The resolution attaches great importance to policies in favor of small and medium enterprises (SMES)
in particular through the Enterprise Europe Network with the assistance of the European Consumer Centres Network (ECC-Net) as regards issues relating to consumers,
and to provide the necessary talents for e-businesses (jobs and enterprise creation). 7 of 16 3. 3. Push for more use of digital processes in regional, national and EU government and administrations (e g. tax and VAT returns, product information.
This guide is a practical and comprehensive introduction to eco-innovation addressed primarily to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES.
PRE-SME Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small-& Medium-Sized Enterprises: Industrial training handbook Figure 5:
Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium Sized Enterprises is an industrial training handbook. It explains basic concepts like resource efficiency
A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches. 25 eco-innovation observatory RREUSE is a European umbrella for social enterprises with activities in reuse,
German enterprises that reduced their use of metal achieved average savings of € 72,000 per year10.
10 big questions about your eco-innovation www. bsk-cic. co. uk/uploads/assets/media/documents/e77d55492e6e69 4e04a2ffe62f8a3c972f27a79d. pdf Enterprise Europe Network shares
and licensing. portal. enterprise-europe-network. ec. europa. eu EUREKA is a European network that supports businesses carrying out R&d. www. eurekanetwork. org/supporting Learning Resources
PRE-SME Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small-& Medium-Sized Enterprises: Industrial training handbook p. 22:
and should aim to reduce costs for enterprises. Material rules should be easy to understand
The complexity of the material rules and the lack of certainty bring higher costs to enterprises in terms of legal advice and litigation.
The proposed sanctions-which can run up to 2%of an enterprise's annual worldwide turnover-are disproportionate. 5. 1. 6 Data subject rights and consent Where possible,
Most European countries have paid insufficient attention to a number of key ICT enablers the complementary factors that allow enterprises to use technology to the fullest.
and the lack of an innovation culture, hamstring European enterprises in their attempts to put ICT to productive use.
Europe's weaknesses are most acute among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES. SMES fare poorly compared with large firms in access to capital, the fruits of research and development (R&d), high quality networks and information technology (IT) systems,
and channelling the fruits of university and public R&d to enterprises. Progress in each of the above areas will create a more conducive environment for innovation in Europe.
Erkki Liikanen, EU commissioner for enterprise and the information society. The empirical studies suggest that ICT has played a central part in the United states'extraordinary productivity growth since the mid-1990s.
According to Tarek Ghouri, director of government practice for Nokia Enterprise Solutions, the technology is available today to create compelling solutions that grow productivity;
the main ingredient lacking is imagination at the enterprise level. That European business suffers from an entrepreneurial deficit
The implication is that it is not enough to deploy new enterprise software or a
Erkki Liikanen, EU commissioner for enterprise and the information society, believes that it is critical for member governments to review their product-market regimes
The lack of venture capital is a strong disincentive to innovation and enterprise. Germany, for example, boasts some of Europe's more prolific R&d programmes with close ties to business (see below),
The latter will not only improve managers'ability to achieve technology integration at the enterprise level, but more importantly it will maximise end-users'access to the benefits of the information society.
It is to be hoped that business managers will increasingly demand this behaviour from their suppliers. 2. Stimulating innovation and enterprise.
policy toward private enterprise, financing conditions, the tax regime, the macroeconomic environment and labour markets. The overall index is a simple average of the five category subindexes.
Can Europe Resume the Catching Up Process, European commission, Directorate General Enterprise. Van Ark, Bart, 2003, The Productivity Problem of the Dutch Economy:
National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector, Government of India, The Challenge Of Employment In India.
Eurostat statistics on enterprises in the European union 1. Source: Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond, European commission 2. Source:
As digital infrastructure and its applications for enterprises continue to develop, the transaction costs of collaborations will decrease
small and medium enterprises (SMES) are frequently the source of ideas for products brought to market by large corporations. 4 In Europe,
the Forum partnered with Research+Data Insights, Junior Achievement-Young Enterprise (JAYE) Europe, and the European Confederation of Young Entrepreneurs (YES) to survey a broad range of Europeans with experience
Whether or not they go on to found businesses or social enterprises, young people who benefit from entrepreneurial learning develop business knowledge
student projects or events to inspire talent with success stories Junior Achievement Young Enterprise Europe is Europe's largest provider of entrepreneurship education programmes.
