Professor Maureen Mckelvey, Professor of Industrial Management, School of business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg. The panel would like to thank all those who participated in the online consultation from July to August 2009
CEO & Founder, Europe Unlimited 6 Over the last two decades Europe has struggled to align the best of its social models with the needs of a rapidly transforming economy.
This holds for companies, for regions, for national economies and even more so for the European union as a supranational entity with an outstanding responsibility for the creation of a prolifi c vision targeted by its institutions
this report creates essential prerequisites for the design of promising conditions concerning the transformation of Europe towards a knowledge-based and future-oriented economy.
Andreas Pyka, Professor in Innovation Economics University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim; President of the Lisbon Civic Forum We,
The third sector is acknowledged as a stakeholder in the European economy, on an equal footing with business and public administration.
and technology to how an innovative mind-set can trigger broader systemic changes in society and the economy.
Many countries and regions are developing innovation policies, with fast developments in emerging economies such as China and Brazil.
But Europe has achieved not its full goal of being the most competitive global knowledge economy
and engage older people in our societies and economies. Future of the young Countries as diverse as Spain
which in our world could represent‘creative destruction'to borrow a phrase from the economist Schumpeter.
University of Rotterdam, presentation to Netherlands Centre for Social Innovation. 2 The Social Economy in the European union:
Summary of the Report drawn up for the European Economic and Social Committee by the International Centre of Research and Information on the Public, Social and Cooperative Economy (CIRIEC.
Summary of OECD Roundtable on responding to the economic crisis: Fostering industry restructuring and renewal, Paris 1 april.
The 20th century electricity grid needs to be transformed for the green economy, for large-scale renewable energy generation, for mass electric transport, for zero emission homes,
They can be part of how to adapt cities and lifestyles to a low carbon economy.
tax, and economic policy is necessary to move further to develop European regulation in such a way as to stimulate innovation and entrepreneurship.
yet the intellectual property economy still is stifl ed by an opaque and asymmetric functioning with correspondingly very signifi cant lost opportunities and value for Europe in the increasingly critical knowledge economy:
In the new knowledge-dominated economy, research and its commercialisation are global by nature so is the scale of resources needed to successfully deploy the vision outlined here.
of which CDC is a founding shareholder. 25 2. 5) New places for new types of collaborations:
Stimulating productivity and long-term economic growth is thus as much about experimentation and new ideas as it is about optimising efficiency.
Professor Maureen Mckelvey, Professor of Industrial Management, School of business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg. 30 Mandate of the panel Context:
or two meetings as hearings where a wider range of stakeholders can present views to the panel.
and thereby change our economy and society. The Panel has worked with the notion that innovation will create a new future,
This is closest to the approach in the tradition of the economist Schumpeter, which views innovation as essential to economic and societal transformations over periods of historical time.
In consequence, decision-makers act in a complex and turbulent world, under high degrees of uncertainty, in an economic system
but not seen as leading to fundamental changes in economies. Indeed, economics generally tackles issues of technology, labour and growth in relation to an explanation of individual behavior and price mechanisms,
which together lead to an effi cient allocation of resources within a set of constraints (Hanusch and Pyka 2007: 1160).
The Economist started a new‘Schumpeter'column in Fall 2009, in recognition that business is also about innovation, entrepreneurship and creative destruction and not just about competitive regulation and investor behaviour.
In his most famous phrase he likened capitalism to a perennial gale of creative destruction (The Economist 2009.
thus that the economy keeps changing, and thereby creating new futures. Nelson (1996: 87) argues that this is Schumpeter's most consistent and elaborated argument about innovation and economic transformation,
that it fundamentally involves disequilibrium. 8 In the recent Elgar Companion to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics,
and economies can take a narrow corridor for growth between bubble and stagnation, seen over historical time.
especially fi nance and the public sector. These issues are of primary importance to how the economy changes especially after the fi nancial and industrial crises starting in 2008.
Moreover, change is induced often endogenously (e g. internally within the economic system) through innovations, new knowledge, new organizations, competences and market creation.
Innovation and entrepreneurship continue to disrupt the economy, thereby sometimes fundamentally changing activities and moving the economy in new directions.
and those that tend to exhibit stability, in diff erent parts of the economic system (Mckelvey and Holmén 2006).
and organizations develop new 8 Nelson goes on to argue that‘standard equilibrium theory in economics cannot cope with it and its economic consequences'.
initiatives intended to bridge liquidity gaps (e g. ensure banks keep lending to business, government-backed loan guarantees
Innovations can be defi ned as novelty across a number of dimensions of relevance to the economy.
