynamic set of social processes which are continuously being transformed
and from where stem forms of integration based on reciprocity (symmetric logic), redistribution (centralizing logic) and exchange (market logic).
but this cultural determinism is organized itself into a hierarchy around the reality of the global economy.
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Innovation Dynamics in a Diverse Economy. Montreal and Kingston: Mcgill-Queen's university Press and School of Policy Studies, Queen's university.
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