Daniel Calleja Crespo Director-General, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General, European commission Neelie Kroes Vice-president and Commissioner for the Digital Agenda, European commission Mark Rutte Prime minister
Selected Policy makers Contributing to the Report (in alphabetical order) 34 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness Daniel Calleja Crespo Director-General, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General, European commission The role of innovation
Within the new 7-year European research and innovation programme, Horizon 2020, around €3 billion will be spent specifically on innovationdriven entrepreneurship in start-ups and established enterprises.
The new programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and SMES (COSME) running from 2014 to 2020 with a planned budget of €2. 3 billion will continue to provide guarantees
The recently adopted‘Estonian Entrepreneurship Growth Strategy 2020'marks innovative enterprises as a key target group.
In our terminology, they are called‘growth clients'emerging and fast-growing ambitious enterprises. For emerging enterprises it means that by the end of the second year of operation their estimated annual sales must exceed €200,
000 and their export intensity must be at least 25%.%Today, there are almost 2, 600 enterprises meeting these criteria.
Our main task is to help them increase their innovative skills, enhance development activities and help them enter exports markets.
Enterprise Estonia has established a network of salaried professional export advisers residing in major target markets,
The growth outlook and ambitiousness of enterprises is expressed by entrepreneurs'expectations concerning the increase in employee numbers as well as their ambitions on the international market.
expectations of early-stage enterprises concerning a fast increase in employee numbers (i e. more than 10 employees in five years and over 50%of growth) are lower,
Enterprise Development Programme: An all-in-one policy instrument, based on strategic client management by Enterprise Estonia, providing coaching
and grants to individual enterprises for activities ranging from R&d and innovation to export marketing Cooperation programmes (focusing on smart specialization areas):
Incentivizing co-creation, including programmes to support innovation clusters Entrepreneurship promotion: Promoting entrepreneurship as a career choice and raising general awareness on entrepreneurship Start-up Estonia programme:
Promoting the creation and growth of enterprises with global ambition Venture funds: Including a fund of funds of €120 million for business angel co-investment, venture capital and expansion capital (of this,
Forty-six per cent of all Finnish enterprises had innovation activity related to products and processes in 2008-2010.
Innovation expenditure reported by enterprises totalled €7. 3 billion in 2010. A recent success in fostering entrepreneurship:
For instance, the flagship enterprise Supercell received a €1 billion investment from Japanese investors. This proves that the quality of deal flow has improved.
The government support system for enterprises is easy and simple to use, and the taxation base is broad and simple for companies and supports growth entrepreneurship.
The goal is that Finland should have one of the best framework conditions for entrepreneurship and high growth enterprises in the world.
Key challenges that firms face include the need for effective collaboration and better mutual understanding between public research and enterprises, effective use of existing science and technological infrastructure,
Another difficulty seen by enterprises is increasing cost and impaired access to funding. However, the problems faced relatively differ among enterprises of different sizes, in particular, with micro entrepreneurs seeing easier access to funding as absolutely crucial.
Almost 25%of them highlighted this problem. With the growing size of an enterprise the importance of this issue decreases while the relevance of other difficulties increases, including severe competition, availability of skilled employees and managers,
and cost of production and labour. Key activities on an agenda to foster innovation-driven entrepreneurship in Europe:
Caroline Jenner, Chief executive officer, Junior Achievement-Young Enterprise (JA-YE) Europe Various forms of women-led economic activity are important to the growth agenda.
But the greatest impact could be delivered by increasing the number of womenfunded and women-led high-growth enterprises.
