is designed to address country-specific issues Insufficient knowledge of similar national programmes in other countries Lack of budgetary flexibility Lack of mutual trust Source of funding does not encourage use of funds for transnatiiona activities Language
At the level of innovation clusters the recently established first knowledge and innovation communities (KICS) of the European Institute for Innovation and Technology (EIT) also face issues of governance, prioritisaatio and evaluation.
authorities and autonomous Mobility and exchange of scientists Programme cooperation and coordination Institutional cooperation Project cooperation Exchange of S&t information Innovation/knowledge clusters 2 3
4 5 6 7 Knowledge exchange Knowledge clustering Level of strategic approach to S&t cooperation Degree of networking Joint infrastructure investments No instruments no cooperation 0 1
regions or even industrial or local clusters compete for critical resourrces such as knowledge, human resources,
To this end, longer-term strategic requirements with a 10 5 year outlook are identified in a systematic way, building on knowledge about future aspects of animal disease develoopmen in Europe and the world,
in order to broaden the knowledge base in three areas: urban megatrends, urban networks and connectiivity and the socio-ecological sustainability of city systems.
and JPI Urban Europe Use of a pilot call to engage stakeholders at different levels in broadening knowledge base Engagement with other networks and organisatiion (e g.
Here, the establishment of stakeholder platforms for long-term stakeholder engagement in the process and knowledge and collaboration platforms for cumulating knowledge
Also (pilot) calls can be used to increase the accumulation of knowledge on future trends, scenarios and other relevant data (by dedicating a pilot call to research on such future-oriented issues)
thus making use of the collective knowledge of wider stakeholder groups. In particuular the temporal co-ordination dimension calls for safeguarding the existence of a foresight function
Access and accumulation of knowledge in support of transnational research programming. Informed programmmin decisions necessitate the comprehensive examination of the wider context,
and the development of joint knowledge repositories (see for instance the European foresight Platform). 34 Furthermoore foresight plays particularly a relevant role in learning on future developments in the areas where there is little
By way of engaging stakeholders in the creation and codification of tacit knowledge (Nonaka 1994), foresight synthesises key findings for decision-makers from fragmented information and expert recommendations.
and the accumulation of foresight and other types of supporting knowledge through the shared repositories could benefit different types of activities in the realm of transnational research programming. 4. 3 Implications for research programming in Europe
Knowledge collected on pilots methodologies and understanding of transnational research programming needs to be accumulated, calling for institutionalised forms of knowledge repositories.
While choosing the perspective of embedding foresight in transnational programming rather than providing ad hoc support,
data and knowledge for linking various disciplines and for initiating new co-operations within the European research and innovaatio communities (with scientists from different disciplines and research areas, city representatives,
That is about raising the awareness of non-knowledge (areas beyond what we know we do not know).
Taking into account the plurality of perspectives on non-knowledge can serve as a basis on
which to establiis transparent and pluralistic processes for exploring scienttifi non-knowledge (Bo schen et al. 2010).
which they depend on participatory tools bringing together experts'knowledge (cf. Table 4). Table 5 evaluates the three combined approaches based on the criteria mentioone in Table 3. The SESTI experience of applying these methods (not necessarily as combined above) revealed that it is importaan to have several alternative methods
Any other info piece for second-round scanning (observation time depends on scanner) Experts'knowledge; literature;
In literature review based on documents selected for review based on experts'knowledge. In conferences through discussions with peers Existing strategies and relevant stakeholders Medium Medium High As reported/criticised in raw resources.
identifying common strategic choices and questions for knowledge',Science and Public policy, 37:7 18..(2010b)‘ Horizon scanning:
In‘t Veld, R. J. ed.)Knowledge Democracy: Consequences for Science, Politics, and Media, pp. 227 240.
and the attainment of systemic policy objectives. 2. Sense-making in horizon scanning Because the objective of horizon scanning is to create knowledge on the emergence of issues that,
This construction is essentially a collective activity of knowledge creation. Against this backdrop, we regard horizon scanning as:
by nebulous cause-and-effect relationships between existing and emergent knowledge. Seen from this perspective, sense-making can be supported partly by defining units of analysis that facilitate the collection of individual observaation and,
In particular, these creative constructiion allowed individual experts to codify their tacit knowledge about possible interlinkages among trends
they may be enacted best in workshops that offer opportunities for intensive interacttio and shared knowledge creation. Furthermore, the clusters (akin to the‘crosscutting challenges
Knowledge Resources, 3, pp. 326 30.<<http://www. medetel. eu/index. php? rub=proceedings&page=info>accessed 14 september 2011.
An overview of user interests in knowledge seeking and use',Journal of Knowledge management, 2: 36 46.
Scharmer, K. O. 2000)‘ Organizing around not yet-embodied knowledge'.'In: Von Krogh, G.,Nonaka, I. and Nishiguchi, T. eds) Knowledge creation:
A Source Of value, pp. 36 60. London: Macmillan. Schoen, A.,Ko nno la, T.,Warnke, P.,Barre',R. and Kuhlmann, S. 2011)‘ Tailoring foresight to field specificities',Futures, 43: 232 42.
Random House. du Toit, A. 2003)‘ Knowledge: A sense making process shared through narrative',Journal of Knowledge management, 7: 27 37.
Weber, M.,Cassingena Harper, J.,Ko nno la, T. and Carabias, V. 2012)‘ Coping with a fast-changing world:
We discuss how this mission was incorporated into a Fraunhofer corporate programme that takes on global challenges by stimulating collaborative research projects across knowledge domains.
To the best knowledge of the present authors, the State of the Future report is the most comprehensive
At the same time, cooperation between various knowledge domains within 60 Fraunhofer institutes is needed to address complex interdisciplinary system approaches in R&d.
Institutes of similar scientific and technological scope form a total of six groups representing Fraunhofer knowledge domains (information and communications technologies, life sciences, materials, light and surfaces, microelectronics, and production.
because within the Fraunhofer Society with its 60 institutes, there is a broad portfolio with a huge variety of scientific disciplines, applications and knowledge in general available.
budgets were provided only for projects spanning the knowledge domains. This approach left the scientists enough freedom to find their own solutions.
and develop research topics across the Fraunhofer knowledge domains represented by the institutes and groups of institutes.
Bring together different knowledge domains: the projects that should be funded are supposed not to be driven technology, but should bring together different disciplines
in which teams from different Fraunhofer knowledge domains worked towards Table 2. Megatrends in society, environment and economy Globalisation/localisation (And lack of control) of trade, capital and terrorism;
population in Asia and Africa Knowledge society Increase in knowledge-intensive services, commodity knowledge, digital divide Changing values Pluralism of lifestyles,
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