and services The high number of promising new high-tech firms in the fields of life sciences
services and solutions for societal problems 7. The solution to this problem has been the main theme of innovation policy for almost two decades in most OECD countries.
Knowledge-intensive products and services are taking on an increasingly significant role in the economy.
exports of these products and services from the United states and Japan have increased by 500%to 600%8
versus innovation It will be clear from the foregoing that new scientific and technological knowledge often fails to lead as a matter of course to successful products, services and solutions to problems in society.
the boundaries between the agricultural, industrial and services sectors are becoming blurred. Agriculture gets more and more industrialised
whereas the industrial and the services sector become more and more intertwined. In The netherlands the traditionally knowledge-intensive agricultural sector is apparently going to rack and ruin because of the unmistakable successes of the past.
while at the same time the significance of the private services sector and to a lesser extent the noncommercial services sector, is increasing enormously.
b) While industry and services are constantly becoming more interwoven, it must be noted that innovation processes in industry differ fundamentally from those in the services sector 18.
While our understanding of these new innovation processes is growing, it has reached not yet a level that allows a substantial contribution to be made towards the management of innovation processes 19,20.
which role knowledge-intensive (business) services can play in innovation processes in (all) other sectors,
b) In this context also the role of (knowledge) intermediaries, for instance knowledgeintensive business services, in innovation processes is at stake.
The emergence of knowledge-intensive services (engineering firms, software houses, knowledge-intensive consultants) plays an important role in this respect.
Recent research shows that these services play a crucial role in innovation processes, both in industry and in the service sector 18.
case studies dealing with innovation processes in the area of the life sciences and in the services sector and research conducted at the sectoral level into the contribution made by ICT towards a more sustainable society are examples of specific trajectories.
services sector) must also be mentioned here. Together, these case studies could serve as the basis for the development of various types of indicators that can help to better understand
between sectors (from agriculture to industry to services. new sectors (cultural industry) Thread: growing knowledge intensity Changes in the‘strategy and management paradigm':.
I. Miles, Services in innovation: Knowledge intensive business services as co-producers of innovation, SI4S synthesis paper no. 3, Published by STEP, Oslo, 1998.19 F. Gallouj, O. Weinstein, Innovation in services, Res.
Policy 20 (1997) 499 514.20 R. Coombs, I. Miles, Innovation, measurement and services: The new problematique, in:
J. Metcalfe, I. Miles (Eds. Innovations Systems in the Services Economy: Measurement and Case study Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishing, Norwell, MA, 1999, pp. 85 103.21 R. Smits, A. Leyten, P. den Hertog, Technology assessment
and technology policy in Europe: New concepts, new goals, new infrastructures, Policy Sci. 28.22 M. Gibbons, Policies for a New Era Workshop, Stockholm, 15 16 january 2001.23 J
64 Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs, Industrie-en dienstenbeleid (Industrial and Services Policy), Letter to the Lower House 26 628, session 1998 1999, Staatsuitgeverij
Public authorities have tried to recreate the Italian district atmosphere by providing new services and by fostering technology transfer.
Increasingly, innovation in new products/services and the implementation of key processes are becoming vital sources for firm competitive advantage (Rumelt, 1987;
and services are positioned to compete more successfully (Hodgetts, Luthans & Slocum, 1999). The ability to develop new products
New innovations can improve quality of life through beneficial or improved products and services. B. Innovation In search of innovation, large firms are increasingly outsourcing a wide range of business activities,
and services, adopting new operating practices, technological, organizational or market-oriented, or creating new skills and competencies (9;
the framework for our hypothesis development is based on new product/services, opportunity recognition, process/practice development
and introduce new products or services (Schumpeter, 1942; Hamel, 2000; Kiam & Mauborgne, 2005; Langerek & Hultink, 2006.
3) whether the company can acquire knowledge about new products/services, and 4) whether the company can exploit this knowledge.
In addition, existing unique products/services in the company's portfolio are investigated. In order for innovation to occur,
opening new locations and introducing new products/services. IV. RESULTS The firms'characteristics are shown in Tables 1,
9 4. 5 22 9. 6 Other Services 14 1 0. 5 7 3. 1 Total 201 100 229 100
Firms constantly acquaint themselves with the latest technologies and market demands in interaction with researchers, buyers, business associations, business development services, finance institutes, firms, friends and family.
through different phases of production (involving a combination of physical transformation and inputs of various producer services), delivery to final customers,
but in addition offers joint product design and community development services. APIKRI has a team of two designers
but all universities increasingly pay attention to entrepreneurship and community services. At ISI, students can choose between more artistic and more commercial art studies.