These capabilities trump more pure-play, exclusionary and reductive analytical approaches and preoccupations with overly-linear thinking and analysis. The Cambrian enterprise system must be set up so as to continuously scan Coral reefs of relationships, niches,
. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts-figures-analysis/.6. EIM Business & Policy Research (2011), Do SMES create more and better jobs?
PDF Foundation for Entrepreneurship Young Enterprise Denmark (2013), Impact of Entrepreneurship Education in Denmark 2013 INSEAD, World Economic Forum (2013), The Global Information technology Report
-General, Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry, European commission, Brussels Ding Chun, Dean, Centre for European Studies, Fudan University, People's republic of china M. Willem van Eeghen
Smaller enterprises make their impressive contributions to innovation because of several advantages they possess compared to large-sized corporations.
or large enterprises in order to improve their ability to access and absorb innovations. -The cluster strategy, in which SMES locate in close proximity with competitors
Some enterprises especially small and medium-sized firms, choose to pursue increasingly specialised markets or innovative niches,
the small and medium-sized enterprises consider it important to undertake such global investments because of the demonstration effect--to show potential customers
Nevertheless, the small-and medium-sized enterprises of Germany have not been able to overcome the risks inherent in a high degree of specialisation,
when the technology dominates the enterprise and scientists and engineers are the driving force in the enterprise,
customer satisfaction tends to suffer and demand shifts elsewhere. Conversely, when the marketing department is the driving force behind the enterprise,
technological sophistication is affected. While customers may be satisfied in a static sense, the enterprise is not engaging in dynamic product development,
which leaves it vulnerable to competition from more technologically advanced companies. Customers eventually reward technological leaders that can provide them with unanticipated product innovations and improvements.
In this sense, balancing conflicting customer demands is a delicate strategy that only a very flexible enterprise,
large enterprises, or a combination of both. Saxenian (1994) has argued that it is the culture of interdependence
which the region's enterprises often cannot afford individually. These networks defy sectoral barriers: individuals move easily from semiconductor to disk drive firms or from computer to network makers.
and new enterprises are conceived This decentralised and fluid environment also promotes the diffusion of intangible technological capabilities and understandings. 13 48.
Groups of enterprises working in the same product are seedbeds for the exchange of new ideas.
Formal and informal links between enterprises, including subcontracting relationships, facilitate economic specialisation of firms as well as superior access to information.
Knowledge created within an enterprise spills over for use by other enterprises. 53. There is considerable evidence supporting the hypothesis that flexible production systems actually outperform those based on mass production.
Through flexible production small firms have achieved a better economic performance than large enterprises. In these specialised industrial districts an agglomeration of producers within an industry work in close physical proximity.
The narrow division of labour common to large enterprises has been replaced by an organisational structure in which employees perform a wide variety of different tasks. 15 Porter (1990) provides examples of Italian ceramics and gold jewelry as industries in
In a clustering strategy, firms take advantage of linkages with other enterprises afforded by geographic proximity
Not only has the absolute value of foreign direct investment activities by small and medium-sized enterprises increased over time,
The first is that the enterprise must have an endowment of capabilities in foreign markets that are superior to those of firms located in other countries.
These benefits from the extending the enterprise's activities abroad must exceed the benefits expected from externalising its property rights through other mechanisms such as licensing, management contracts, franchises, technical services agreements, turnkey projects, and subcontracts.
and SME policies in order to broaden the population of small and medium size enterprises who can benefit from innovation programmes.
Furthermore the technology developers that participate in the European commission Framework Programme tend to be subcontracting consulting organisations that perform development or engineering activities for larger enterprises.
and Muldur (1999) further explored the profile of these enterprises and found that 41%of these SMES were service organisations (engineering companies, consulting companies);
as SENTER and Enterprise Ireland have begun to do. 3. Pure equity financing. Some countries go one step further in their strategy adjustment towards technology developers:
and take equity stakes in new companies,(Enterprise Ireland). Equity finance mechanism can complement classic public R&d grants and business development grants.
