particularly opportunities to enhance the efficiency of existing goods, services, raw materials, and organizing methods (Shane and Venkataraman,
In brief, in a firmlevel perspective these opportunities are not specifically related to business creation but rather through new products, services and process, new strategic behaviors and new market opportunities.
Innovative firms, through the creation and introduction of new products and technologies, develop a market niche with new products/services,
2009) 39 6. Innovativeness Innovativeness relates to the firm's capacity to engage in innovation, that is, the introduction of new products or services, processes,
or services that shifted resources away from existing firms and caused new firms to grow.
) In summary, innovativeness is the predisposition to engage in creativity through the introduction of new products or services as well as technological leadership via R&d in new processes (Rauch et al.
or services new and unfamiliar and the technologies or procedures required by these products or services becoming generally available recently,
as well as strategic innovation and market relationship. In summary, innovativeness in both set of measures is the predisposition to engage in creativity through the introduction of new products or services as well as technological leadership via R&d in new processes. 42 43 CHAPTER III
ESSAY ONE ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION ENVIRONMENTAL HOSTILITY AND SME PROFITABILITY: A CONTINGENCY APPROACH Abstract This essay investigates the effect of the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on SME profitability.
In turn, EO suggests a proclivity towards the creation of new products or services, proactiveness and risk-taking propensity (Miller, 1983;
) In other words, innovativeness is the predisposition to engage in creativity through the introduction of new products or services as well as technological leadership via R&d in new processes (Rauch et al.
It is a forward-looking perspective characterized by the introduction of new products and services ahead of the competition and acting in anticipation of future demand.
which often are the first to introduce new products, 66 services or administrative techniques, and typically assume a very competitive posture).
and make the first move by introducing new products and services. Furthermore networks are vital
) In other words, innovativeness is the predisposition to engage in creativity through the introduction of new products or services as well as technological leadership via R&d in new processes (Rauch et al.
It is a forward-looking perspective characterized by the introduction of new products and services ahead of the competition and acting in anticipation of future demand.
Innovative firms, through the creation and introduction of new products and technologies, develop a market niche with new products/services,
64.15 13.79 22.06 Innovativeness innovate in products or services new to all or some not new 398 579 40.74 59.26 580 869 40.03 59.97 technology available less than 5 years
) In other words, innovativeness is the predisposition to engage in creativity through the introduction of new products or services as well as technological leadership via R&d in new processes.
or services new and unfamiliar and the technologies or procedures required by these products or services becoming generally available recently.
Another factor that may help explain firm innovativeness, especially in a strategic vision, is precisely the uniqueness of products or service,
and services that are either totally new or radically different from existing products (Sharma and Blomstermo,
Regarding the uniqueness of products or services, we used a dichotomous variable. It assumes a value of one (1)
or some in an attempt for potential customers to consider their products or services new and unfamiliar;
or services as well as technological innovation affects the proportion of foreign sales (export intensity). The second research objective is to investigate
which have a proportion of their revenue derived from foreign sales) are more innovative in products or services,
the correlation between innovation in products or services and technological innovation was expected, but the correlation value is not higher. 107 4. 2. Export intensity In order to test Hypotheses 7a and 7b,
or services is present if the firm has no (or has few) competitors offering the same product or service to their potential customers.
Particular emphasis has been placed on innovation in product or service, process innovation, uniqueness of products or services and foreign sales.
and services that are either totally new or different from existing products. Thus, we can state that the uniqueness of products
and services is another basis for internationalization. Moreover, our empirical results provide support for the direction of a number of recent arguments.
and services radically different from existing ones, betting, thus, for the innovatory uniqueness; -by recommending the use of the international experience through export activities to implement innovative projects.
Appendix 2. EO scale measurement No. of items Type of measure Innovativeness Strong emphasis on marketing products and services that have recently been developed through R&d. 3 Likert 1-7 New lines
of products or services. Likert 1-7 Changes in product or service lines. Likert 1-7 Proactiveness Typically initiates actions to
which competitors then respond. 3 Likert 1-7 Often is the first to introduce new products, services, administrative techniques, operating technologies, etc.
810 responses 36%North america 7%Latin america 20%APAC 37%EMEA Industry Percentage Manufacturing/natural resources 23%Government 12%Banking 10%Services
New and replacement services need to be architected, starting with the assumption that a public cloud solution will deliver services consumed in a mobile setting having a high level of contextualization.
This requires flipping from an inside-out legacy-first to an outside-in digital-first leadership mindset.