The case of home accessories in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 32 Business Development Services (BDS. BDS focuses on SME's and clusters, at the exclusion of exporters and value chains.
, Yogyakarta City council Ma'sum, Director and operation manager, Estetika, Yogyakarta Mark Kwami, Director MKWAMI Design Services, consultant of CBI Nurhadi, production manager
and freight management ITS services on European transport corridors and in conurbations...pp. 13 16 Action area 3:
By harnessing state-of-the-art information and communication services and technologies, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) can make a significant contribution to the EU's efforts to pursue its broader goals for transport for the decades ahead.
of interoperability between modes and countries and of cross-border continuity of services hindering broader ITS uptake and market penetration.
for example by means of integrated multimodal trip planners or tracking services for co-modal freight transport.
On a European level, cooperation is increasing with a view to achieving a common framework for the coordinated use of ITS that allows for EU-wide and continuous services for the user.
interoperable systems and seamless transport services become the norm for Europe's road transport system.
and seamless ITS services and promote harmonisation while leaving EU Member States the freedom to decide which systems to invest in.
and principles for ITS deployment but it does not oblige Member States to deploy IT systems or services on their territory.>
to facilitate the continuity of ITS services, and to do so through coordinated and concerted action at EU level.
Implementation The implementation of the ITS Action Plan represents a joint effort by several European commission services, coordinated by the Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport with the direct and active collaboration of four other directoratesgeneral
This notably concerns both digital mapping and the provision of (real-time) traffic and travel information services.
and freight management ITS services on European transport corridors and in conurbations The need to accommodate rising traffic volumes, notably on the major European transport corridors and in conurbations,
and providing services for safe and secure truck parking. Another challenge is to achieve the full-scale roll out of the‘ecall'in-vehicle emergency call system.
These issues could be a major barrier to the wider market penetration of some ITS services
I O N Real-time traffic and travel information>THE CHALLENGE Traffic and travel information services allow Europeans to make well-informed decisions both before and during their journeys.
and travel information services. Definition of procedures for the provision of EU-wide real-time traffic and travel information services, addressing notably the following aspects:
provision of traffic information services by the private sector provision of traffic regulation data by the transport authorities guaranteed access by public authorities to safety-related information collected by private companies
guaranteed access by private companies to relevant public data 39>AC T ION 1. 2>A c T I O N 1. 2 I N t
but in recent years private services have increasingly been entering the traffic-information market in conjunction with real-time navigation or location-based services.
EU-wide information services that include free components could also represent an appealing model for public private partnership.>
>define the scope of safety-related services>develop suitable organisational models>ensure that free safety-related information is available for all road users>harmonise a Europe-wide free minimum service>TASKS
Definition of specifications for data and procedures for the free provision of minimum universal traffic information services (including definition of the repository of messages to be provided) Traffic safety information services 1 32
organisational and service-provision specifications for EU-wide multimodal travel information services. A study was launched to support the European commission's work towards a European multimodal journey planner
and freight across the EU means tackling a range of issues related to the interoperability of systems and the continuity of ITS-related traffic-management and freight-management services across borders,
and interoperable ITS services ensuring seamless support to the road user>foster cooperation and facilitate the electronic exchange of traffic data and information across borders,
and operation of ITS services>TASKS AND ACHIEVEMENTS A study was initiated by the European commission examining key issues
and priorities for European action to ensure EU-wide continuity of ITS services. In order to define the minimum requirements for a truly European service
three trafficmanagement services dynamic lane management, variable speed limits and transport-related event-planning and road incident-management operations were to be screened.