(°198421) IWT(°1991) SENTER(°1988) ANVAR(°1979) DTI Enterprise Ireland(°1998) Yearly Budget 3, 75 billion (5de FP:
and R&d support is that enterprises under-invest in R&d because they cannot fully capture the rents of their efforts.
Buckley, Peter J.,1997, International Technology Transfer by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, 9 (1), Small Business Economics, February, 67-78.
Empirische Ergebnisse fuer West-Deutschland OECD, 1997, Best Practices for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Paris:
innovation and small and medium medium-sized enterprises highlighting the role of these business for the economic recovery.
It will provide a brief overview of the CNIPMMR study pointing out data about Romanian SMES innovation activities and use of information technology in such enterprises.
Entrepreneurship, Innovation, SMES (Small and medium enterprises) 1. Introduction Entrepreneurship is a term that does not have accepted an general definition,
in spite of the fact that these small and medium firms represent the vast majority of enterprises in most developed
As stated in the European commission annual report on SMES 2012-2013 at European level over 99%of all enterprises are SMES
around 20 million SMES, most of them are micro-enterprises, and in 2012 employed over 86 million people providing for 66,5%of jobs from the total employment and contribute more than half of the total added value created by businesses.
Early theories regarded the small enterprises as being outside of the domain of innovative activity and technological change (Acs & Audretsch,
2010) but more recent studies showed that small entrepreneurial enterprises were as important as the large companies for innovation and for technological change.
and compiled by CNIPMMR (Consiliul National al Întreprinderilor Private Mici si Mijlocii din România National Council of Small and Medium Sized Private Enterprises),
Own adaptation based on CNIPMMR data (2011-2013) 3. 2 Innovation investments In terms of share of investments allocated to innovation from the total enterprises investments almost half of SMES (44,93
of these enterprises. Table 1: SMES by share of investments allocated to innovation SMES 44.93%25.84%16.77%6. 85%4. 21%1. 19%0. 22%Share of investments Allocated to innovation 0
CNIPMMR, White Charter of Romanian SMES 11th Edition, Sigma Publishing house, 2013 A bit more than a quarter of enterprises (25,84%)have allocated 1 to 5%to innovation
and Finance 16 (2014) 512 520 515 enterprises allocated between 6 and 10%to innovation.
almost half of the Romanian SMES (46,39%)did generated not any revenue from new products/services (see table 2). 21,47%of the enterprises generated 1-5%form their turnover figures by new products and services,
and enterprises followed by integral absorption (poaching) of innovation developed by others (21.95%).%Only few enterprises (7. 48%)think that cooperation with others is a viable approach to undertake R&d activities.
see figure 2). Figure 2: SMES approaches to innovation Source: CNIPMMR, White Charter of Romanian SMES 11th Edition, Sigma Publishing house, 2013 According to FPP report there is a direct correlation between innovation in enterprises
and their economic 40.52 30.05 21.95 7. 48 Internal (individual) R&d activities Adaptation and inoculation of novelty (innovation) developed by other organizations Using novelty (innovation) developed by other organizations
45,71%use it for promoting their products and services and 39,50%for better communication inside their enterprises. 0. 39 0. 5 4. 33 15.56 27.5 76 80.83 81.94
processes in the Romanian SMES vision are data security (48,44%),fast access to the enterprise data form anywhere and at anytime (38.21%)and regulatory compliance (35.84%.
A large number of enterprises did allocated not funds for investments in innovation (44.93%.%Taking into consideration the share from the company turnover generated by new products/services introduced to market in the last year,
Usually enterprises use the IT application for communicating with customers and suppliers, to obtain information and for on-line transaction and payments.
and new start-ups being more adaptable to the changing business environment the government efforts should sustain the creation and development of new innovative enterprises.
and easy access for all enterprise to research results and creation of new technology driven SMES.