From CIOS and senior IT leaders in corporations and government agencies, to business leaders in high-tech and telecom enterprises and professional services firms, to technology investors, we are the valuable partner to clients in 9, 000 distinct
http://www. cpc. unc. edu/services/computer/presentations/mi presentation2. pdf 42 Use the completed data X and the model to estimate the parameter of interest (e g. the mean) ß
and access to services) for the all the districts in 2000. The composite 110 is the average of scores out of a 100 for each sub-indicator (see Table 8. 3). The rank is the average of ranks for each sub-indicator;
European B2c E-commerce Report 2014 Facts, Figures, Infographics & Trends of 2013 and the 2014 Forecast of the European B2c E-commerce Market of Goods and Services In cooperation www
4. e-Identification & Trust Services 5. e-logistics François Momboisse President of Ecommerce Europe European B2c E-commerce Reports 2014 Preface Wijnand
and services online and they do so from various places, such as at home, at work, en route or in the highstreet and sometimes already online in the store.
processing international e-commerce payments for more than 600 of the world's most recognized e-commerce brands in the digital goods and services, travel,
Globalcollect's business intelligence tools, Managed Fraud Services and more than 400 payments experts help our clients elevate their payment strategies to become a strategic asset to their companies.
Salesupply is a global e-business services company that enables online retailers to achieve profitable international growth faster, more efficiently and with relatively low costs.
and services delivered on a daily basis from all corners of the globe cannot be discounted.
and/or services that might be interesting to them. Pontus Kristiansson Vice president EMEA Richrelevance The mature online retail markets are saturated already highly
it has become more difficult for companies to personalize their services. Still, e-commerce personalization is by no means impossible.
which they want to introduce their products or services. For a successful internationalization, your company has to gain the trust of your potential customer.
and Services at a Glance Top 10 e-commerce countries in turnover (EUR billion) USA € 315.4 China € 247.3*UK € 107.1 Japan €
*B2c & C2c goods & services, excluding insurances 7, , 233 million people live in the world 2,
181 million people are e-shoppers 16%37%100%€ 1, 173.5 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 1, 878 million estimated
@Ecommerce eu Global Global €1, 173.5 bn+13.6%Total B2c e-sales 2013 of goods and services 1 2 3 73.4%Share of Internet users
Market of Goods & Services www. ecommerce-europe. eu B2c E-commerce in Europe 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance;
+jobs directly or indirectly via e-commerce 54%Goods 46%Services 32%69%100%€ 363.1 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 645,000+estimated online businesses
Gfk, 2014 An Overview of B2c E-commerce Markets of Goods & Services in Western europe www. ecommerce-europe. eu Western europe Western europe Europe € 363.1 bn+16.3
%EU 28 € 317.9 bn+14.7%Western europe € 177 bn+12.4%Total B2c E-commerce 2013 of goods & services 59%88%100
& Services 43.5%Services 56,5%Goods 9. 5%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP
Data of Goods and Services at a Glance The netherlands Belgium France United kingdom Ireland 1 United kingdom € 107,157 2 France € 51,100 3 The netherlands € 10,583 4 Ireland
Next and John Lewis. 63.7 million Pound (GBP) 20.0%65.6 million Euro (EUR) 19.6%Western europe An Overview of B2c E-commerce Markets of Goods & Services in Central europe
bn+22.7%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 165 million people live in Central europe 130 million people use the Internet 68 million people are e
& Services 41.3%Services 58.7%Goods 7. 0%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP
bn 1 2 3 Ranking Central europe in turnover (EUR million) 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance 1 Germany € 63
898 5. 7 million e-shoppers in 2013 E-commerce Markets Central europe An Overview of B2c E-commerce Markets of Goods & Services in Southern Europe www. ecommerce
41 bn+18.9%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 59%212 million people live in Southern Europe 125 million people use the Internet 48
Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 57.5%Services*42.5%Goods*2. 3%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72%of active Internet users
) 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance Italy Spain Greece 1 Spain € 14,414 2 Italy € 11
and services sold online services have become more popular in Italy over the last few years.
& Services in Northern europe www. ecommerce-europe. eu Northern europe Northern europe Europe € 361.1 bn+16.3%EU 28 € 317.9 bn+14.7%Northern europe
€ 31.9 bn+12.7%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 90%100%32 million people live in Northern europe 29 million people use the Internet
bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 49%Services 51%Goods 7. 2%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 18 million
) 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a glance 1. Sweden € 8, 622 2. Denmark € 8, 367 3. Norway
The most popular category in terms of items sold online in Denmark is Financial Products and Services.
