Furthermore, new technologies such as wireless Internet, knowledge visualization software, and improved computer translation will allow more international foresight activities to build collective intelligence through participatory feedback systems far more complex than the current futures research methods.
Along with increasing significance of innovation in socioeconomic development grows the need to utilize future-oriented knowledge in innovation policy-making.
Besides technological development decision-makers need all-inclusive knowledge of future developments of society, economy and impacts of science and technology.
such knowledge is important for comparing the innovation performance of nations to other economies. Finland is among the countries improving her position in worldwide performance comparisons
Innovation policy Science and Technology indicators Barometer Future-oriented knowledge 1. Introduction A growing number of different international comparison systems of the economic and innovation performance of nations have emerged within a decade 2
and accordingly future-oriented knowledge shall be interlinked properly to the past development path. In technology barometer this challenge is solved by dividing the exercise first into a comparison of the performance of the Finnish innovation system with selected nations on a basis of available international indicators
i e. from an information society into a knowledge society and from that towards a knowledge-value society.
For example, the Japanese futurist Yoneji Masuda and the American sociologist Daniel Bell have stated that the essential dimensions of a new society would be seen in the emerging service economy, the role of theoretical knowledge, and technology development.
and provide an overall image of how far the developed nations have come in a journey towards a knowledge-value society.
Structural characteristics, dynamics and knowledge intensity differ essentially also among developed economies, and the entire economic systems or their sub-systems are in different development phases.
and corresponding indicators are basic education and schooling and the skills and knowledge of the general public in a nation,
In conjunction with the reform of the Finnish information society strategy, the knowledge society is defined as one where knowledge
and the crucial element in production, with information and communication technologies comprehensively supporting interaction, the dissemination and exploitation of knowledge between individuals, businesses and other communities, plus the provision and accessibility of services.
The knowledge society produces commodities of high knowledge value. In technology barometer, the indicators of knowledge society assess the gearing of the human and intellectual capital investments towards science and technology
The knowledge-value society refers to an advanced formthat has developed froman information society via a knowledge society,
andwhere the central role is played by the understanding of knowledge and knowledgemanagement. In the knowledge-value society, innovation, technology development, economic regeneration, openness to new ideas,
and their active exploitation, are all inherent elements contributing to the basic values and culture of the society.
The indicators on knowledge-value society focus on entrepreneurship and venturing, innovation networking, and adaptations of innovative practices in a nation.
A look into the knowledge-value society indicators opens up a significantly different picture. Here USA
Among others, the depicted areas include the understanding of knowledge and knowledge management. The indicators depicting an above-average
but possibly deteriorating position are located on the upper left. Proportionally, deterioration has taken place in the techno-scientific competence, for example.
competence and knowledge generation, knowledge society development, innovative society and sustainable development. The first part sets out the respondent groups'assessments concerning the techno-scientific competence prospects and young people's interest in a number of professions.
the changing role of knowledge-intensive work, innovations and business, and education structures. The first extensive societal issue relates to the role of knowledge-intensive work in Finnish society
and to the new aspects introduced into this role in particular, due especially to the foreseeable challenges posed by globalization.
what will be the content of knowledge-intensive jobs retained by Finland in future and how should Finland direct
and develop the role of knowledge-intensive work, educational and R&d investment on an extensive basis,
Identification of knowledge-based commercial ideas requires competence development, in basic technologies and business thinking alike,
i e. provision of meaningful and useful conclusions, requires a combination of scientifically generated explicit knowledge with implicit or tacit knowledge from the research group.
