The first nanometer resolved image of individual tobacco mosaic virions shows the potential of low energy electron holography for imaging biomolecules at a single particle level--a milestone in structural biology and a potential new tool
Switzerland have made a breakthrough by obtaining the first nanometer (one billionth of a meter) resolved image of individual tobacco mosaic virions,
it is possible to image individual tobacco mosaic virions deposited on ultraclean freestanding graphene, "said Jean-Nicolas Longchamp, the primary author and a postdoctoral fellow of the Physics department at the University of Zurich, Switzerland."
"The virions are imaged with one nanometer resolution exhibiting details of the helical structure of the virus. Our technique would be the first non-destructive imaging tool for structural biology at the truly single molecule level."
Sufficient electron dose in low energy electron holography makes imaging individual biomolecules at a nanometer resolution possible.
In Longchamp's experiment, the tobacco mosaic virions were deposited on a freestanding, ultraclean graphene, an atomically thin layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice.
The graphene substrate is similar to a glass slide in optical microscopy which is conductive, robust and transparent for low energy electrons.
the current nanometer resolution could be improved to angstrom (one ten billionth of a meter) or atomic resolution in the near future by improving the mechanical stability of the microscope."
"While by now single proteins have been imaged with nanometer resolution using the same technique, the researchers'next step is to image a single protein at atomic resolution--something that has never been done before.##
'240-535-4954copyright American Institute of Physicsissuers of news releases, not 7th Wave, Inc. or Nanotechnology Now, are solely responsible for the accuracy of the content.
Graphite Has Unique Properties for Valuable Graphene Applications, According to Ben-Gurion U. Researchers September 28th, 2015a new single-molecule tool to observe enzymes at work September 28th,
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#Desalination with nanoporous graphene membrane Less than 1 percent of Earth's water is drinkable. Removing salt and other minerals from our biggest available source of water--seawater--may help satisfy a growing global population thirsty for fresh water for drinking, farming, transportation, heating, cooling and industry.
Now, a team of experimentalists led by the Department of energy's Oak ridge National Laboratory has demonstrated an energy-efficient desalination technology that uses a porous membrane made of strong, slim graphene--a carbon honeycomb one atom thick.
The results are published in the March 23 advance online issue of Nature Nanotechnology("Water Desalination Using Nanoporous Single-layer graphene"."
porous graphene,"said Shannon Mark Mahurin of ORNL's Chemical sciences Division, who co-led the study with Ivan Vlassiouk in ORNL's Energy and Transportation Science Division."
"said Vlassiouk, pointing out a wealth of water travels through the porous graphene membrane.""The flux through the current graphene membranes was at least an order of magnitude higher than that through state-of-the-art reverse osmosis polymeric membranes."
"Current methods for purifying water include distillation and reverse osmosis. Distillation, or heating a mixture to extract volatile components that condense,
Making pores in the graphene is key. Without these holes, water cannot travel from one side of the membrane to the other.
The water molecules are simply too big to fit through graphene's fine mesh. But poke holes in the mesh that are just the right size
"Graphene to the rescue Graphene is only one-atom thick, yet flexible and strong. Its mechanical and chemical stabilities make it promising in membranes for separations.
A porous graphene membrane could be more permeable than a polymer membrane, so separated water would drive faster through the membrane under the same conditions, the scientists reasoned."
"If we can use this single layer of graphene, we could then increase the flux
To make graphene for the membrane, the researchers flowed methane through a tube furnace at 1,
The researchers transferred the graphene membrane to a silicon nitride support with a micrometer-sized hole.
Then the team exposed the graphene to an oxygen plasma that knocked carbon atoms out of the graphene's nanoscale chicken wire lattice to create pores.
The longer the graphene membrane was exposed to the plasma, the bigger the pores that formed,
The silicon nitride chip held the graphene membrane in place while water flowed through it from one chamber to the other.
allowed for atom-resolution imaging of graphene, which the scientists used to correlate the porosity of the graphene membrane with transport properties.
