17 1. 19 Fixed-broadband access in enterprises using the Internet, selected countries, 2005-2012.19 1. 20 E-government Development Index (EGDI),
E-business Private-sector enterprises are early adopters of ICTS, and are driving the information economy across the globe by providing online services
enlarging enterprises'market reach, saving costs and driving innovation (Partnership, 2014. International data on ICT access
and use by enterprises are collected annually by the United nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),
but availability is limited apart from the European region where countries carry out annual surveys on the use of ICTS in enterprises (compiled by Eurostat).
The latest results show that in Europe Internet access in enterprises stood at 95 per cent in 2012 (up from 94 per cent a year earlier)
a recent Eurostat survey revealed that more and more enterprises are making use of social media. In 2013
around 30 per cent of European enterprises used social media, ranging from 15 per cent of enterprises in Latvia to 55 per cent in Malta. 18 Activities are mostly related to social networks (e g.
In the developing world, data on ICTS in enterprises are scarce and only collected by few countries.
In addition, Internet access differs enormously according to the size and location of the enterprise small and Table 1. 2:
Society Report 2014 micro businesses are connected much less than large enterprises, and rural enterprises are connected less than urban
enterprises (Partnership, 2014. As has been shown earlier in this chapter, backbone connectivity and international Internet bandwidth is still lacking in many regions of the developing world.
Access to high-speed quality broadband services, however, is especially important to the business sector, in the same way as other basic infrastructure and services necessary to run a successful business.
Fixed-broadband access in enterprises using the Internet, selected countries, 2005-2012 Source: UNCTAD Information Economy Database, 2014, available at unctadstat. unctad. org.
Percentage of enterprises 92 85 78 72 43 31 30 50 18 14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
and business growth by increasing labour productivity, enlarging enterprises'market reach, saving on costs and fostering innovation.
public entities and private enterprises will be essential in order to identify the extent to which stakeholders in the ICT sector can be used as an alternative data source.
How innovative enterprises extract value from uncertain data. Retrieved from: http://public. dhe. ibm. com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03519usen/GBE03519USEN. PDF. IBM (2013), The Four V's of Big data.
Internet and various kinds of enterprise software. But they have been slow to adopt, or are skeptical of, more advanced digital technologies like social media and analytics.
but only a slight majority of companies have given crossfunctional committees (37%)or a shared digital units (17%)enterprise-level authority on digital investments.
specializing in advising and supporting enterprises in significant transformation, from innovative strategy to execution and with an unstinting focus on results.
All strategies (including the Digital Agenda for Romania) will be reviewed after the Government Enterprise Architecture initiative that will take place in Romania according to Appendix 5 Implementation Methodology Field of Action 1. 2 Cyber security Romania
The citizens (private or enterprises) should be able to find the answers quickly, in an accessible manner.
and a smaller number of%of enterprises are interacting online with public authorities Romania's e-governance portal being average among its peers has areas for improvement toward providing digital governance experience in the below areas:
and actively support the Government Enterprise Architecture in Romania 2. The newly formed Technical Economic Committee will oversee all IT implementation to be in line with the Digital Agenda Strategy
and guidelines coming from the Government Enterprise Architecture approach More information can be found in Appendix Page 45 of 170 4. All public bodies will adhere to this Line Action Promote innovation (Strategic) Part of Romania
schools, public libraries, citizens and small enterprises. National Indicators pertaining to einclusion In 201110,40. 3%of the Romanian population was facing the risk poverty
in 2013 only 9%of SMES and 13%of large enterprises in Romania have sold or bought services online. 4. 1. 4 Strategic Lines of Development Strategic Lines of Development for ecommerce in Romania Strategic Lines of Development Lines of Action Comments Developing
Eurostat-Individuals purchasing over the internet by regions, 2012 Page 90 of 170 platforms such as Enterprise Network Europe,
and Innovation From the total of the overall turnover accomplished in 2011 at the level of the Romania's enterprises,
Ministry for Information Society Clusters geographical concentrations of small enterprises, usually SME's, which interact with one another and also with clients and suppliers,
and which usually have in common a fund of specialized man power, financial services and for the enterprises,
o for enterprises to provide new services, and o to access information relevant for the business in a more timely manner and less costly.