knowledge, labour and welfare; sustainable development; and security, again raising demands for 1183 T. Loikkanen et al./
in Knowledge-based Economy (EC) Performance in Knowledge-based Economy (EC) Technology Achievement Index (UN) General Indicator of Science and Technology (NISTEP) Information and Communications technologies
/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1177 1186 Appendix B. Technology barometer 2007 Technology instrument for measuring citizens'attitudes and the nation's orientation towards a knowledge-based
. Competence and knowledge generation 3. 1. 1. Basic education and schooling 3. 1. 2. General education and competence 3. 1. 3. Techno-scientific competence
and communication technologies ecommerce 3. 2. 3. Application of new knowledge 3. 3. Innovative society 3. 3. 1. Understanding of knowledge
knowledge management 3. 3. 2. Entrepreneurship and economic regeneration 3. 3. 3. Networking and openness in international activities 3. 4. Sustainable development 3. 4. 1. Social
questionnaire results 4. 1. Material 4. 2. Competence and knowledge generation 4. 2. 1. Prospects regarding techno-scientific competence 4. 2. 2
. Views concerning scientific-and-technical institutions and organizations 4. 3. 3. Views regarding the roles of knowledge and technology in Finnish society
. Sustainable development 4. 5. 1. Factors threatening the environment 4. 5. 2. The state of the environment and the actions of the authorities Appendices Content of the Technology barometer Key results Competence and knowledge
Instrument for Measuring Citizens'Attitudes and the Nation's Orientation towards a Knowledge-based Society, The Finnish association of graduate engineers TEK, Painotalo Miktor, Helsinki, 2007.8 D. Bell, The Coming Post-Industrial Society:
A Venture in Social Forecasting, Basic books, New york, 1976.9 Y. Masuda, The Information society as the Post-Industrial Society, Institute for the Information society, Tokyo, 1980.10 T. Sakaiya, The Knowledge Value
All of them are specifically knowledge dynamic fields. 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Foresight process Fully fledged foresight Bibliometrics Strategic partnerships Research alliances 1. Introduction In September 2007, the Federal German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) launched a new foresight process
From this knowledge, new therapies as well as new products may be derived. Energy concert: the energy supply and demand are still a cacophony.
but also solid knowledge about thinking, feeling, communication and behaviour. The dynamic interplay at the borders of disciplines is the focus that opens up a new perspective.
But also the biological rhythms of the human beings (chronobiology) and new knowledge for different applications will be future topics.
or proposed to deepen the knowledge of some of the topics by inviting external experts
and codifying this knowledge in reports for BMBF contributes directly to the first two objectives of the process (objectives no. 1 and 2). It is expected that policy implementation will be facilitated by this information, by defining strategic partnerships and recommendations,
but was promoted by the coming year 2000 and the demand for knowledge about the future.
but includes information and knowledge from different sources and by different means and methods. The information and topics gained in these processes may also be interesting for other actors in the innovation system.
and from foresight studies 22 27 and took into account knowledge from 15 years of foresight in Germany and internationally 4, 5, 6, 17,21, 28 31.
, 2000, pp. 78 92.8 Horizon scan Report, Towards a Future Oriented Policy and Knowledge Agenda, COS, The hague, 2007, www. horizonscan. nl. 9 K. Cuhls
, Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Berlin, 2008.26 A g. Pereira, R. von Schomberg, S. Funtowicz, Foresight Knowledge Assessment, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy, vol
In particular this concerns examples of futures thinking that failed to make knowledge useful failed to link it to the real concerns of decision makers,
and failed to provide knowledge at the time it was needed. Oftentimes, external experts are commissioned by governments and public administration to produce forward-looking analysis,
While there seems to be embedded a lot of tacit knowledge in government and public administration related efforts are reported seldom
create a learning framework to flexibly incorporate new advancements in knowledge, adapt structures and decisions to new insights and trigger more long-term changes in the organisations'overall awareness for constant anticipation, learning and adaptation 12,43.
as well as making better use of existing knowledge and knowledge platforms is a useful first step. Creating the right incentives for policy-makers to engage in scenario planning
gain trust into the process and build in elements of accountability is a second step which is more difficult to achieve.
and to synthesize this knowledge base within a comparative analysis. Sound process management needs to exploit existing routes to influence, such as policy networks, the media, business schools or schools of government.
i) motivation,(ii) power,(iii) knowledge, and (iv) legitimization. The current paper discusses the application of the‘situation'cum CSH metaphor for the case of nanoscience,
The modern distrust of experts and expert knowledge makes itself felt here. The public's realisation of the limitations of policy making is built unconsciously on the advance of a‘postmodern'philosophy 9 characterised by believing that:
Nothing can be known with certainty all previous foundations of theoretical knowledge have been shown to be unreliable History has no‘final causes,
as it lies at the heart of Foresight Environment of knowledge development: 7. Trust between organisers and all participants, even among those whose opinions may not be deemed to be‘influential'8. Establishment of a new balance between participants with special expertise
and means of ameliorating it as it evolves Challenge claims to knowledge, rationality or‘improvement'of a situation that rely on hidden boundary judgments
as the participant group will evolve rather than be selected as in current Foresight practice. 4. 1. 3. Sources of knowledge 7. The heuristic nature of Inclusive foresight places special emphasis on all opinions.