1. Financial Products and Services 2. Travel and Cultural Activities 3. Film, Music, Books, Games and Toys 4. IT, Telecom and Photo 5. Electronics and Appliances
An estimated 77%of Internet users purchased goods and/or services in the last 12 months.
& Services in Eastern europe www. ecommerce-europe. eu Eastern europe Eastern europe Europe € 363.1 bn+16.3%EU 28 € 317 bn+14.7%Eastern europe
€ 19.3 bn+47.3%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 56%100%248 million people live in Eastern europe 139 million people use the Internet
& Services 25%Services 75%Goods 2. 1%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 40%of active Internet users
Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance Ukraine Romania 1 Russia € 15,500 2 Ukraine € 1, 850 3 Romania € 1,
General Overview Tables and Forecast of B2c European E-commerce Turnover of Goods & Services www. ecommerce-europe. eu Overview and Forecast Overview of Online B2c E-commerce
Ecommerce Europe, 2014 OVERVIEW ONLINE B2c E-COMMERCE SALES GROWTH 2010-2014 Based upon online sales growth of goods and services, 2013 Countries 2010
From 1966 until 1979 he offered legal and economic advice as well as lobbying services. From 1979 he managed the Dutch Mail order Association (currently Thuiswinkel. org
a research institute offering practical e-commerce research and benchmark services. Peter van den Brink, Trainee Research & Advice Peter van den Brink (1992) has worked for Ecommerce Europe since 2014.
and technical progress tremendously, leading to significantly higher levels of productivity and enabling radically new types of products and services.
and engineering with market-oriented nanotechnology products, systems and services. Their main research focus covers nano sciences, new nano materials, nano devices, 24 http://hesa. etui-rehs. org/uk/dossiers/files
More than 30,000 firms received services from ITRI. To sum up, microelectronics is a technology that critically relies on the interaction between academia and industry.
goods and services (OECD). Depending on the area of application subgroups are defined. The industrial biotechnology also called white biotechnology refers to industrial applications and uses microorganisms like moulds, yeasts or bacteria as well as enzymes in industrial processes to produce biochemicals, biomaterials and biofuels.
and services, including law firms, accounting firms, patent agents, consulting firms, and international banks, which contribute to the cluster's success (Barrel, 2004).
Interactions Companies in the region enjoy access to local suppliers of technical and professional services
but it did provided not subsidised services. Later on, when the biotechnology cluster was established already, it was (and still is supported by the East Region Biotechnology Initiative (ERBI),
such as local venture capitalists and business angels, a range of supporting services with legal, patent, recruitment,
and biotechnology companies to sell products and services throughout Europe to all kind of different markets.
a range of professional advisers and services (including biotechnology associations), a culture that respects risks,
In a similar vein, the maturity and success of the cluster has attracted all sorts of professional services to the area (think of specialist lawyers, brokers, marketing experts,
international IPR specialists) and complementary services and activities, giving the clusters the full dynamism and creative density of a full grown cluster.
where the primary cluster operations are supported by secondary services, which in turn reinforce cluster development by providing an healthy infrastructure to attract new biotechnology firms.
also emanating into service sectors such as health, software, architecture and construction, telecommunication and engineering services.
Wallonia's Plastiwin cluster Introduction The manufacturing industry in Wallonia represented 24 percent of the value added of the regional economy in 2006 (the rest corresponds to services)( Biatour et al.
engaging in manufacturing, processing, services, engineering, design, retailing and recycling. In addition, a handful of companies and industry 83 In a strict sense, Plastiwin would not constitute a geographical cluster (according to Porter.
and staff training and consultancy services, support with export plans, and promotion of renewable energy use and environment initiative.
Industry and Information technology and Science and Technology jointly announced in December 2007 their ambition to make Changsha the outsourcing services centre of China (KPMG, 2009).
In order to encourage the development of the services sector, the Changsha regional government has set up an ad hoc number of outsourcing conglomerations
The constructions of several platforms (information technology, services and financing) have achieved remarkable results. The number of professional technology intermediary agents has increased as well as the number of science and technology business incubators (Liu, 2007.
products and services is affected by a variety of factors and is influenced by development s in many other technologies (especially other KETS) and industries,
These user industries include electronics, medical instruments and health services, automotive, energy production and distribution, construction, textiles and clothing,
telecommunication and engineering services, contributing to both product and process innovation. Like other general purpose technologies,
which is characterised by robots as ubiquitous helpers improving the quality of life by delivering efficient services.
which is expected about the medium-term growth of global demand for goods and services). The differences in expected future growth of KET demand reflect differences in the underlying factors that drive market potentials of KETS.
provide intermediary services etc. Next to that, the external links should be encouraged to prevent becoming an‘in-crowd'club that misses out of important external developments.