From an economist's perspective, one needs to diff erentiate the idea (invention) from the economically viable outcome (innovation.
POLICY RESPONSES TO THE ECONOMIC CRISIS: Investing in innovation for long term growth. June 2009. Report proceeded by the Innovation Strategy Portal www. oecd. org/innovation/strategy/portal. 34 useful for science based innovations
which moves the focus away from traditional economics arguments of market failure, direct cost-benefi t analysis and industrial organization (Metcalfe 1995).
especially how the economics of innovation approach provides new insights upon governance of public policy.
In today's language, that means that stakeholders should be involved more directly in setting policy.
and interlinked set of interactions between public-private, fi rm-government, market-non-market, communities and stakeholders.
towards a synthesis of capitalist development and the economy as a whole'in Hanusch, H. and A. Pyka (2007.
Elgar Companion to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics. Chelthenham, U k.:Edward Elgar Publishers. Arrow, K. J. 1962.
The Economist (2009. Schumpeter: Taking fl ight. Schumpeter Column September 17th, 2009 Edler, J. and L Georghioiu (2007.‘
Technical Change and Economic theory. London and New york: Pinter Publisher. Georghiou, L. 2006.‘‘Eff ective Innovation Policies for Europe the Missing Demand-side.'
Elgar Companion to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics. Chelthenham, U k.:Edward Elgar Publishers. Kuhlman, S. 2001.‘‘Governance of innovation policy in Europe three scenarios'Research Policy, Vol 30, No. 6. Laage-Hellman, L. M. Johansson,
Equilibrium and Evolutionary Perspectives'in P. Stoneman (ed). Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change.
Flexibility and Stability in the Innovating Economy. Oxford university Press. Nelson, R. 1996. The Sources of Economic growth.
Harvard university Press. Nelson, R. 1977. The moon and the ghetto. New york: WW Norton & Company Nelson, R. 1959.‘
‘The Simple Economics of Basic Scientifi c Research'.'The Journal of Political economy. Vol. 67. OECD (2009.
'Cambridge Journal of Economics. Vol. 33, No 4. Salter, Ammon J. and Ben R. Martin,(2001:
Innovation and Economic growth in Fagerberg et al (2005. The Oxford Handbook of Innovation. Oxford, UK: Oxford university Press.
CEO & Founder, Europe Unlimited Over the last two decades Europe has struggled to align the best of its social models with the needs of a rapidly transforming economy.
58 4. 3. Participation of quadruple helix stakeholders...59 4. 4. Monitoring, evaluation and review system...
the presence in international value chains, cluster initiatives and the history and potential for cooperation amongst stakeholders (from both the inter-sector and intrasector perspectives).
opportunities and threats of the Catalan economy taking into account the different sectors and technological capabilities.
This analysis identifies three main vectors that provide the structure for the activities that will enable the Catalan economy to successfully tackle the major social and economic challenges of the 21st century:
Catalonia is a country with an industrial base and an open, competitive and sustainable economy that combines talent, creativity, a diversified business fabric and its own excellent research system within the framework of a dynamic
and to reorient the Catalan economy towards a growth model that is smarter, more sustainable and more inclusive.
internationalisation and the reorientation of consolidated sectors towards activities with greater added value To promote new emerging economic activities through research
in order to promote major collaborative initiatives involving quadruple helix stakeholders (R&i system, companies, government and innovation users).
R&i system stakeholders will gradually define the smart specialisation of Catalonia. Although the RIS3CAT strategy is led by the Government,
research and innovation stakeholders play the main role in its development. RIS3CAT governance establishes a results-oriented, continuous monitoring,
públiques Digital agenda Entrepreneurship Eco-innovation (green economy) Non-technological innovation Training and talent Tools Leading sectors Emerging activities Crosscutting enabling technologies
-Analysis of the Catalan economy: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. -Analysis of the leading sectors and capacities in crosscutting enabling technologies.