that their opinions have re-entrant value. 8. Knowledge, know-how or opinion relevant to the dynamics of the situation ought to be the judgemental criteria exercised by the programme managers with respect to the evolving population of participants. 9. The heuristic nature of inclusive foresight means that the implementation of proposals ought to be dynamic and relevant
The population of participants in Inclusive foresight and their knowledge, know-how or opinion relevant to the dynamics of the situation ought to represent, within statistical limits,
The Sources of Knowledge part of the metaphor draws attention to the use of the term nano artifacts.
(which includes services as artifacts) that links these aspects to the public and corporate worlds, a further component of the Sources of Knowledge part of the metaphor.
Creating, Using and Manipulating Scientific knowledge for Public policy, Edinburgh University Press, 1993.6 J. Stiles, Neural plasticity and cognitive development, Developmental Neuropsychology 18 (2)( 2000) 237 272.7 D
institutional and social factors in shaping a technology. 4 Braun for example describes the early notions of innovation as being characterised by a‘linear'view of innovation as an automatic spill over process between basic knowledge
a significant difference between today's knowledge-based economies and the industrial economies of 30 or 50 years ago is that technological development has become crucial for economic development
highlighting how modern knowledge production has changed from its classical form (Mode 1), characterised by discipline-oriented basic science in universities, to a new form (Mode 2), characterised by problem-driven, application-oriented and trans-disciplinary research taking place partly outside universities
With its long-term perspective and its emphasis on connecting perspectives of different knowledge areas and different actors and stakeholders, foresight differs from corporate strategic planning,
1) to create and diffuse new knowledge;(2) to guide the direction of the search process among users
4) to create positiiv external economies through the exchange of information, knowledge and vision; and (5) to facilitate the formation of markets (Johnson and Jacobsson 2001.
It is based on the knowledge-based view of the firm and on organisational learning (Prahalad and Hamel 1990;
As competencies and knowledge are important assets, knowledge creation and learning naturally come into focus (Nonaka 1994;
Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995. In particular, Finnish and other Nordic foresight communities have analysed and utilised foresight from this perspective (Eerola et al. 2004;
The focus is less on priority-setting as a result of a foresight process and more on knowledge creation and knowledge sharing by the various actors during the process;
The new production of knowledge. The dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies. London:
Expert groups as production units for shared knowledge in energy foresight. Foresight (Emerald) 9, no. 1: 37 49.
A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization science 5, no. 1: 14 37. Nonaka, I, . and H. Takeuchi. 1995.
The knowledge-creating company. Newyork: Oxford university Press. Porter, M. E. 1990. Competitive strategy. Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors.
(or otherwise) to underpin the foresight process with sufficient and appropriate‘objectivised'knowledge (including national statistics,
and to improve its integration with leading centres of knowledge production from around the world. This is not to say that FNR support is without strategic direction;
and a capacity to absorb knowledge across a wide range of global knowledge networks. But in small countries, this is particularly difficult to achieve across the board as many S&t areas lack sufficient‘critical mass'to keep pace with all the latest developments.
Furthermore, many participants will probably lack the requisite knowledge to make such detailed assessments. This is an important (and often under-reported) limitation in many priority-setting exercises.
and it is accepted now generally that the users of S&t knowledge and artefacts, including social and commercial interests,
on the understanding that it would provide a more participative (involving knowledge users as well as producers) and future-oriented (visionary) approach to identifying topic areas suitable for new FNR programmes.
'i e. areas of potential economic success which may only be achieved through a knowledge base developed in Luxembourg.
and that it should have started with a stronger voice from knowledge users both societal and commercial.
2.‘Competence niches'refer to areas of potential economic success that develop from the establishment of an exceptionally strong knowledge base in a particular domain. 3. As the GDP of Luxembourg has increased by 50%(from¤22 to 33.1 billion) between 2000 and 2006,
Smith 2002) draws our attention to various policy practices relying extensively on the knowledge, experience and competence of the different stakeholders concerned.