Definition of a set of common procedures and specifications to ensure the continuity of ITS services for passenger
in particular, event and emergency planning Continuity of ITS services>A c T I O N 2. 1>AC T ION 2. 1 1 34 I N t E
-context-and location-aware as well as connected to a wide range of information services.>>AIMS:>>simplify pan-European freight flows>develop secure ways of making supply-chain and‘en route'information available online to customs,
and all stakeholders>TASKS AND ACHIEVEMENTS The relevant European commission services have ensured close coordination of the‘e-Freight'(see box) and other research projects (Discwise, Euridice, Freightwise, Integrity, Rising, Smart-CM,
demonstration of innovative e-Freight capabilities http://www. efreightproject. eu Identification of ITS services to be deployed in support of freight transport (e-Freight)
or are using an ITS architecture to deploy IT systems and services. In addition the interoperability, continuity of services, multimodality and urban aspects of ITS architecture have generally been overlooked,
and need to be addressed duly.>>AIMS:>>define, adopt and support the deployment of a multimodal European ITS framework architecture,
The results of E-FRAME were to be analysed along with those of the study on continuity of services (see also page 13
Commission services later finalised an ecall impact assessment to help decide on the best way forward towards ecall deployment,
and communication services and functionalities such as those related to traffic and travel information>TASKS AND ACHIEVEMENTS A European commission study produced in 2010 a detailed analysis of the regulatory situation in the EU Member States regarding nomadic devices
yet the impact of ITS applications and services on vulnerable road users has not been documented well known
and in a second stage prioritise, those ITS applications and services that can have the most significant impact on the various categories of vulnerable road users.>
and the most relevant ITS applications/services>assess (positive/negative) impacts of ITS applications and services on the safety and comfort of vulnerable road users,
and if possible quantify these impacts>prioritise among ITS applications and services, and detail concrete measures to enhance positive impacts
Development of appropriate measures including best-practice guidelines concerning the impact of ITS applications and services on the safety and comfort of vulnerable road users Vulnerable road users>A c T I O N 3
notably addressing the barriers and the possibilities for a business case for reservation services. In addition
and commercial vehicles and on telematic-controlled parking and reservation systems Services for safe and secure truck parking places>AC T ION 3. 5>A c T
both in the public and private sectors, have an interest in deploying ITS services involving in-vehicle equipment.
Adoption of an open in-vehicle platform architecture for the provision of ITS services and applications, including standard interfaces the outcome of this activity would then be submitted to the relevant standardisation bodies Open in-vehicle platform 2 33>AC T ION 4. 2>A c T I O
road and weather conditions to be used for high-quality information services. Enabling precisely this sort of interaction, this is where so-called‘cooperative systems'come into play.
It also allows stakeholders to concentrate their energy where it really matters the efficient invention and production of goods and services.>
For example, location-based services may in combining location information and personal data have possible implications for personal privacy.
addressing the specific data security and data protection issues related to ITS applications and services. Meanwhile, a number of EU-backed research projects have carried out work relevant to the topic,
and personal data protection aspects related to the handling of data in ITS applications and services and propose measures in full compliance with EU legislation Data security
the European commission is to launch (2011) a study to identify the major liability issues that need to be addressed in the context of deployment of ITS applications and services.
and ITS services have often been deployed on a fragmented basis. Voluntary agreements and standardisation have failed to deliver significant progress in terms of the deployment and use of such systems.
>EU-wide multimodal travel information services>EU-wide real-time traffic information services>road safety-related minimum universal traffic information, free of charge to users
>interoperable EU-wide ecall>information services for safe and secure parking for trucks and commercial vehicles>reservation services for safe and secure parking for trucks and commercial vehicles
>THE CHALLENGE The lack of easy and efficient access to knowledge about the benefits and costs of ITS applications and services,
and services This should include a quantified evaluation of the economic, social, financial and operational impact and cover aspects such as user acceptance,
Development of guidelines for the public funding from both EU (e g. trans-European transport network (TEN-T) and Structural Funds) and national sources of ITS facilities and services based on an assessment
while fostering interoperability and continuity of services>identify and exchange best practice including organisational and financing structures for key applications of urban ITS (traffic
S 4 Intelligent Transport Systems and Services (ITS) refers to the integration of information and communication technologies with transport infrastructure to improve economic performance, safety, mobility and environmental sustainability for the benefit of all European citizens.
and services could reduce congestion by up to 15%,CO2 emissions by 20, %and road fatalities by up to 15%.
Several services of the European commission contribute to the development and deployment of ITS in Europe:
Geographical continuity, standardisation and interoperability of services are essential, in order to avoid the emergence of a patchwork of ITS applications and services.
It is increasingly evident that technological improvements involving individual vehicles or infrastructure components and sub-systems are insufficient.