Europe 2020 The European economies face major challenges, in both the short and long terms. The immediate priority is a return to growth and job creation,
Figure 1. Global Challenges Facing the European Economies Budgetary consolidation and structural reforms are necessary conditions to ensure the competitiveness of the European economies,
but they are not sufficient. The European union (EU) response to the major challenges posed takes the form of the Europe 2020 Strategy
Europe 2020 Job creation and poverty reduction More efficient investment in researchand innovation Promoting a lowcarbon economy and competitiveindustry 1. Framework 12 Within this framework, Innovation Union, one of the seven
Open innovation and cooperation amongst the quadruple helix stakeholders (universities, industry, governments and innovation users) is key to generating new opportunities,
over the 2014-2020 period the structural funds will provide an essential tool for reorienting the European economies,
low energy-intensive economy in all sectors. 5. Promoting climate change adaptation, risk prevention and management. 6. Protecting the environment
Enhancing institutional capacity of public authorities and stakeholders and efficient public administration. 1. Framework 15 Moreover
SME competitiveness and promoting a low-carbon and low energy-intensive economy (thematic objectives 1, 2, 3 and 4),
and energyintensive economy in all sectors 5. To promote climate change adaptation and risk prevention and management 6. To protect the environment
and fragmentation. 4. Collaborative leadership, involving all quadruple helix stakeholders in efficient innovation systems that generate synergies between financing instruments (European, state and regional).
to 1. Framework 17 resolve any coordination problems that may prevent emerging trends from becoming real, solid drivers for economic growth.
International value Clusters chains Stakeholder cooperation RIS3S promote economic and knowledgespecialisations adaptedto the potential for innovation in each region, based on its assets and capacities.
which is the Catalan Government's roadmap for relaunching the economy and reorienting the production sector towards a smarter, more sustainable and more inclusive economic model.
employment and training, social cohesion, innovation and knowledge, entrepreneurism, internationalisation and the green economy. Within the ECAT 2020 framework and based on a shared vision of the country towards the year 2020, RIS3CAT promotes:
-Cooperation amongst the quadruple helix stakeholders to generate new opportunities for the creation of wealth
2. Strategy design based on evidence and prior agreements. 1. Framework 19 3. Government leadership and interdepartmental coordination. 4. The participation of R&i stakeholders and companies. 5
and coordinated by a Steering committee formed by representatives from the ministries of Economy and Knowledge and Business and Labour (see Section 4, Governance).
opportunities and threats to the Catalan economy based on SWOT analyses carried out previously in Catalonia and on
which there is broad agreement amongst stakeholders in the research and innovation system. The participatory process that took place in 2008 and 1. European commission methodology 2. Prior evidence
and consensus 5. Coordination with State and EU policies 3. Government leadership and interdepartmental coordination 4. Cooperation with other regions 6. Participation of R&i stakeholders R&i
In July 2013, an initial draft of the RIS3CAT strategy document was submitted to stakeholders and civil society in general in an online public consultation process.
see the document Process of Drafting RIS3CAT. 2. Structure 2. Structure 22 2. 1. Vision 2020 As can be observed from the description of the distinctive characteristics of the Catalan economy and the analysis of its strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats (see the document Analysis of the Catalan economy: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats), the Catalan economy is diversified highly
and open with a large industrial base. Within a context of globalisation and recession, the Catalan production system is undergoing a process of structural change:
Within this context, the research and innovation system and cooperation amongst the different stakeholders (research centres, technology centres, knowledge-intensive industrial and service companies engineering, design, etc. administrations and users
Analysis of the Catalan economy has led to the identification of three key vectors that will enable Catalonia to successfully tackle the great social
but also direct benefits for individuals and society as a whole. 2. Structure 23 3. The third vector is the firm commitment to transforming the Catalan economy towards a green economy.
the green economy offers promising niches for specialisation and generates opportunities to improve and enhance efficiency in all economic sectors.
Figure 7. Vectors Driving the Transformation of the Catalan Economy The shared vision for the country towards 2020 takes into account all these elements.
Vision 2020 Catalonia is a country with an industrial base and an open, competitive and sustainable economy that combines talent, creativity, a diversified business fabric and its own excellent research system
promoting internationalisation and reorienting established sectors towards activities with greater added value. 2. To promote new emerging economic activities through research,
internationalisation and the reorientation of consolidated sectors towards activities with greater added value To promote new emerging economic activities through research
The three vectors that drive the transformation of the Catalan economy (industrial tradition quality of life and the green economy) and the implementation of the seven criteria listed below enables the identification of seven leading sectors in
which Catalonia has competitive advantages, critical mass and future opportunities. 1. Critical mass in different sectors, measured in terms of number of companies, employment and gross added value,
4. Potential to generate new economic activity and employment, based on such factors as intensive use of labour and current growth of leading companies. 5. Global sector trends (estimates of world demand, supply, prices, Community policies, etc.)
to analyse future potential. 6. Tradition of cooperation amongst quadruple helix innovation stakeholders, evaluated according to several indicators:
RIS3CAT includes formulae to provide tools to explore new economic activities based on a market opportunity, a technological need or new knowledge generated through cooperation by stakeholders in different sectors.