(knowledge network) Intermediate Articulation of joint visions of the future, establishing longer-term perspectives Ultimate Integrating new able actors in the community that is shaping an area of concern Counselling Immediate Making hidden agendas
it is captured not fully by The english translation‘Vienna Looks to the Future knowledge means change'.
2) Research priorities and knowledge transfer;(3) Science and society;(4) Urban development for research. Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:10 03 december 2014 Trade-offs between policy impacts of future-oriented analysis 959 Panel 1 FTI in business Integrative concept for RTI-strategy Panel
By means of a new set of measures called‘Vienna research in dialogue'a critical and continuous exchange of knowledge about RTI with the citizenry is to be fostered.
What is the‘knowledge economy'?'Knowledge intensity and distributed knowledge bases. Discussion papers 06. Maastricht: United nations University, Institute for New technologies.
Smits, R. 2002. The new role of strategic intelligence. In Strategic policy intelligence: current trends, the state of play and perspectives, ed. A. Tübke, K. Ducatel, J. Gavigan and P. Moncada-Paternò-Castello.
such as knowledge workers (including experts), stakeholders and users of public services. In its ideal form, Foresight today integrates long-term planning,*Email:
What results can we expect from their participation in a visioning project in terms of knowledge, perspective or future literacy?
however, is given to the paradoxical aspects of reflexive knowledge in its relation to expectations and the organisation of the future.
How do we mobilise knowledge for futureorieente activities and expectations about future development? Giddens (1991,29) argues that our present knowledge about social institutions
and relations between social actors relates to existing structures and could limit our openness to new insights.
Thus reflexive knowledge might in the end confound our expectations. Therefore we need a broader understanding of reflexivity Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:10 03 december 2014 Foresight and governance:
thus adapting the knowledge of other, more informed social groups to create their‘own'ideas. Another preconditionwas a request to imagine themselves as grownups.
Instead of contributing to the organisational knowledge and attaining operative power in the municipality plan the future visions were redirected'to being used by the young people themselves, arguably with less political and operative impact.
participants should possess some type of knowledge, if not expertise then lay knowledge about a specific area,
defining them as non-experts (Cañellas-Boltà and Strand 2006), or they should be able to influence the activities of an organisation.
which they constructed an image of this group as authentic stakeholders regardless of their knowledge or possibilities to influence political decision making.
and scholars have discussed the value of a futures approach in the field of community planning as not necessarily‘in discovering new factual knowledge about sustainable urban developmment
but in producing perceptions and insights to that body of knowledge and‘imagineering'novel ways of addressing city sustainability'(Ratcliffe, Krawczyk,
and the approach proposed within inclusive foresiigh as giving room to lay knowledge and inclusive, non-expert participation.
It follows up on the idea of participation as not being based upon knowledge-founded authority but on representing an authentic social group, contributing perspectives and insights different from all the others.
based on the knowledge acquired by asking parents, friends and neighbours. 20 Nevertheless, the scope of their possible contributions was limited clearly through the preconditions they received from the project leadership.
developing organizational foresight in the knowledge economy',11 13 july 2002, University of Strathclyde Graduate school of Business, Glasgow, UK.
knowledge flows and the coordination of innovation. http://www. iesam. csic. es/proyecto/formwp1. pdf (accessed September 2009).
reflexivity and the social construction of knowledge, a note to authors in COSTA22. European Science Foundation. http://www. costa22. org/articles. php (accessed June 2009.
Local social knowledge management: community actors, institutions and multilevel governance in regional foresight exercises. Futures 3: 45 65.
Strategic knowledge for sustainable development: the need for reflexivity and learning at the interface between science and society.
Against reflexivity as an academic virtue and source of privileged knowledge. Theory, Culture, & Society 17:26 54.
foresight in the knowledge economy, ed. H. Tsoukas, and J. Shepherd, 77 97. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Knowledge discovery in databases 1. Introduction How long does it take to provide a particular Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA?
or policy decisions relying primarily upon intuitive sources of knowledge. That need no longer be the case.
and, thus, how best to use this derived knowledge to make better decisions. In this way technology intelligence gains credibility as a vital decision aid.
Company Knowledge Network Fig. 2. Organizational ddone-Pagerq. A l. Porter/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1070 1081 1076!