o the simplification of the transaction processes with the state and the enterprises, and o timesavings in transport The development of tele-medicine with direct repercussions in the reduction of the necessity for dispersed building infrastructures for medical care, the prevention of deaths, the savings of the relevant cost in the insurance system and the reduction
Page 104 of 170 APPENDIX 1 SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONTEXT ITC indicators Specific to Romanian Economy Indicators 2011 2012 Number of enterprises 14595 15726
Average number of employees (thousands individuals) 128,0 131,2 Turnover of enterprises (mil. lei) 40113,3 37254,2 Staff costs (mil. lei) 6671,1 7065,1 Gross
of enterprises in the TIC field of the overall turnover of enterprises with economic activity(%)4. 1%3. 6%Share of turnover of enterprises with main activity of editing software products and service activities
in information technology overall the turnover of enterprises with TIC main activity(%)24.8%30.5%Share of the turnover of enterprises with main activity of telecommunication overall
the turnover of enterprises with TIC main activity(%)47.2%49.8%Turnover of the activity of editing software products and service activities in technology of information (mil. lei) 9959,5 11361,1 Share
of turnover of enterprises with main activity of editing software products and service activities in information technology overall the turnover of economic activity(%)1. 0%1. 1%Source:
Large enterprises had in 2013 a percentage of 13%in selling goods and services online, compared with 10%in 2012.
On the level of enterprises, 63%of Romanian enterprises are using the Internet up to the 3rd degree of sophistication transactional egovernment services for interaction with public authorities
European commission, 2011 201222 Share of Enterprises interacting online with public administration per stages(%)Romania Source:
that irrespective of other significant initiatives such as the Government Enterprise Architecture, can be used in order to stimulate the adoption of the Strategy and its principles:
European Bank for reconstruction and development Signing a protocol with all the Ministries for the Government Enterprise Architecture initiative (described below) Page 151 of 170 The relationship between all the stakeholders involved in the Digital Agenda Strategy for Romania
The feasibility of these approaches and any other options and will be explored as part of the Government Enterprise 1 http://ec. europa. eu/europe2020/pdf/csr2014/csr2014 romania en. pdf Page 155 of 170 Architecture initiative,
and sustain for longer periods the right levels of competency in distinct areas (such as Program Management, Enterprise Architecture,
specific public sector consultancy) this will be done in the initial Government Enterprise Architecture exercise. In the past, capacity outsourcing to private sector and creating dedicated Project Management Units (with separate funding for personnel) have shown great promise in maintaining the necessary administrative capacity Increasing the cooperation between public entities The Romanian
the public administration will ensure that all the efforts are channeled to a cohesive strategy Government Enterprise Architecture the core initiative for egovernment Creating the legislation
and operational framework for implementing Government Enterprise Architecture. After its adoption, the Minister for Information Society will become the responsible entity for Government EA at the Executive Level.
The framework for Government Enterprise Architecture will be tailored from industry recognized standards and will include at a minimum the Business, Data, Application, Technology and People perspectives.
The main objective of the Government Enterprise Architecture will be to define a uniform set of standards,
and creating the necessary Enterprise Architecture capabilities o Creating the necessary legal framework with clear ownership for services,
CREATING THE GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE FRAMEWORK FOR ROMANIA BENEFITS: UNIFORM VISION IMPLEMENTATION AND PROMOTION FOR ALL PUBLIC ENTITIES AND PROJECTS TIMELINE:
MID 2015 Creating the Government Enterprise Architecture capabilities within the Ministries-empowering and educating the agencies for using
and applying the Government Enterprise Architecture for their initiatives PURPOSE: SUPPORT PUBLIC ENTITIES IN ADOPTING GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE BENEFITS:
BETTER ADOPTION OF GOVERNMENT EA, UNIFORM IMPLEMENTATION OF EA TIMELINE: MID 2015 Evaluating the ICT investments in Romania on following
Small and Medium-sized Enterprise KMR...Central Hungarian region KSH...Central Statistical Office KTIA...Research and Technology Innovation Fund ME...
the large companies spend 30%more money on R&d than the micro, small and medium sized enterprises combined.
While only 4. 1%of the R&d expenditures of large enterprises comes from public sources,
the same ratio is 18%for the medium-sized companies and over 40%for the micro and small enterprises.
foreign resources exceed 20%in the case of the large enterprises, but finance only one-tenth of the expenditures of the small businesses.
Own calculations of NIH RDI Observatory on the basis of KSH data In Hungary, one-fourth of the small businesses and nearly half of the medium-sized enterprises are innovative.