Congressual Research Services. Scheu, M.,V. Veefkind, Y. Verbandt, E. Molina Galan, R. Absalom, W. Förster (2006), Mapping nanotechnology patents:
International competition for goods and services in the upper parts of the value chain is increasingly tougher.
This process of networked production coupled with complementary services is backed by increasingly fungible capital. Foreign direct investments are growing
which relies on a larger part of the economy producing knowledge-intensive and high valueadded goods and services.
In economic terms, it also means stronger rationale for Open Innovation strategies in increased competition for knowledge-based and high value-added goods and services.
and services can be measured by the composition and direction of overall foreign direct investment (FDI) flows,
but also to develop new and innovative products and services for the global market. The competitive position of Europe depends in this context
and services in sustainable construction has large potential for high-growth innovative enterprises in Europe.
and services have a clear value added to be integrated in specialised knowledge flows and value chains.
and services and this knowledge is becoming more widely distributed geographically. FDI flows and production organised around global value chains establish knowledge centres in relation to each other for collaboration in related fields,
and creative ability combine to deliver hugely successful products and services to world markets. Inspired by a plethora of Californian business success stories,
Enterprise owners value the physical closeness and availability of services from other companies. Stakeholder Interests and Influence With recognition of the potential economic value that creative, digital clusters can bring to local,
Business schools are placed ideally to deliver these services that could include workshops, simulations, think-tanks, experiential learning, discussion forums, presentations, research and networks.
Editors, lab services, games testing services and digital--workflow facilities are connected all across the top five floors and connected vertically by high-speed links.
The upshot is that technological developments do not automatically lead to the successful launch of products and services 101.
and newly-emerging technology services facilitating open innovation. Fourth, more attention might be paid to the IPR system:
Policy 28 (8)( 1999) 793 805.89 V. Chiesa, R. Manzini, E. Pizzurno, The externalisation of R&d activities and the growing market of product development services
With every month that passes, more services go digital: from checking and adjusting your home's energy usage via a mobile app,
All of these services now exist, and more are created every day. This presents a huge opportunity for CIOS, especially those with the aspiration,
From Nestlé's push into direct online selling as a consumer brand, to Caterpillar's creation of new lines of services for clients, CIOS at all kinds of firms are using digital technology to transform their businesses.
Executive summary Born to be digital 5 65%of digital-ready CIOS are engaged highly on helping develop new products and services. 3 Despite a seat at the top table,
and services, compared with just 50%of other CIOS. They show a much stronger appetite for risk
such as moving from selling products to providing services Streetcar and Xerox are two examples 2. Transforming existing business models to offer new digital services such as 100flowers selling via Facebook
IT services and e-commerce) Telecommunications Banking Media and entertainment Other Pharmaceutical and biotechnology 16%20%7%15%20%22%IT-intensive industry CIOS refers to the CIOS surveyed for this report,
and 55%development of services and products*72%Discussing IT's role in 76%business transformation 73%Discussing IT budgetary issues
and products and services. EY's Dave Ryerkerk notes that, in the past, businesses would draw up a major initiative setting out the required processes
and services something picked out by 81%of digital-ready CIOS, well ahead of the 64%of IT-intensive industry CIOS overall.
and developing new services or products with the executive management team, compared with just 50%of ITINTENSIVE industry CIOS overall.
and challenges 63%55%Discussing IT's role in research and development of services and products 50%65%Participating in strategic decision-making 45%57%Discussing mergers
and creating value-added services. They know how to explain these new business models, which may be more profitable than actually building the physical products,
Group Software Services, Nedbank 2007 Advanced Management Programme, Harvard Business school 2005 2007 Divisional Director: Project & Programme Management, Nedbank 2004 Divisional Director:
today Senior vice president & Americas CIO, SAP America, Inc 2009 2011 Head of Global Application Services, SAP AG 2002 2003 Vice president IT Infrastructure, SAP America
Renault-Nissan 2004 2006 Vice president, Global Information systems, Nissan motor Co. 1997 2004 Head of Consulting Services, i2 Technologies 1996 1997 Director of Information systems
customer segment and Nykredit estate agency services, Nykredit 2011 today Member, IT think tank Denmark 3. 0 2010 today Member, National IT project counsel 2006 2010 Chairman, CIO
as well as wholly new products and services. But to truly deliver on this, you'll need a firm grasp of the corporate business and operating model.