For example, manufacturing process management used to depend completely on tacit knowledge. A supervisor spent decades gaining familiarity with his (or occasionally her) machines, people, and processes.
What could be better than this deep, personal knowledge? Well, it turned out that actual data were better.
K. W. Boyack, Visualizing knowledge domains, Annual Review of Information science and Technology 37 (2003) 179 255.7 A l. Porter, E. Yglesias, A. Kongthon, C. Courseault, N c. Newman, Getting
The Quest for Knowledge Visualization, Springer, London, 2003.13 R. M. Shiffrin, K. Borner, Mapping knowledge domains, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (Suppl. 1)( 2004
or apply knowledge that is based on R&i activities and (2) and, by doing so, seek to respond to societal and industrial needs.
what societal and industrial needs would be addressed by strengthening the focus area,(iii) what possibilities the focus areawould offer for the concrete application of related knowledge,
and applicatiion of knowledge pertaining this focus area of competence?)and (ii) the future demand for this expertise (i e. how strongly will the generation
and of knowledge in this focus area of competence respond to the societal and industrial needs in 2015?).
nor did its members have substantive knowledge about the full range of scientific and technical matters addressed in the panel reports.
Management and modelling of biological knowledge 7. Information and communications Sensor technology applications Data mining, analysis, management and retrieval Bio-information technology 8. Understanding and human interaction Multicultural
and drawing upon wider sources of knowledge than experts so as to use the broader participation not only to inform
or what they call the‘field-specific knowledge dynamics 'and the institutional arrangements pertaining in that field.
and tools Eerola and Miles come to the topic from the perspective of knowledge management but their interpretation of the core of that topic as set out by Nonaka and Takeuchi 14 focuses on the ways in
which individuals who address the future share their knowledge and link, present and discuss information and insights with each other.
The conference focuses on the knowledge triangle of research higher education and innovation. From a forward looking perspective, special emphasis should be given to the combination of quantitative
and qualitative methods applied as support to a well functioning knowledge triangle, and to the increasing role of modelling and simulation in developing a better understanding of complexity
Methods in turn need to manage the complex knowledge flows that are entailed. FTA is a work in progress
, Future-oriented technology analysis impacts and implications for policy and decision making, Technological forecasting and Social Change 76 (2009) 1135 1137.14 I. Nonaka, H. Takeuchi, The Knowledge-creating Company, Oxford university Press, Oxford
which analysed content driven Knowledge dynamics on the one hand and the development of institutional and governance arrangements on the meso-and macro-level of research (national and post-national) on the other.
which reflects the dynamics of knowledge production (for R&i) that are shaping the various techno-scientific fields.
It presents the three key dimensions of these Knowledge dynamics: growth rate, pattern of growth and (technical, cognitive or institutional) complementarities.
The need to tailor policy instruments to the characteristics of the targeted field is grounded well in insights from research on the dynamics of innovation and knowledge generation.
and thereby shape the dynamics of knowledge production 11. The sectoral systems of innovation approach which is focussing on the characteristics of knowledge production has been complemented by analysis of the properties of application domains
and institutional context using the notion of socio-technical regimes (12,13, building inter alia on 14,15). In all these approaches to characterising innovation regimes the knowledge base plays a crucial role.‘‘
‘‘Central to the systems approach is the view that the key resource of a firm,
or an industry is the knowledge base from which it draws its competence in refining, developing and creating
The characteristics of the knowledge base such as complexity, diversity and observability are used as key factors for generating innovation typologies 17,18. 6 Forlearn project and Forlearn online guide coordinated by DG JRC-IPTS;
and policy instruments and that the properties of the knowledge base is a crucial factor for such a differentiation.
For some time now it has been suggested that insights from innovation systems research on the systemic nature of knowledge production should be taken into account by R&i policy to better target its instruments and approaches 16.
In our case of Knowledge dynamics insufficient congruence would create tensions between research actors and their institutional environment asking for institutional change and strategic political action.
disseminate and transfer knowledge. Each one of these three arenas functions in the context of a specific institutional arrangement.
and dynamics of knowledge production which impact the state of play in each cell of the matrix, hence the proper Foresight design.