They determined the optimum pore size for effective desalination was 0. 5 to 1 nanometers,
Mahurin said. They also found the optimal density of pores for desalination was one pore for every 100 square nanometers."
"The more pores you get, the better, up to a point until you start to degrade any mechanical stability,
Vlassiouk said making the porous graphene membranes used in the experiment is viable on an industrial scale,
Nagoya University and the JST-ERATO Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project have developed a bulky iridium catalyst that selectively directs a boron moiety to the opposite side of mono-substituted benzene derivatives.
#Researchers create first whispering gallery for graphene electrons (Nanowerk News) An international research group led by scientists at the U s. Commerce departments National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) has developed a technique for creating nanoscale whispering galleries for electrons in graphene. The development opens the way to building devices that focus
issue of Science("Creating and probing electron whispering-gallery modes in graphene")."An international research group led by scientists at NIST has developed a technique for creating nanoscale whispering galleries for electrons in graphene.
The researchers used the voltage from a scanning tunneling microscope (right) to push graphene electrons out of a nanoscale area to create the whispering gallery (represented by the protuberances on the left),
which is like a circular wall of mirrors to the electron. Image: Jon Wyrick, CNST/NIST) In some structures,
The cool thing is made that we a nanometer scale electronic analogue of a classical wave effect
Ever since graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, was created first in 2004,
However, early studies of the behavior of electrons in graphene were hampered by defects in the material.
As the manufacture of clean and near-perfect graphene becomes more routine, scientists are beginning to uncover its full potential.
Due to the light-like properties of graphene electrons, they can pass through unimpededno matter how high the barrierif they hit the barrier head on.
This tendency to tunnel makes it hard to steer electrons in graphene. Enter the graphene electron whispering gallery.
To create a whispering gallery in graphene the team first enriched the graphene with electrons from a conductive plate mounted below it.
With the graphene now crackling with electrons, the research team used the voltage from a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to push some of them out of a nanoscale-sized area.
This created the whispering gallery, which is like a circular wall of mirrors to the electron.
An electron that hits the step head-on can tunnel straight through it, said NIST researcher Nikolai Zhitenev.
But if electrons hit it at an angle, their waves can be reflected and travel along the sides of the curved walls of the barrier until they began to interfere with one another,
creating a nanoscale electronic whispering gallery mode. The team can control the size and strength, i e.,
A team of theoretical physicists from the Massachusetts institute of technology developed the theory describing whispering gallery modes in graphene.
Graphene-based quantum electronic resonators and lenses have as yet untold potential but if conventional optics is any guide,
Fabrication and measurement of the device was performed at NISTS Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), a national user facility available to researchers from industry, academia and government t
#Black phosphorus surges ahead of graphene The research team operating out of Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH),
a layered form of carbon atoms constructed to resemble honeycomb, called graphene. Graphene was heralded globally as a wonder-material thanks to the work of two British scientists who won the Nobel prize for Physics for their research on it.
Graphene is extremely thin and has remarkable attributes. It is stronger than steel yet many times lighter
more conductive than copper and more flexible than rubber. All these properties combined make it a tremendous conductor of heat and electricity.
graphene has no band gap. Stepping stones to a Unique State A material's band gap is fundamental to determining its electrical conductivity.
Graphene has a band gap of zero in its natural state, however, and so acts like a conductor;
Like graphene, BP is a semiconductor and also cheap to mass produce. The one big difference between the two is BP's natural band gap
"Graphene is a Dirac semimetal. It's more efficient in its natural state than black phosphorus
therefore we tuned BP's band gap to resemble the natural state of graphene, a unique state of matter that is different from conventional semiconductors."
but rather of silicon nanopillars that are arranged precisely into a honeycomb pattern to create a"metasurface"that can control the paths and properties of passing light waves.
in the journal Nature Nanotechnology("Dielectric metasurfaces for complete control of phase and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution and high transmission"),could lead to ultracompact optical systems such as advanced microscopes, displays, sensors,
"Scanning electron microscope of a metasurface showing silicon nanopillars on a glass substrate. Tilted view is shown on the right and top view on the left.
acids, solid metal nanoparticles, and large protein molecules or enzymes in human bodies. Ninety percent of industrially important chemicals are made using catalysts.
made of graphite with additional compounds bonded to the edges of two-dimensional sheets of graphene that make up the material.