Even with relatively small investments, the integration of existing technologies could create new services bringing more reliable,
to facilitate the continuity of ITS services, and to do so through a coordinated and concerted action at EU level.
and freight management ITS services in European transport corridors and conurbations; road safety and security;
whenever ITS services or applications are adopted in the Member States. To increase its efficiency, the European parliament and the Council have focused the activity by specifying the six priority actions on which the Commission will start its work:
EU-wide multimodal travel information services; EU-wide real-time traffic information services; road safety-related minimum universal traffic information free of charge to users;
interoperable EU-wide ecall (for emergency calls using a single dial-up number; information services on safe and secure parking places for trucks and commercial vehicles;
reservation services for safe and secure parking of trucks and commercial vehicles. For more information on the ITS Action Plan and Directive, see:
http://ec. europa. eu/transport/its/road/action planen. htm I N t E L L I G E N t t R A n s P O R T s Y S T E M S 8 ROADSENSE Road awareness for driving
The in-vehicle technologies needed 3g telecommunications for the accuracy and speed of delivery to make services usable and useful
as well as services such as journey planning and dynamic in-vehicle navigation, could thus interact and be networked with each other across whole transport systems.
Under the SAFETRIP project, low cost receivers installed in vehicles will provide a range of personalised services,
permitting many different services and applications to be added with ease by any vendor. Whereas existing wireless communications technologies use different systems to tackle specific requirements, the new cooperative systems will provide a single, universal solution to many problems.
Special priority could be given to classes of vehicles involved in emergency or public transport services or even to goods vehicles, where appropriate.
Publishing the content on a standardised platform will bring closer the vision of end-to-end travel services extending from pre-trip preparation to on-trip support and post-trip evaluation.
based on data provided via RTTI services. For passenger transport, the envisaged systems embrace all types of mobility available to users buses, taxis, train, metro, walking, cycling, etc.
so that DRT could be fully coordinated with the fixed line services which would be of great value to people with reduced mobility.
'equipped with sensors to make them self-aware, context-aware and connected through global telecommunication networks that support a wide range of information services for transport operators, industrial users and public authorities.
and management to support a variety of services. The project will integrate the open platform with local components
loading, parking and the associated logistics services. On the positive side, ITS will enable connected vehicle-infrastructure communication systems to deliver real-time
The evolution of mobile communication networks to 4g and beyond will deliver continuous connectivity to vehicles and travellers, giving access to on-line services via mobile Internet links.
Multimodal traffic and travel information services will grow in quality and quantity with mobile handsets becoming increasingly powerful personal mobility terminals.
construction of an e-marketplace in traveller services (predictive traffic management, realtime multimodal traveller information, demand
creation of seamless and ubiquitous connected services (simple, upgradable and scalable) via low-cost universal devices;
development of demand-driven, easy-to-use and affordable services for all users, learning from the success of portable navigation systems and Web 2. 0 social networks;
and improve user acceptance and response to the potentially complex offerings of new mobility services,
and providing innovation services. Businesses know exactly which research & development-intensive sectors they can succeed in,
%and knowledge-intensive services exports (12%)according to additional data from the Innovation Scoreboard. Indicators in the fields of finance
80 60 40 200 Pharmaceutical industry Electronics (radio, TV and telecommunication equipment Motor vehicles Machinery product and equipment Computer services Other business service 2000 2001 2002
Generally weak demand towards the services of the Hungarian research organizations (in addition: the research readiness of the university and academic sector and the research needs of the industry are not the same,
The public innovation management services are insufficient. The evaluation culture taking aspects of RDI into account is underdeveloped.
is unused Insufficient incubation Slowly strengthening venture capital Missing governmental innovation management services Lack of RDI managers of international level Weak sector of medium-sized enterprises
commercial (marketing) and other services required for the successful innovation processes. The key participants among them which can bring about a significant follow-through effect:
while establishing coherence with their public services (e g. provision of services regarding human resources shall be uninterrupted). By 2020 the key participants of the national innovation system will be significantly reinforced through the active support of RDI policy
and provide services+300 RDI and growth-oriented small enterprises (so-called gazelles) will find their place in the global market+1000 innovative start-ups will get the funding required for starting their activities many innovative supplier companies with national decision-making
centres will provide services to the global large companies that have already been established or will be established in Hungary Hungary will increase its gross domestic expenditure on R&d to 1. 8%by 2020,
to strengthen the integrated innovation services, all of which can together improve the efficiency of both the private and community-public sectors (see Figure 16).
Efficient central public innovation services B2. Introduction of decentralized innovation services B3. Strong traditional innovation co-operations B4.
Support for open, pre-competitive and social innovation co-operations B5. Efficient participation in EU and international calls for proposals and initiatives Alternatives to the strengthening of knowledge flow Figure 16 The institutional conditions for enhancing knowledge flow
and related services when the new developments can potentially serve community (public) needs without the contracting authority committing itself to actually procure the product
Central public innovation services Traditional innovation co-operations 1) The support for establishing and running R&d co-operations functioning in a more efficient way than now (e g. technological clusters.