This will enable us to identify the Knowledge dynamics characteristics that will impact the Foresight exercises, i e. their tailoring using the arenas for governance Foresight objectives matrix. 4. Knowledge dynamics in European research and innovation system Policy-making in arenas of strategic orientation,
programming and performing is driven partly by the content and the dynamics of research activities and by the innovation patterns and interactions of different thematic fields or sectors(‘‘Knowledge dynamics''.
''At the same time this evolution is influenced by national institutional settings and policies, and also by European traditions in R&i collaboration and related policies and infrastructures.
and degrees of international inter-linkage or even post-national institutionalisation for different knowledge areas.
expecting one general type of Knowledge dynamics (reaching from science to innovation) and one unique set of appropriate supportive public policies.
The first component of field configuration relates to Knowledge dynamics building on Bonaccorsi's initial proposal
knowledge tends to be cumulative, meaning that two different pieces produced in different places will converge towards deepening the given paradigm.
which new knowledge is circulated and generalised. The relative degree of convergence or divergence is thus a second key property central for considering the differences in productive patterns.
-or multidiscipllinarit for frontier science, one has analysed the need for inter-institutional linkages for problem-solving knowledge (collaborations between university and industry or between researchers and clinicians,..
In the first place the bipolar dimension of convergence/divergence should be substituted by a notion of pattern of growth that encompasses additional archetypes of transformations of‘‘bodies of knowledge''merging, death, birth...
/Futures 43 (2011) 232 242 236 For instance, the progressive sliding of the field of biocatalysis away from‘catalysis'within chemistry towards biotechnologies illustrates an actual reconfiguration of a current knowledge area that is combining splitting and merging
As a third new element we suggest to broaden the analytical framework (originally designed for purely scientific environments) towards the realm of technological knowledge,
in order to cover the full scope of Knowledge dynamics. Consequently, we include also the monitoring of patent applications (technometrics.
Moreover, the combined analysis of scientific and technological knowledge brings a more original outcome in the sense that it provides an adequate framework for analysing researchers'coactivity,
Table 3 summarises the network analysis-based toolbox designed for characterising search regimes dimensions with an initial focus on the cells highlighted in grey. 5. Tailoring Foresight to Knowledge dynamics In this section,
For each domain, we will first characterise the institutional arrangement of the governance arenas and the knowledge configurations,
then we will elaborate the designs of the Foresight exercises fitted to the specific Knowledge dynamics and institutional arrangements in these two fields. 5. 1. The case of genetically modified plants (GMP) After the completion of the human genome map in 2001,
Plant genomics appears in two ways as a singular island in the post-genomics knowledge archipelago. In a first place
Knowledge dynamics Growth: The research field of GM plant is characterised by a strong growth of the number of articles.
we will examine first institutional arrangements and later on Knowledge dynamics. 5. 2. 1. N&n: institutional arrangements Strategic orientation:
Knowledge dynamics Growth: The high growth rate which characterises the field (the number of scientific publication has grown from 134%between 1998 and 2006) 46.
and innovation area considered its fieldspeccifi Knowledge dynamics and (b) the institutional arrangement was described as interacting strategic orientation,
This may be due to a lack of sensitivity towards the dynamics of the innovation and production realmcompared to the academic knowledge production.
(ERA), European commission, Luxembourg, 2008.19 D. Braun, Special issue on‘‘The political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies'',Science and Public policy 35 (4)( 2008.
20 N. Brown, B. Rappert, A. Webster, Foresight as a Tool for the Management of Knowledge Flows and Innovation (FORMAKIN.
Knowledge dynamics, Institutions, and Policy in Europe, PRIME Network of Excellence, 2008.44 A. Schoen, P. van den Besselaar, L. Henriquez, P. Lare'do, D. Pardo, Search Regimes:
Case study on Chemistry (ERA Dynamics PRIME Project), 2009.45 P. van den Besselaar, A. Schoen, Knowledge dynamics: a network analytical approach, in:
Presentation at the Conference‘‘Knowledge for Growth: European Strategies in Global economy'',Toulouse, July 7 9, 2008.46 B. Kahane, A. Delemarle, L. Villard, P. Lare'do, Knowledge dynamics and agglomeration phenomena:
the case of nanotechnology, in: Presentation at the 2nd PRIME Indicators Conference on STI Indicators for Policy Addressing New Demands of Stakeholders, Oslo, 28 30,may 2008. 47 A. Bonaccorsi, The dynamics of science in the nano
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