the distribution of research across research performers, 17 differences in cross-sector collaborattio (e g. university industry collaboration) and in the degree of control of governments over research agendas;
regions or even industrial or local clusters compete for critical resourrces such as knowledge, human resources,
disputes over co-funding Diverging degrees of experience with (horizontal) policy co-ordination at national/regional level Differences in degree of cross-sector collaboration (e g. university industry collaboration
and industrial leaders on the basis of different criteria. 26 Those issues that were evaluated favourably on the different criteria were prioritised for discussion in a series of four workshops.
Programming Initiative Alignment of research systems Bottom up consultation process networrkin researchers and industrial leaders across borders.
engaging researchers and industrial leaders providing a wealth of informmatio for national funding agencies on their stakeholders'interest
However, the complexity and the mere scale of the processes required to engage the various stakeholders of research, industry,
and European Industrial Initiatives and the European Energy Research Alliance in the field of energy. 13.
The criteria for industry were: industrial relevance, possible time horizon for industrial use and need for collaboration at EU level. 27.
Case description based on EMIDA Description of Work (2009. 28. To this end terms of reference (Ooms 2009) for its establishment have been drafted,
Niehoff, J. and Andersdotter, C. 2007)‘ Report on the Workshop for ERA NETS on industrial technologies',<http://netwatch. jrc. ec. europa. eu/static/download/Report%20workshop
Reflections from the Finnish food and drink industry',International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy, 1: 70 88.
legal, societal or cultural issues Existence of a strategy already concerned with specific weak signal (s) and emerging issues by a government or industry, political party or lobby,
E. Amanatidou et al. cards in the civil aircraft and asset-management industries',Long Range Planning, 42:23 41.
Mo ller, K. 2010)‘ Sense-making and agenda construction in emerging business networks How to direct radical innovatiion'Industrial Marketing Management, 39: 361 71.
either through publicly funded projects within consortia or through bilateral contract research with industry. Fraunhofer has decentralised a highly governance model.
the share of industry revenues is relatively high and a unique feature of Fraunhofer. In order to foster this feature,
which encourages them to operate within a specific ratio of industrial revenues. When institutes acquire 25 55%of their total budget through contract research with industry,
they are rewarded with a higher share of basic funding than institutes operating outside that corridor, i e. with a share of less than 25%or more than 55%of their revenue from industry.
This financial model strengthens the competitiveness of the individual institutes in the industrial contract research market,
but also leads to a certain degree of competition between them. At the same time, cooperation between various knowledge domains within 60 Fraunhofer institutes is needed to address complex interdisciplinary system approaches in R&d.
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