Efforts should focus on entrepreneurship and small to medium enterprises innovation and competitiveness growth in order to attain a sustainable and healthy economic recovery in the long run.
and Medium Enterprises, IZA Discussion Paper No. 3962 Drucker, P. F. 1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship;
European commission, DG Enterprise and Industry. FPP (2013) Barta P.,Modreanu I.,Spirea N.,Piti M.,Raportul Funda iei Post Privatizare privind sectorul IMM din România, Post
The Atlantis Programme is geared toward identifying newly formed enterprises from across Spain and attracting them to establish themselves in Andalusia.
The density of enterprises is approaching the national level and the population of the region has a fairly high level of interest in entrepreneurial activity.
its institutions and its enterprises benefit from financial and nonfinancial subsidies directly emanating from the EU,
the region must initiate the transition to a more market-oriented enterprise policy combined with a more sustainable system of support for regional and enterprise development.
either self-employed or employing less than 10 people accounting for over 95%of enterprises. While the region experienced a high rate of new business start-ups and a significant increase in jobs during the period of economic growth from the mid 1990s up until the present economic downturn the continued lack of mediumsized firms
between 50 and 500 employees demonstrates an underlying structural problem in growing local enterprises to a level that can contribute more significantly to employment creation and regional growth.
the Malaga Technology Park for example, has 530 enterprises employing more than 10 000 people. The focus upon particular sectors and clusters is appropriate
Entrepreneurship is evident in both small and mediumsized enterprises (SMES as well as large ones, in the formal and informal economy;
involving between 15%-25%of the surveyed enterprises. Between 5%-15%of the firms contracted R&d projects, use university facilities or exchanged staff,
This is the result of the recent merger between the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Innovation, Science and Enterprise (MISE.
support of business innovation and enterprise development; protection of regional intellectual property through advice on IPRS;
8. 9%,viii) business development and enterprise innovation: 6. 3%.Based on these figures, the regional government directly devotes EUR 3. 5 billion to entrepreneurship and SME development over six years, with other complementary areas such as=knowledge
In 2004, the Ministry of Innovation, Science and Enterprise assumed responsibility for universities, university research and technology transfer in Andalusia. 2 For the first time,
2010, the Regional Ministry of Economy merged with the Ministry of Innovation, Science and Enterprise. 4 The newly created Ministry of Economy,
They also host gatherings called Let s Speak about Enterprise in different educational institutions in Andalusia, with 99 000 people taking part in 2007 and 2008.8.
Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 10,4: 426-434. Marano, C. & Tarr, K. 2004.
It pays particular attention to the current state of the technology transfer process between the universities and enterprises in the regional economy, especially in terms of the concentration of the industrial structure of the region in small and medium-sized enterprises.
unlocking the business potential of small and medium-sized enterprises; improving employability through flexicurity; and the better management of energy resources (Koschatzky and Stahlecker, 2010,9 10.
and developing a first class research enterprise. These goals are to be operational through the financing of joint university-business R+D
In March, 2010 the Ministry of Enterprise, Innovation and Science was merged with the Ministry of Economy,
which supports the participation of research centres and enterprises in EU R&d funding programs, as well as a number of other intermediary associations (Gomez, 2007;
The Atlantis Programme, managed by the IDEA Agency is geared toward identifying newly formed enterprises from across Spain
as well as providing support services to facilitate work experience for its students in enterprises and the Foundation.
but it could make use of RETA‘s contacts with the group of innovative firms in the region as the basis for finding job placements for university students in the small and medium-sized enterprises that RETA services.
and it could use the students as a conduit for feeding problems and concerns of small and medium-sized enterprises back into the teaching activities of the university faculty.
its mission is to provide technical assistance and advice to a wide range of enterprises across Canada.
Rationale for the Intervention A general feature of the Canadian economy, especially in the high technology sectors, is the predominance of small and medium-sized enterprises,
the relative contribution of small and medium-sized enterprises to business expenditures on R&d in Canada is significantly higher.
supporting small-and medium-sized enterprises in communities across the country. The program has been in existence for almost 60 years
The Industrial Research Assistance program provides financial support to qualified small and medium-sized enterprises to help them develop technologies for competitive advantage.