The process of drawing up RIS3CAT revealed several areas of emerging activity, such as mobile applications, printed electronics and biomass.
The technical know-how and capabilities of technology and research centres play a leading role in the emergence of new economic activities,
and its dissemination in the economic system are, therefore, key to the competitiveness of companies in a given territory.
and support and promote cooperation amongst stakeholders in the research and innovation system, enhance the competitiveness of the production system
-R&i as a driver for economic growth. -Quadruple helix public-private cooperation. -Critical mass. -International competitive advantage.
Innovative public procurement Specialisation and territorial competitiveness projects (PECT) Public policies Digital agenda Entrerpreneurship Eco-innovation (green economy) Non-technological innovation
-Generation of new opportunities for economic activity and employment. -Efficient use of resources (green economy. There follows a description of the general characteristics of each of these tools (T)
and the public policies that directly affect the innovation environment (P). 3. Tools and Policies 34 T. 1. RIS3CAT Communities RIS3CAT communities are voluntary associations of companies
and stakeholders in the Catalan R&i system that work in coincident sectors and cooperate to incorporate R&i into production activities in the leading sectors.
As active stakeholders in the Catalan innovation ecosystem, they ensure the participation of companies and stakeholders from the system in defining
ETPS are led industry forums of stakeholders that develop short-and long-term R&i agendas and European and national action plans that may be financed by either the public or the private sector.
The fifteen Connect-EU working parties are all open groups formed by public and private stakeholders (companies, business associations, universities, etc.
and stakeholders working in Catalonia in coinciding sectors or technological spheres in order to establish the RIS3CAT process of progressive specialisation.
Objectives 3. Tools and Policies 35 Main stakeholders Companies, business associations, cluster organisations, universities, research centres, technology centres, foundations and institutions linked to R&d&i,
European funds and other public/private sources of finance. 3. Tools and Policies 36 T. 2. Emerging activities RIS3CAT promotes new, emerging economic activities based on market opportunities,
technological need or new knowledge generated through cooperation amongst stakeholders from different sectors. Once identified
Clusters are established by groups of research and innovation companies and stakeholders with capacity for international leadership that present an action plan for cooperation,
Main stakeholders Business groups and research and innovation enterprises with capacity for international leadership in emerging fields of activity.
Main stakeholders Technology centres, research centres, hospitals and associated foundations, university groups and other public or not-for-profit organisations in the science and technology system, and companies.
in order to provide the best services to stakeholders and support for processes involving valorisation and know-how transfer to companies, and industrialisation.
capitalising on public investment in the research system and promoting its transfer to the economic system.
Main stakeholders Universities, research centres, technology centres, companies and business associations. Government of Catalonia, State, European funds and other public/private sources of finance.
The transfer of scientific knowledge to the industrial sector is promoted by effective public-private cooperation between companies (local or international consortia) and scientific stakeholders.
Business consortia and consortia in which technology stakeholders participate ensure that the challenges posed by a given critical mass can be met
Within the context of the global economy and the knowledge society, it also becomes essential to strengthen the international dimension of business innovation.
Objectives 3. Tools and Policies 40 Main stakeholders Financing Universities, research centres, Catalan public authorities, the education system, business associations and other organisations.
Main stakeholders Research centres, technology centres, hospital research and valorisation units and university groups. Government of Catalonia, State, European funds and other public/private sources of finance.
and with other stakeholders to develop business and internationalisation strategies, which often take the form of establishing international ties and relations with potential clients, partners or competitors.
a range of different stakeholders (companies, technology centres, universities and R&d centres) take part in such processes,
Companies and R&d stakeholders can engage in this type of cooperation privately, but public funds are used also to cofinance collaborative and international R&i projects.
-Supporting the active participation of Catalan stakeholders and the Catalan Government in regional networks (such as ERRIN, the European Regions Research and Innovation Network) and European technology platforms.
-Training and professionalisation to enable stakeholders to work in a global environment and on international projects.
Main stakeholders Catalan public authorities, universities, research centres, technology centres, companies and business associations. Government of Catalonia, State, European funds and other public/private sources of finance.
To offer SMES new business opportunities Objectives Main stakeholders Catalan public authorities, research centres, technology centres and companies.
) Within the framework of the Europe 2020 Strategy and the 2014-2020 cohesion policy, the European commission promotes an integrated focus on territorial development that enables territorial stakeholders to play an active role in designing
and strengthen cooperation amongst the quadruple helix stakeholders to generate innovative and original responses to needs and challenges in the territory.