3) The strengthening of innovation services with a mentoring system. 4) The transfer of the public sector's demand for RDI to the knowledge bases (pillar A) 5) The securing of the quality of RDI services (e g. accreditation, training.
Decentralized innovation services Support for open, pre-competitive and social innovation co-operations 1) The involvement of the users, social participants into the innovation development processes (open innovation.
protection. 4) Services that can be provided quickly and are available in quantities (e g. modelled on the national example of the innovation voucher prevalent at an international level,
and operating a technological incubation system advancing young enterprises. 2) Provision of start-ups with complex services (e g. mentoring,
elements of taxes and contributions. 5) Provision of training and accreditation services for the purpose of making enough suitably qualified project evaluators and managers and coaches available. 6) Support for investors
-border RDI co-operations. 2) The operation of offices providing services in support of innovation activities of Hungarian companies on focused markets and target areas. 3) The support for knowledge
training and other services. 6) The reduction of the administrative burden hindering the growth of innovative companies.
and public sector. 4. Public procurement of innovative goods and services based on such performance and functions that require development.
success in the international and EU RDI programmes, innovation management services covering the whole innovation chain. the number of qualified innovation services based on the needs of priority business target groups
and provide services, +300 high-tech gazelle companies will find their place in global markets,+1,
and segmented introduction and implementation of such innovation services that provide agency services for enhancing the growth and strengthening the innovation capabilities of the priority,
More and more innovative SMES with diversifying markets Globally competitive knowledge bases Intensive flows of knowledge Efficient knowledge utilisation Integrated innovation services B1.
Efficient central innovation services provided by the state B2. Introduction of decentralised innovation services, aligned with local needs B5.
Efficient participation in EU and international grants and initiatives Medium-sized firms gaining momentum based on R&d and technology+30 R&d intensive macroregional medium-sized MNC C3.
but to the completion of the national innovation system through encouraging intersectoral relationships and networking or developing policy management, official acts or services.
and action plans is required in public subsystems providing community services, e g. in the health care, energy, education and transport sectors.
qualified innovation services; IT calls for proposals; intellectual property protection advices ERDF, KTIA Pre-commercial procurement;
intellectual property protection advices ERDF, KTIA Pre-commercial procurement--Legislative relaxations Seed capital in relation to market entry of a product Central and decentralized innovation services;
qualified innovation services; IT calls for proposals; ERDF, KTIA Innovative procurement Contribution relief in case of employment of researchers;
o 8%of purchase of innovation services by SMES (including financing also the costs of intellectual property protection) 46, o 7%of the incentives for R&d investments of large companies,
Provision of central and decentralized innovation management services, the management of the service system: one pillar of the RDI strategy is to establish standard innovation services aimed at the bottlenecks and taking into account local needs.
The establishment of an innovation service structure has an impact on organisational funding and training.
Direct instruments concrete financial supports or services that are addressed to the applicant or beneficiary (e g. funding programmes,
and provide services at a higher quality for manufacturing advanced products and using modern technologies.
business culture, qualification of the labour force, education and training institutions, services supporting innovation, technology transfer mechanisms, R&d and ICT infrastructure, mobility of researchers, business incubators
processes or services or advancing the significant development of already existing products, processes or services.
business and other relevant knowledge and skills for the purpose of establishing plans and regulations for new, altered or improved products, processes or services.
of which the receiver of the technology will be able to produce new products and services. The understanding includes the knowledge, the transfer 74 the most important definitions 75 the most important definitions Enterprise life cycle:
and strategic consultation services required for their current projects from the knowledge centres and so encourage the co-operation between the knowledge centres and enterprises.
and services mobility research results joint R&d works mobility Regional level Intwernational level The dynamic establishment (based on flows) of the stocktaking of the National Innovation System Figure
The enterprise has introduced novel or significantly improved goods or services in its own markets, or process, organisational or marketing innovation before its competitors.
Small and medium-sized enterprise possessing innovative products and services, carrying out R&d activities, capable of increasing its added value creation by continuous developments,
information systems and services that are essential for scientific research activities and the dissemination of results. The related human resources form an integral part of RIS that enable the professional operation, use and services.
The structure and size of the research infrastructure largely depend on the characteristics of the specific discipline
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