Artists rendering of a new carbon-based catalyst that can bond to the edges of two-dimensional sheets of graphene.
made with bioadhesive nanoparticles, that stays on the surface of the skin. Results of the research appear in the Sept. 28 online edition of the journal Nature Materials("A sunblock based on bioadhesive nanoparticles".
"The merged images from rows two and three of this figure show two images of skin cells showing DNA damage in the form of double-strand breaks in sunscreen-treated, UV
exposed skin vs nanoparticle-treated, UV exposed skin. We found that when we apply the sunblock to the skin,
Nanoparticles are large enough to keep from going through the skins surface, and our nanoparticles are so adhesive that they dont even go into hair follicles,
which are relatively open. Using mouse models, the researchers tested their sunblock against direct ultraviolet rays and their ability to cause sunburn.
UV exposed skin vs nanoparticle-treated, UV exposed skin. The merged images from rows two and three of this figure show two images of skin cells showing DNA damage in the form of double-strand breaks in sunscreen-treated, UV
exposed skin vs nanoparticle-treated, UV exposed skin. Girardi, who specializes in skin cancer development and progression, said little research has been done on the ultimate effects of sunblock usage and the generation of ROS,
the researchers developed a nanoparticle with a surface coating rich in aldehyde groups, which stick tenaciously to the outer skin layer.
The nanoparticles hydrophilic layer essentially locks in the active ingredient, a hydrophobic chemical called padimate O. Some sunscreen solutions that use larger particles of inorganic compounds, such as titanium dioxide or zinc oxide,
By using a nanoparticle to encase padimate O an organic chemical used in many commercial sunscreens,
& Nanoengineering could eventually change the way people living with prosthetics and spinal cord injury lead their lives.
as well as Allen, who at the time was director of the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology. opefully,
once we converge upon the nanofabrication techniques that would enable these to be clinically translational,
and Hongkui Deng in Microsystems & Nanoengineering. Published online June 8 2015 doi: 10.1038/micronano. 2015. 10abstractextracellular matrix-based intracortical microelectrodes:
and Hongkui Deng in Microsystems & Nanoengineering. Published online June 8 2015 doi: 10.1016/j. stem. 2015.06.00 n
#Scientists create new shape-shifting material from 1 billion tiny magnets A synthetic material made from 1 billion nanomagnets has displayed the rare ability to change states
the complex nanomagnet structure has the potential to provide new methods of information transfer and memory storage,
Each magnet is just 63 nanometres long (1 nm=10-6 millimetres) and shaped sort of like a grain of rice.
Scientists with the U s. Department of energy (DOE)' s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California (UC) Berkeley have created a hybrid system of semiconducting nanowires and bacteria
and the Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute (Kavli-ENSI) at Berkeley, is one of three corresponding authors of a paper describing this research in the journal Nano Letters.
The paper is titled"Nanowire-bacteria hybrids for unassisted solar carbon dioxide fixation to value-added chemicals.""The other corresponding authors and leaders of this research are chemists Christopher Chang and Michelle Chang.
"In our system, nanowires harvest solar energy and deliver electrons to bacteria, where carbon dioxide is reduced and combined with water for the synthesis of a variety of targeted, value-added chemical products."