4. Boosting social enterprises, cohesion and consumer confidence. Global value chains7 In today's globalized world,
In addition, there has been recent progress in the cooperation of the research and development and innovation-oriented enterprises of Hungary and Vojvodina.
small and medium-sized enterprises improves in the major industrial areas, and Smart production systems spread.
yet avoiding the dominance of enterprises. This is the only manner the national smart specialisation strategy can become qualified to encourage the society to adopt a common vision of development and modernisation,
and local government organisations Ministries National government offices County governments County government offices Local governments of cities of county rank Economy Innovative enterprises Large enterprises SMES (including micro,
In the autumn of 2014, two-round S3 county workshops were held in all 19 counties with the involvement of the every local decision-maker and enterprise.
so it plays an important role in the site selection decisions of large enterprises (National RDI Strategy).
and the innovation capacity of the agricultural enterprises-Improving the efficiency of energy use of agricultural production-Keeping the rural population in place by strengthening the agricultural supplementary activities-The targeted support of young farmers to promote a generational change
and partnering between higher education institutions, academic research organisations, public nonprofit research organisations, other public research organisations, research and technological centres, large enterprises and micro-,small-and medium
-sized enterprises. They support the innovation activities of undertakings (mainly SMES) that are either inadequately
In addition, external partners, in particular micro-,small-and medium-sized enterprises can use their research and development services.
Any micro-,small-and medium-sized enterprise can apply to use RDI services; it is the aim that this opportunity will be available to the broadest possible target group.
The small-and medium-sized enterprises could win vouchers by tendering procedure, which would serve as a means of payment
Several higher education institutions, research institutes, many large companies and small and medium-sized enterprises are involved in the collaboration along the"quadruple helix".
the micro, small and medium-sized enterprises are given new orders, which have so far proved to be inaccessible for them.
Summary of the Feasibility study on future EU support to public procurement of innovative solutions http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/lead-marketinitiative
impact of the RDI activities of large companies on small and medium-sized enterprises and the research infrastructure.
such as established charities and social enterprises. We've tried to explore who the people and organisations working on DSI are,
Government and public sector organisations, businesses, academia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations and grassroots communities) 2. The way these organisations are supporting DSI (for instance,
Social Enterprise Charity or Foundation, Business, Grass roots Organization or Community Network, Academia and Research, Government and Public sector. 2 Project Type:
digital fabrication and micro enterprises. 28 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe MAKERS MOVEMENT Maker Fairs are interesting expressions of this new form of networking events
facilitating and expanding communities Democratizing access to emerging technologies SOCIAL ENTERPRISE CHARITY OR FOUNDATION BUSINESS GRASS ROOTS ORGANIZATION OR COMMUNITY NETWORK ACADEMIA AND RESEARCH GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC SECTOR 193 182 153 118 55 Number of organisations (Total 701) Case study
in order to help small and medium-sized enterprises. DSI should also create new specific instruments for social entrepreneurship.
The platform specialises in supporting community enterprises, creative startups and charities. Another example is Spacehive,
Journey to effective assessment and metrics http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/social-innovation/strengthening-social-innovation en. pdf Guide to Social
. uk/open-data-challenge-series 44 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/social-innovation/competition/45 http://en
-make-decisions Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 97 73 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/social-innovation/strengthening
analysis 17 Part Four 20 Our enterprise analysis of the NHS Prescriptions Service and the management of the legacy system 20 Part Five 29 The lessons learned from the impact of legacy
ICT on the Authority's prescriptions service 29 Appendix One 32 Timeline 32 Appendix Two 33 Methodology 33 Appendix Three 34 Enterprise analysis
and an enterprise analysis8 measuring how mature the organisation is in managing, operating and maintaining the service,
can be found in Appendix Two. 8 Our enterprise analysis is performed using a framework containing the seven key areas that most impact performance:
A full description of the enterprise analysis framework we applied during our fieldwork can be found in Appendix Three. 8 Part Two NHS Prescription Services:
the impact of legacy ICT Part Four Our enterprise analysis of the NHS Prescriptions Service and the management of the legacy system 4. 1 In this part, we summarise the findings of our enterprise analysis
The enterprise analysis framework can be found in Appendix Three. Strategy and business model Our assessment Key finding Now Future The Authority is taking steps to improve efficiency and accuracy.