At Sybase, an enterprise software company that spun-off from the original WATCOM Corporation, with over 250 employees in its Waterloo campus alone,
and supported by the Enterprise Co-op Program, which enables students to start their own venture in lieu of doing a co-op placement with an established firm,
Regional Ministry for Enterprise, Science and Innovation. Koschatzky, Knut, and Thomas Stahlecker. 2010. A New Challenge for Regional Policy-making in Europe?
General Secretariat for Universities, Research and Technology, Regional Ministry for Innovation, Science and Enterprise, Junta de Andalusia.
This section concentrates on the reasons why a culture of entrepreneurship combined with the development of new enterprises are important.
it is evident in both small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES), as well as large ones; in the formal and informal economy;
9. Improve the adaptability of workers and enterprises, and the flexibility of labour markets; 10. Invest more in human capital through better education and skills.
and spirit as to support business-minded people who have decided already to start up a new enterprise (Andalusia Region, 2006, p. 57).
as well as other factors such as the density of enterprises. This is followed by a brief analysis of the key institutions responsible for stimulating entrepreneurship and start-ups.
Turning to the business demographics of the region, the figure below shows that the number of enterprises has risen year-on-year
However, the global recession has caught up with the region, resulting in a decline to 510 072 enterprises in 2008, a process
In 2008 Andalusia had 15.2 percent of all national enterprises, a reduction of 2. 4 percent on the previous year.
Number of enterprises in Andalusia, 1999-2008 376,646384, 086 398,302417, 006441,623 464,179 486,674 511,728 522,815510, 072 360,000 380,000 400,000 420,000 440,000 460,000
a large number of the new enterprises created in the region were connected with the construction sector,
The number of new enterprises (birth rate) stated declining in 2006/7, a process which accelerated dramatically in Spain(-27.46 percent) in 2007/8;
and the number of enterprises and employment has gone also up. At the same time, the analysis illustrates that the region has been hit severely by the crisis,
Start-ups, stock of enterprises and unemployment, notably youth unemployment, are being impacted severely. Moreover, the region has limited a relatively entrepreneurial where people enter public sector employment as their preference.
Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Science The regional Ministry of Innovation, Science and Enterprise merged in 2010 with the Regional Ministry of Economy,
and resources to boost the competitiveness and innovative capacity of enterprises. This has resulted in the creation of one of the largest networks supporting economic development through innovation in Europe,
and consolidating enterprises and promoting entrepreneurship throughout the region. It has two main goals: Promote a culture of entrepreneurial activity through awareness-raising,
Create and consolidate enterprises and employment through advice and support to firms, business training, and accommodation at the pre-incubation and incubation stages.
facilitate access by enterprises to public funds; improve the qualifications and professional development of young Andalusians at different educational levels and strengthen work placement in companies;
The significant levels of resources currently available appear to have spawned a multiplicity of institutions and networks to support enterprise development.
including entrepreneurs and enterprises being supported, are protected to some degree from general competition. Fourthly, although the local economy may be cushioned by EU and national subsidies,
It is extremely unlikely that the current extensive and dense institutional network of enterprise support will continue in the new emerging financial environment.
Based on the 2006 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data, the density of enterprises was approaching the national level.
This presents the region and its enterprises with new opportunities. The commissioning of a detailed study and transition plan to assess the current situation
This incubation system is undoubtedly extremely helpful to the firms that are lucky enough to graduate through the five enterprise development stages.
ii) creating enterprises: creating a greater number of sustainable start-up businesses with potential for further growth, particularly by underrepresented groups of society such as women, the young, ethnic minorities, etc;
the operational part of the project was managed by a special enterprise team established within the Welsh Development Agency.