New products and services should not be introduced unless the underlying technology is available to efficiently support these.
These sectors included technology (including hardware, software and other IT services), financial services, life sciences, telecommunications, online and e-commerce.
49,999 22%50,000 and more 19%23%Software, hardware and computer services Banking and financial services 19%8%Chemical, bio-and medical technology 14%Telecommunication operators
and services Semiconductors and 8%telecommunications equipment 7%Transport and logistics Media and televison 4%10%Other E-commerce, internet and social media 6%Cable operators and services
Born to be digital 41 EY Assurance Tax Transactions Advisory About EY EY is a global leader in assurance, tax, transaction and advisory services.
The insights and quality services we deliver help build trust and confidence in the capital markets and in economies the world over.
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They may provide new products or services to a market; they may introduce new technology to existing products;
Innovation can be applied successfully in‘new'sectors such as high-tech but as well in very‘traditional sectors in industry, services and even agriculture.
and services for which it is disposed competitive advantages as a result of their capacity of innovation, adaptability and personalization of the production in connection with the request exigencies.
Ireland's enterprise structure is shifting as services contribute a greater proportion to overall economic growth.
Urban centres are attractors for knowledge intensive and services activities, and from an enterprise development perspective, the gateways take on an increasingly important role9.
and financial) Regional Authorities should develop strong linkages with neighbouring regions in particular to harness services
and grow a business enabled by access to markets, skills, facilities,(sector specific) supports and networks, services and R&d.
and those in more‘vulnerable'sectors to meet the needs of growing sectors and services activities18.
Market Formation Competence Building Skills and Education Provision of Consultancy Services Financing & Commercialisation Institutional Supports & Regulation FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS:
suppliers and markets to deliver on new products and services. It is also worth noting that there is a difference in terms of innovation readiness in the context of the existing industrial structure across regions.
In order for adequate broadband25 services to reach businesses and homes across the country two things are required: Existing backhaul assets need to be managed in a coordinated way to optimise usage,
and tourism sectors A number of regionally developed initiatives/strategies highlight the potential for the energy/environmental goods and services sector,
and services used in its production latest available data is for 2006 FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS:
recent major road infrastructure enhancements have helped to strengthen the value proposition for international services activity in the Midlands,
Teleflex (shared services operation Axa (customer support centre) and PPD (contract research organisation), joining companies such as Capmark Services (commercial mortgage administration) FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS:
OVERVIEW, FINDINGS & ACTIONS 21 Ireland represents a potentially important strategic resource for the Midlands region and in the national context.
ICT (hardware and services) and Food (including functional foods), and 38 http://www. forfas. ie/publication/search. jsp?
OVERVIEW, FINDINGS & ACTIONS 22 significant potential in tourism, medical devices, other internationally traded services and maritime The Southwest derives a higher proportion of its Gross Value Added (GVA
The Development Agencies should work with companies and Tourism ICT Services Maritime Green Tech Food Lifesciences Functional Foods Aquaculture-Fishing Marine Tourism and Leisure Key Enabler
but also in relation to its wider impact on firms providing third party services to the company44. The regionally based Túsnua initiative is focused on providing advice
and supports to those impacted There has been a notable growth in ICT and other internationally traded services as well as the Medical Technologies sector,
the regionally based workshop highlighted potential in the areas of Medical Technologies, taking advantage of the increasing convergence with ICT, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Energy and Environmental products and Services, Software
and other Services, Food and Tourism Key Data and Statistics Midwest Midwest State Average Dublin Unemployment (Q1 2009) 11.4%10.2%8. 9%Employment
Kilkenny Medieval City and Wexford Opera Agency supported sectors that experienced the most significant growth in the region over the last decade included pharmachem, medical technologies and ICT services industries.
unemployment has risen sharply over the last twelve months, rising from a rate of 4. 6%at the end of 2007 to almost 9%in early 2009 ICT services accounts for over a third of agency supported employment,
%70%80%90%100%O-Q Other Services L, M, N Public sector J-K Financial and Other Business Services I Transport, Storage
CSO National Accounts, Database Direct Food and Drink 15%Pharmaceuticals 6%Medical Technologies 7%ICT Hardware 9%ICT Services Financial services 20
%7%Other Services 5%Other Manufacturing 31%FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS: OVERVIEW, FINDINGS & ACTIONS 40 Figure A2. 4:
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