"By combining biocompatible light-capturing nanowire arrays with select bacterial populations, the new artificial photosynthesis system offers a win/win situation for the environment:
the morphology of the nanowire array protects the bacteria like Easter eggs buried in tall grass
"The system starts with an"artificial forest"of nanowire heterostructures, consisting of silicon and titanium oxide nanowires, developed earlier by Yang and his research group."
"Our artificial forest is similar to the chloroplasts in green plants, "Yang says.""When sunlight is absorbed, photo-excited electron?
hole pairs are generated in the silicon and titanium oxide nanowires, which absorb different regions of the solar spectrum.
"Once the forest of nanowire arrays is established, it is populated with microbial populations that produce enzymes known to selectively catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide.
"We were able to uniformly populate our nanowire array with S. ovata using buffered brackish water with trace vitamins as the only organic component."
and catalytic activity that is made possible by the nanowire/bacteria hybrid technology. With this approach the Berkeley team achieved a solar energy conversion efficiency of up to 0. 38-percent for about 200 hours under simulated sunlight,
and then created nanoscale textures on the pillars by wet etching. They then infused the nanotextures with a layer of lubricant that completely coated the nanostructures,
resulting in greatly reduced pinning of the droplets. The nanostructures also greatly enhanced lubricant retention compared to the microstructured surface alone.
The same design principle can be extended easily to other materials beyond silicon, such as metals, glass ceramics and plastics.
The researchers performed their work in the Penn State Nanofabrication Laboratory, part of the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN), funded by the National Science Foundation.
#First superconducting graphene created by researchers Although superconductivity has already been observed in intercalated bulk graphite--three-dimensional crystals layered with alkali metal atoms,
based on the graphite used in pencils--inducing superconductivity in single-layer graphene has eluded until now scientists.""Decorating monolayer graphene with a layer of lithium atoms enhances the graphene's electron-phonon coupling to the point where superconductivity can be induced,
"says Andrea Damascelli, director of UBC's Quantum Matter Institute and lead scientist of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences study outlining the discovery.
Graphene, roughly 200 times stronger than steel by weight, is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb pattern.
sensors and transparent electrodes using graphene.""This is an amazing material, '"says Bart Ludbrook, first author on the PNAS paper and a former Phd researcher in Damascelli's group at UBC."
"Decorating monolayer graphene with a layer of lithium atoms enhances the graphene's electron-phonon coupling to the point where superconductivity can be stabilized."
"Given the massive scientific and technological interest, the ability to induce superconductivity in single-layer graphene promises to have significant cross-disciplinary impacts.
According to financial reports, the global market for graphene reached $9 million in 2014 with most sales in the semiconductor, electronics, battery, energy,
prepared the Li-decorated graphene in ultra-high vacuum conditions and at ultra-low temperatures (5 K or-449 F or-267 C),
#First superconducting graphene created by researchers Although superconductivity has already been observed in intercalated bulk graphite--three-dimensional crystals layered with alkali metal atoms,
based on the graphite used in pencils--inducing superconductivity in single-layer graphene has eluded until now scientists.""Decorating monolayer graphene with a layer of lithium atoms enhances the graphene's electron-phonon coupling to the point where superconductivity can be induced,
"says Andrea Damascelli, director of UBC's Quantum Matter Institute and lead scientist of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences study outlining the discovery.
Graphene, roughly 200 times stronger than steel by weight, is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb pattern.
sensors and transparent electrodes using graphene.""This is an amazing material, '"says Bart Ludbrook, first author on the PNAS paper and a former Phd researcher in Damascelli's group at UBC."
"Decorating monolayer graphene with a layer of lithium atoms enhances the graphene's electron-phonon coupling to the point where superconductivity can be stabilized."
"Given the massive scientific and technological interest, the ability to induce superconductivity in single-layer graphene promises to have significant cross-disciplinary impacts.