the impact of legacy ICT Part Four 23 4. 11 The Authority has adopted an enterprise architecture approach to ensure alignment of IT and business services,
financial and enterprise analysis to draw out the key lessons the NHS Business Services Authority (the Authority) has learned from the impact of legacy ICT on prescription services (Figure 9
the impact of legacy ICT Figure 9 Enterprise analysis summary assessment Source: National Audit Office analysis based on the enterprise analysis framework in Appendix Three NHS Prescription Services:
the impact of legacy ICT Part Five 31 Figure 10 Lessons from the prescription pricing service Lessons Commentary Senior management ownership of IT risk leads to proactive decisions
and the application of our enterprise analysis framework (Appendix Three). Method Financial and performance analyses including:
technical descriptions and publicly available service information Application of our enterprise analysis framework including: A workshop of key stakeholders where they self-assessed
the impact of legacy ICT Appendix Three Enterprise analysis framework Good practice in the management of legacy ICT Strategy and business model Strategy and business model There is a clear strategy in place for the service,
Enterprise architecture There are clear links and strong alignment between the IT strategy and business strategy,
National Audit Office enterprise analysis toolkit NHS Prescription Services: the impact of legacy ICT Appendix Four 37 Appendix Four National Audit Office reports on government ICT NOTE 1. For published client reports focused on ICT see next
and the structure of their values chains and operations shape opportunities for small and medium size enterprises (SMES).
E-government services to enterprises should be used as a tool to improve efficiency of government interactions and operations with SMES.
The situation is similar for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES), although they lag behind larger firms in Internet transactions.
most small firms, including micro-enterprises with fewer than ten employees, now have at least one computer terminal, usually with Internet access.
3. In this document, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) are firms with fewer than 250 employees
Extensive use of ICT can allow micro-enterprises with ideas and technologies to remain small and profitable,
and some micro-enterprises have generated substantial global sales by exploiting their intellectual property over the Internet. 11 ICT adoption
While Internet penetration is generally higher in larger enterprises the gap between larger firms and SMES is narrowing.
Small firms (10-49 employees) have a slightly lower penetration rate, between 60%and 90%(Figure 1). Even in micro-enterprises,
which data are available seem to be greater for smaller enterprises. The Nordic countries have a more homogeneous distribution across firms of different sizes,
-249 250 and more 10 and more Note 1. In European countries, only enterprises in the business sector,
The source for these data is the Eurostat Community Survey on enterprise use of ICT.
and only includes enterprises with NZD 30 000 or more in turnover. Switzerland includes the industry, construction and service sectors.
OECD, ICT database and Eurostat, Community Survey on ICT usage in enterprises 2002, May 2003.
In Australia, over the period July 1999-June 2001, selling over the Internet by micro-enterprises with 5-9 employees declined from 16%to 13%and by firms with 10-49 employees from 21%to 18,
%In Norway, only 12%of micro-enterprises with 5-9 employees engaged in on-line sales in 2001, down from 21%in 1999,
%40%50%Do not trust technology/security Customer's access to Internet is insufficient It w ould not pay off No skilled personnel Does not apply to the type of enterprise/product Micro firms w ith 0
Some small businesses, especially micro-enterprises with 1-9 employees or the self-employed, may adopt a simple Web site without any e-commerce function
These are drawn from both general enterprise policy and from ICT policies. The overall policy framework is no different for SMES than for larger firms except for some areas such as competition where there are differences in impacts between small and large firms.
and target smaller enterprises that are potential or low-level users that could further benefit from more extensive use.
smaller enterprises are likely to prefer technologies using a traditional telephone line, such as DSL, as these generally represent the initial opportunity for SMES to obtain affordable higher speed Internet connections (OECD, 2001b).
Many commercial factors inhibit small business debt financing including high transaction costs for small loans, lack of sufficient collateral and high risk in innovative start-ups and micro-enterprises.
Spain A programme is designed for micro-enterprises (fewer than 20 employees) in small towns with a special emphasis on training in the use of the Internet, e-mail and new management techniques.
the Seventh Observatory of European SMES, DG Enterprise, Brussels. European commission (2002b), Benchmarking National and Regional E-business Policies:
Benchmarking Report, DG Enterprise, Brussels. Eurostat (2002), The European community Survey on E-commerce. Faverie, M. 2004), E-business and SMES in seven non-OECD countries:
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (METI)( 2001), White paper on Small and Medium Enterprises in Japan, SME Agency of Japan (available at http://www. chusho. meti
By contrast, during 2008,24%of enterprises were purchasing and 12%selling electronically volumes that equalled
and created enterprises, thus adding value and representing a major engine for European growth, even in a time of crisis.-E-commerce is seen as the best way to transcend national borders
It plays an important role in B2b exchanges as 27%of European enterprises purchase online and 13%sell online.
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/europeanstandards/files/standards policy/vademecum/doc/98 34 ec consolidated version en. pdf 36 See Recital 22 in the preamble of the ECD,
Some of the respondents (mostly business organisations and enterprises) had doubts about the added value of all or some of the derogations in the Annex.