Effective delivery and implementation of successful initiatives requires new approaches to education and training, community enterprise, business start-ups, development funds and the many other areas for action
Relevance to Andalusia and considerations for adoption Andalusia recognises the importance of developing a stronger enterprise spirit in the region
For further information Department of Enterprise Innovation and Networks Welsh assembly government Plas Glyndwr, Kingsway Cardiff CF10 3ah Tel:++
CSES (2002) Benchmarking of Business Incubators, Final report, DG Enterprise, Brussels. EC (2003) Green Paper:
either self-employed or employing less than 10 people accounting for over 95%of enterprises. While the region experienced a high rate of new business start-ups and a significant increase in jobs during the period of economic growth from the mid 1990s up until the present economic downturn in 2007/2008, the continued lack
with a failure to grow indigenous enterprises to a level that can contribute more significantly to employment creation and regional growth.
have been affected more heavily than smaller enterprises seeing much greater percentage falls in their numbers (see table) with severe implications for loss of jobs.
Table 7. Size structure of firms in Andalusia, 2008 Size of firm%of total enterprises%change 2007-8 Micro-enterprises 95.06-1. 73 Self employed (no employees
-499) 0. 55-11.68 Large enterprises(+500) 0. 08-37.46 Total 100.00-2. 44 Source:
the Andalusia Technology Park (PTA) in Malaga, for example, has 530 enterprises employing more than 10 000 people.
and expansion creating more medium sized firms from the encouraging number of micro enterprises that are being created?
Scottish Enterprise and the devolved Scottish government which was established in 1999 (Leibovitz 2004; Rosiello 2004, Birch and Cumbers, 2009.
and attracting foreign direct investment, the region‘s enterprise development agency, Scottish Enterprise, embarked on a policy of identifying strategic clusters in the 1990s with a focus upon both identifying potential endogenous growth dynamics alongside the continuation of developing external links to key global
commodity chains ad actors. The region‘s history and tradition at the forefront of medical sciences
Scottish Enterprise and the Scottish government have provided substantial support for the cluster through grant funding (e g. a Proof of Concept), cofunding (e g.
funded by Scottish Enterprise, which represents a worldwide network of leading Scots who provide advice,
For further information http://www. scottish-enterprise. com/your-sector/life-sciences-sector http://www. cppr. ac. uk/centres/cppr/researchthemes/trademobilitygeographicconcentration/lifesciencec
Director of International Networks, Scottish Enterprise, Atrium House, 50 Waterloo St, Glasgow, G2 6hq. http://www. globalscot. com/Contactus/Contact. aspx
Asheim, B. Isaksen, A. Nauwelaers, C. and Todtling, F. eds) 2003 Regional Innovation Policy for Small and Medium Enterprises.
In Asheim, B. Isaksen, A. Nauwelaers, C. and Todtling, F. eds) 2003 Regional Innovation Policy for Small and Medium Enterprises.
In Asheim, B. Isaksen, A. Nauwelaers, C. and Todtling, F. eds) 2003 Regional Innovation Policy for Small and Medium Enterprises.
In Asheim, B. Isaksen, A. Nauwelaers, C. and Todtling, F. eds) 2003 Regional Innovation Policy for Small and Medium Enterprises.
Evaluating Scottish Enterprise's Cluster Policy in Life sciences: A Descriptive Analysis. University of Edinburgh: Innogen Working Paper No. 16.
Evaluating Scottish Enterprise's Cluster Policy in Life sciences: A Descriptive Analysis. University of Edinburgh: Innogen Working Paper No. 16.
Through less R&d-intensive forms of industry-university collaboration, the regional technology transfer offices will be able to reach out to a wider number of both faculty members and enterprises,
As of 2008, micro enterprises (less than 10 employees) accounted for 95, %and small firms (10-50 employees) for 4. 3%of the whole enterprise population,
thus making up altogether over 99%of the total. The paucity of medium-sized firms (50-250 employees) points to an excessive business fragmentation that undermines the competitiveness of the region.
and RETA should only focus on innovative enterprises in the future. This is a welcome step. As a=slimmer‘organisation, RETA needs to rationalise its mission, reducing the scope of work
most hosted firms collaborated more intensively with external enterprises. It is difficult to judge whether this lack of collaboration is necessarily a negative aspect of SME development.
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011