According to financial reports, the global market for graphene reached $9 million in 2014 with most sales in the semiconductor, electronics, battery, energy,
prepared the Li-decorated graphene in ultra-high vacuum conditions and at ultra-low temperatures (5 K or-449 F or-267 C),
#Tiny magnets mimic steam, water and ice A synthetic material--created from 1 billion nanomagnets--assumes different aggregate states depending on the temperature:
Arrayarraythe magnets are only 63 nanometres long and shaped roughly like grains of rice. The researchers used a highly advanced technique to place 1 billion of these tiny grains on a flat substrate to form a large-scale honeycomb pattern.
The nanomagnets covered a total area of five by five millimetres. Thanks to a special measuring technique, the scientists initially studied the collective magnetic behaviour of their metamaterial at room temperature.
Arrayin the next step, the researchers might influence these magnetic phase transitions by altering the size, shape and arrangement of the nanomagnets.
The measurements the researchers used to reveal the magnetic orientation of the nanomagnets, and therefore the properties of the metamaterial, can only be conducted exclusively at PSI.
Scientists with the U s. Department of energy (DOE) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California (UC) Berkeley have created a hybrid system of semiconducting nanowires and bacteria that mimics
Yang, who also holds appointments with UC Berkeley and the Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute (Kavli-ENSI) at Berkeley
nanowires harvest solar energy and deliver electrons to bacteria, where carbon dioxide is reduced and combined with water for the synthesis of a variety of targeted, value-added chemical products.
By combining biocompatible light-capturing nanowire arrays with select bacterial populations, the new artificial photosynthesis system offers a win/win situation for the environment:
the morphology of the nanowire array protects the bacteria like Easter eggs buried in tall grass
The system starts with an rtificial forestof nanowire heterostructures, consisting of silicon and titanium oxide nanowires,
developed earlier by Yang and his research group. ur artificial forest is similar to the chloroplasts in green plants,
photo-excited electron#hole pairs are generated in the silicon and titanium oxide nanowires, which absorb different regions of the solar spectrum.
Once the forest of nanowire arrays is established, it is populated with microbial populations that produce enzymes known to selectively catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide.
says Michelle Chang. e were able to uniformly populate our nanowire array with S. ovata using buffered brackish water with trace vitamins as the only organic component.
and catalytic activity that is made possible by the nanowire/bacteria hybrid technology. With this approach, the Berkeley team achieved a solar energy conversion efficiency of up to 0. 38-percent for about 200 hours under simulated sunlight,
Instead, silicon nanopillars are arranged precisely into a honeycomb pattern to create a etasurfacethat can control the paths and properties of passing light waves.
a microdevices engineer at JPL and co-author of a new Nature Nanotechnology study describing the devices. urrently,
The researchers fabricated the acoustic cell sorter in Penn State Nanofabrication Laboratory using standard lithography techniques. ust like using a lens to focus light,
#Gallium nitride and Sol-Gel Transistors to Change Electronics and Energy consumption August 5, 2015-Graphene is seen as a material that is altering our technical world.
Called sol-gel thin film, it is made up of a single layer of silicon atoms and a nanoscale self-assembled layer of octylphosphonic acid.
2015-Graphene is seen as a material that is altering our technical world. But it isn't alone.
#DNA nanofoundries cast custom-shaped metal nanoparticles Researchers at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard university have unveiled a new method to form tiny 3d metal nanoparticles in prescribed shapes
The ability to mold inorganic nanoparticles out of materials such as gold and silver in precisely designed 3d shapes is a significant breakthrough that has the potential to advance laser technology microscopy solar cells electronics environmental testing disease
We built tiny foundries made of stiff DNA to fabricate metal nanoparticles in exact three-dimensional shapes that we digitally planned
The paper's findings describe a significant advance in DNA NANOTECHNOLOGY as well as in inorganic nanoparticle synthesis Yin said.
For the very first time a general strategy to manufacture inorganic nanoparticles with user-specified 3d shapes has been achieved to produce particles as small as 25 nanometers or less with remarkable precision (less than 5 nanometers.