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/tris/reps 2008 2006/EN. pdf 73 For example, the Commission received notifications from France on the"Loi Hadopi",from Spain on the so-called"Ley Sinde,
"and from the UK on the"Digital economy Act",available at http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/tris/pisa/app/search/index. cfm?
see TRIS notification numbers 2010/616/F and 2010/710f, http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/tris/default. htm?
Third, online enterprises such as travel planning sites sell both advertising space and their (own) services directly to consumers.
The Commission will contribute to a more proactive policy by using its existing networks such as the European Enterprise Network and/or the European Consumer Centres Network,
. 2 Access to capital for SMES Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMES) play an important role in fostering growth and innovation and this holds in particular for the online services market.
and the Enterprise Europe Network226 confirm that businesses with an interest in 223 On 16 november 2011 the Commission hosted a seminar to discuss consumer problems with digital products, such as e-mail, social networks, music, films, e
The transaction costs may be dissuasive, particularly for micro and small enterprises, as they constitute a greater share of their annual turnover.
consumers as well as enterprises want easy, fast and cheap solutions. Alternative Dispute Resolution("ADR")272 is considered widely as an efficient, quick and low-cost alternative to classic court procedures both for online and offline disputes.
and by enterprises http://www. risolvionline. com/281 Belmed is an online dispute resolution scheme set up by Belgium to resolve disputes between consumers and traders:
26%of innovative firms were engaged in co-operation with other enterprises, universities, public research institutes, suppliers, customers and competitors in the EU-27.
2014 46 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH The use of external relationships is interpreted increasingly as a key factor in enhancing the innovation performance of modern enterprises (Lasagni, 2012).
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts-figures-analysis/performancereview/files/countries-sheets/2012/romania en. pdf 8. Fleming, L
Innovation Union Scoreboard 2011 (2012), European Commision, http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ius-2011 en. pdf 16.
Should we focus on start-ups or established larger enterprises? Should we look at shared or trusted economy drivers?
Part of the renewal process is needed the mentality to fuel the spirit of enterprise and the mindset of entrepreneurial discovery that needs to be embraced by large portions of society;
Of course, all these joint actions and new enterprises need to be financed. There are diverse European instruments for this,
universities, research institutions and enterprises. Operating since 2012, the EUE programme has brought together a broad group of researchers, innovators,
& Enterprise Educore Future Centre Alliance, Founding Partner hankkune@educore. nl R E g I O N A l I N N O V A t I O N,
firstly, the traditional triple helix innovation model with enterprises, research and public sector players (being often topdown) is replaced by the co-creative quadruple helix innovation model where users have an active role too, in all phases
P.,Crowdsourcing and Open Innovation for Enterprises, 2013. R E g I O N A l I N N O V A t I O N,
The case of enterprise software',MIS Q.,Vol. 36, Nr. 1, pp. 263-290.22) European commission (2010),‘Interim Evaluation of the Seventh Framework Programme, Report
enterprise infrastructure focusing on entrepreneurship agenda within the university and professional and executive education units offering commercial programmes.
Another development in university innovation management and enterprise are collaborations between universities to expand the pool of technologies, expertise and capacity.
CETSQUARED is the enterprise collaboration between University of Bath, University of Bristol, University of Exeter, University of Southampton and University of Surrey 25.
are explicitly open not solely to entrepreneurs and small enterprises, but also to other groups, such as school and university students, tech-enthusiasts and tinkerers.
Therefore, the lab's user community comprises the UFA company, technology firms, research and development facilities, media enterprises, students,
Sometimes, strategic partnerships are established (e g. with multinational enterprises such as Deutsche telekom AG or Daimler Benz AG) to circumvent the temporal fixation of academic-driven labs. Usually,
The projects lead to joint patents, subsequent projects, spin-offs and consultancies for enterprises (particularly for Deutsche telekom.
Large multinational enterprises such as Deutsche telekom AG, Deutsche Post AG, Otto Group, Bertelsmann AG, Axel Springer AG, Prosiebensat. 1, Microsoft and Google
Enterprises and academic institutions exploit labs to create a community that supports their open innovation strategy
It has 30 000 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES), which employ 300 000 workers
or small enterprises to make developments is available. There is an electronics laboratory and a‘design factory'with rapid prototyping capabilities, a conference hall, separate meeting rooms and a large unified working area.
It also enables the integration of specific products from small and medium-size enterprises (SMES) into a more common and globally scalable platform.
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