-A vision of future opportunity shared by stakeholders in the territory. -The commitment to smart specialisation in the territory aligned with the RIS3CAT thematic specialisation objectives
To promote cooperation amongst quadruple helix stakeholders in the territory in order to strengthen business fabric competitiveness.
Main stakeholders Local authorities, companies, business associations, cluster organisations, universities, research centres, technology centres and other bodies in the territory.
improving their competitiveness and enabling cooperation amongst stakeholders in the research and innovation system. The objective of the Digital Agenda of Catalonia for 2020,
and Europe 2020, is to generate a digital innovation hub in Catalonia to promote economic growth,
and institutions in sectors of economic activity that use advanced ICT services within their process value chains to generate added value
Objectives Main stakeholders Catalan public authorities, technology centres, companies, business associations and organisations. Government of Catalonia, State, European funds and other public/private sources of finance. 3. Tools and Policies 48 P. 2. Entrepreneurship The establishment and growth of new
and Policies 49 the density and connectivity of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and facilitating the establishment and improvement of specialised stakeholders (business angels and risk capital, consulting, technical and technological mediation services, legal advice, companies
Objectives Main stakeholders Catalan public authorities, companies, business associations, financial institutions, science and technology parks and the education system.
of the Green Economy) Eco-innovation includes all innovations that reduce the use of natural resources and emissions of hazardous or pollutant substances over the entire life cycle of products and processes.
-Economic (reduction in the costs of energy and raw materials through more efficient use of resources, the creation of opportunities in new markets and the generation of new jobs linked to the green economy.
There are many different measures to promote the transition towards a green economy: -Technical and financial support for research and development, pilot tests and dissemination and marketing of sustainable technologies, products and services (for example, technologies to improve water, energy and waste management,
and know-how exchanges amongst stakeholders in the environmental and energy industries. -Support for ICT uses that benefit the green economy (smart electricity networks and transport systems.
-Guidance for companies to promote more efficient use of resources and reductions in pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (ecodesign, innovative clean technologies, improved technologies, processes, etc..
Objectives Main stakeholders Catalan public authorities, universities, companies, business associations, organisations and research and technology centres.
and the construction of processes should be based on the participation of local stakeholders, empowerment and citizen engagement.
Objectives Main stakeholders Catalan public authorities, companies, business associations and organisations. Government of Catalonia, European funds and other public/private sources of finance. 3. Tools and Policies 54 P. 5. Training and Talent Within the framework of a society based on
and incorporating highly-qualified personnel into the production system are also essential requirements for strengthening the competitiveness of the Catalan economy.
and is present in all spheres (the economy, the media, the new technologies, higher studies, etc.).
Objectives Main stakeholders Universities, research centres, Catalan public authorities, the education system, business associations and other organisations.
This is one of the guiding principles underlying the RIS3CAT tools. 4. Permeability of RIS3CAT to determining factors in the environment and to the changing needs of society in general and the quadruple helix stakeholders in particular.
the Directorate General for Economic policy and Promotion, attached to the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge;
the Directorate General for Research, also attached to the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge; and the Secretariat for Business and Competitiveness (Ministry of Business and Labour.
-To promote coordination and cooperation between ministries and other administrations and stakeholders in the research and innovation system in all actions related to RIS3CAT.
and reflection involving the stakeholders involved and the territory. The RIS3CAT strategy focuses on combining firmly established R&i tools with new ones in order to promote major collaborative initiatives enabling progress to be made in the field of smart specialisation in Catalonia.
The main tools established to promote cooperation amongst the quadruple helix stakeholders are the RIS3CAT communities (T. 1)
which are formed by quadruple helix stakeholders representative of a particular sector, is to develop and implement agendas for economic transformation in the leading sectors through the incorporation of R&i.
which are formed by quadruple helix stakeholders representative of a territory, is to promote medium-and long-term action programmes to develop joint R&i projects based on identifying opportunities and needs for the smart transformation of the territory.
Based on the SWOT analysis of the Catalan economy RIS3CAT defines four strategic objectives and four pillars of action that structure public policies aimed at advancing towards Vision 2020.
the RIS3CAT strategy must be permeable to determining factors in the environment and to the changing needs of research and innovation system stakeholders.
challenges) Impact on companies Quadruple helix and public-private partnerships International dimension and critical mass Process of advancing towards definition of specialisation New opportunities for economic activity
Quadruple helix stakeholders will also take part in these evaluations, which will be carried out by independent experts. 4. 4. 3. Review The RIS3CAT system of governance provides for continuous review based on the evolution of monitoring indicators and conditioning factors in the environment.
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