A sheet of paper is approximately 100000 nanometers thick. The 3d inorganic nanoparticles are conceived first and meticulously planned using computer design software.
Using the software the researchers design three-dimensional frameworks of the desired size and shape built from linear DNA sequences
It is this ability to design arbitrary nanostructures using DNA manipulation that inspired the Wyss team to envision using these DNA structures as practical foundries or molds for inorganic substances.
Just as any expanding material can be shaped inside a mold to take on a defined 3d form the Wyss team set out to grow inorganic particles within the confined hollow spaces of stiff DNA NANOSTRUCTURES.
and expanded to fill all existing space within the DNA framework resulting in a cuboid nanoparticle with the same dimensions as its mold with the length width
Next researchers fabricated varied 3d polygonal shapes spheres and more ambitious structures such as a 3d Y-shaped nanoparticle and another structure comprising a cuboid shape sandwiched between two spheres proving that structurally-diverse
nanoparticles could be shaped using complex DNA mold designs. Given their unthinkably small size it may come as a surprise that stiff DNA molds are proportionally quite robust and strong able to withstand the pressures of expanding inorganic materials.
Although the team selected gold seedlings to cast their nanoparticles there is a wide range of inorganic nanoparticles that can be shaped forcibly through this process of DNA nanocasting.
A very useful property is that once cast these nanoparticles can retain the framework of the DNA mold as an outer coating enabling additional surface modification with impressive nanoscale precision.
For particles that would better serve their purpose by being as electrically conducive as possible such as in very small nanocomputers
and re-imagined for the nanomanufacturing of inorganic materials said Don Ingber Wyss Institute founding director.
#Smallest world record has ndless possibilitiesfor bionanotechnology Scientists from the University of Leeds have taken a crucial step forward in bionanotechnology a field that uses biology to develop new tools for science technology and medicine.
Importantly, the new technique can use these lipid membranes to'draw'--akin to using them like a biological ink--with a resolution of 6 nanometres (6 billionths of a meter
which is an imaging process that has a resolution down to only a fraction of a nanometer
in order to create nanostructures and to'draw'substances onto nano-sized regions. The latter is called'nanolithography 'and was used the technique by Evans and his team in this research.
The ability to controllably'write 'and'position'lipid membrane fragments with such high precision was achieved by George Heath,
#Nanoparticles and UV LIGHT Clean up Environmental Pollutants A new study from MIT shows how nanoparticles can clean up environmental pollutants,
revealing that nanomaterials and UV LIGHT can rapchemicals for easy removal from soil and water. Many human-made pollutants in the environment resist degradation through natural processes,
researchers from MIT and the Federal University of Goiás in Brazil demonstrate a novel method for using nanoparticles
They initially sought to develop nanoparticles that could be used to deliver drugs to cancer cells. Brandl had synthesized previously polymers that could be cleaved apart by exposure to UV LIGHT.
Nanoparticles made from these polymers have a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell. Due to molecular-scale forces
in a solution hydrophobic pollutant molecules move toward the hydrophobic nanoparticles, and adsorb onto their surface,
If left alone, these nanomaterials would remain suspended and dispersed evenly in water. But when exposed to UV LIGHT,
according to the researchers, was confirming that small molecules do indeed adsorb passively onto the surface of nanoparticles. o the best of our knowledge,
it is the first time that the interactions of small molecules with preformed nanoparticles can be measured directly,
we showed in a system that the adsorption of small molecules on the surface of the nanoparticles can be used for extraction of any kind,
as another example of a persistent pollutant that could potentially be remediated using these nanomaterials. nd for analytical applications where you don need as much volume to purify or concentrate,
The study also suggests the broader potential for adapting nanoscale drug-delivery techniques developed for use in environmental remediation. hat we can apply some of the highly sophisticated,
and an expert in nanoengineering for health care and medical applications. hen you think about field deployment,
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