#Eco-friendly versatile nanocapsules developed The Institute for Basic Science (IBS) has announced that the Centre for Self-assembly
and Complexity have succeeded in developing a new technology that introduces metal nanoparticles on the surface of polymer nanocapsules made of cucurbit 6 uril.
The researchers have found that using polymer nanocapsules made of cucurbit 6 uril and metal salts can serve as a versatile platform where equal sized metal nanoparticles can be distributed evenly on the surface of the polymer nanocapsules.
Cucurbit 6 uril has properties which strongly and selectively recognize organic and inorganic chemical species. This makes it possible to use it as a protecting agent
which can stabilize metal nanoparticles by preventing them from clustering together. The metal nanoparticle-decorated polymer nanocapsules exhibit the following properties in water:
high stability for up to 6 months; high dispersibility; excellent catalytic activity; and reusability in carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bond-forming reactions with 100%conversion efficiency.
Even though metal nanoparticles are used variously in industrial, pharmaceutical and agricultural (fertilizer) applications as a catalyst, toxic liquids such as toluene and hexane are used usually as solvents in the carbon-carbon
and carbon-nitrogen bond-forming reactions. These toxic liquid solvents raise many issues for concern including environmental pollution, high cost of disposal, health problems and poisoning during the disposal process.
However, this new technology is able to replace those toxic liquids as it allows carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bond-formation with the use of metal nanoparticles as a catalyst
which has high stability in environmentally preferable solvents such as water.""The research results demonstrated that this new technology shows high stability, dispersibility, catalytic activity,
and reusability in water, which other existing metal nanoparticles on solid supports have not been able to do,
"says Kimoon Kim, director of the Center for Self-assembly and Complexity at IBS.""It is important as it presents new possible applications in green solvents or bioimaging and nanomedicine fields
#Scientists develop a'nanosubmarine'that delivers complementary molecules inside cells With the continuing need for very small devices in therapeutic applications there is a growing demand for the development of nanoparticles that can transport
and deliver drugs to target cells in the human body. Recently researchers created nanoparticles that under the right conditions self-assemble trapping complementary guest molecules within their structure.
Like tiny submarines these versatile nanocarriers can navigate in the watery environment surrounding cells and transport their guest molecules through the membrane of living cells to sequentially deliver their cargo.
Although the transport of molecules inside cells with nanoparticles has been achieved previously using various methods researchers have developed nanoparticles capable of delivering
and exchanging complementary molecules. For practical applications these nanocarriers are highly desirable explains Francisco Raymo professor of chemistry in the University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences and lead investigator of this project.
The ability to deliver distinct species inside cells independently and force them to interact exclusively in the intracellular environment can evolve into a valuable strategy to activate drugs inside cells Raymo says.
The new nanocarriers are15 nanometers in diameter. They are made supramolecular constructs up of building blocks called amphiphilic polymers.
These nanocarriers hold the guest molecules within the confines of their water-insoluble interior and use their water-soluble exterior to travel through an aqueous environment.
As a result these nanovehicles are ideal for transferring molecules that would otherwise be insoluble in water across a liquid environment.
Once inside a living cell the particles mix and exchange their cargo. This interaction enables the energy transfer between the internalized molecules says Raymo director of the UM laboratory for molecular photonics.
If the complementary energy donors and acceptors are loaded separately and sequentially the transfer of energy between them occurs exclusively within the intracellular space he says.
As the energy transfer takes place the acceptors emit a fluorescent signal that can be observed with a microscope.
Essential to this mechanism are the noncovalent bonds that loosely hold the supramolecular constructs together.
These weak bonds exist between molecules with complementary shapes and electronic properties. They are responsible for the ability of the supramolecules to assemble spontaneously in liquid environments.
Under the right conditions the reversibility of these weak noncovalent contacts allows the supramolecular constructs to exchange their components as well as their cargo.
The experiments were conducted with cell cultures. It is known not yet if the nanoparticles can actually travel through the bloodstream.
That would be the dream but we have no evidence that they can actually do so Raymo says.
However this is the direction we are heading. The next phase of this investigation involves demonstrating that this method can be used to do chemical reactions inside cells instead of energy transfers.
The size of these nanoparticles their dynamic character and the fact that the reactions take place under normal biological conditions (at ambient temperature
and neutral environment) makes these nanoparticles an ideal vehicle for the controlled activation of therapeutics directly inside the cells Raymo says.
The current study is titled Intracellular guest exchange between dynamic supramolecular hosts. It's published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
Other authors are John F. Callan co-corresponding author of the study from the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Ulster;
Subramani Swaminathan and Janet Cusido from the UM's Laboratory for Molecular Photonics Department of chemistry in the College of Arts and Sciences;
and Colin Fowley and Bridgeen Mccuaghan School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Ulster.
Explore further: A simpler way to treat cance n
#Smart gating nanochannels for confined water developed Confined water exists widely and plays important roles in natural environments, particularly inside biological nanochannels.
Professor Lei Jiang and his group from State Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, set out to study this unified bionic frontier.
After several years of innovative research, they developed a series of biomimetic nanochannels, delivered a strategy for the design
and construction of smart nanochannels and applied the nanochannels in energy conversion systems. The author thought the inner surface property was the base for confined transportation.
Their work entitled"Construction of biomimetic smart nanochannels for confined water",was published in National Science Review.
Nature has inspired always greatly technology, engineering and significant inventions. Through four billion year's evolution, the natural world exhibits all measures of perfect design and intelligence.
For example, the lotus can realize the self-cleaning effect using its micro/nanocomposite structure. The water striders can walk easily
and freely on the water surface via the special micro-and nanostructure on their legs.
Similarly, there are numerous functional units that can interact with water molecules in organisms. The protein-based ion channels are the good examples for these functional units
which play important roles in many physiological processes, such as cellular signal transfer, energy conversion, potential adjusting,
matter exchange and systemic function adjusting. One remarkable example is the electric eel, which is capable of generating potentials of 600 V to stun prey
and ward off predators with highly selective ion channels and pumps on its cell membrane. Therefore, learning from nature could help us develop smart materials and system.
Bio-inspired from nature, Jiang's group has achieved great research results in water related sciences including two dimensional interfaces with wetting, dewetting and superwetting properties.
Based on this work Jiang and coworkers transferred their research interest to non-aqueous systems, where they focused on the oil wetting property.
From this they developed self-cleaning surfaces under water with inspiration coming from fish skin. Recently, Jiang's group focused on the confined water in one dimensional nanostructure materials.
The study examined the confined water on the outer surfaces of one dimensional nano-structured materials including spider silk and cactus thorn,
which can be used to collect water in air. They also studied confined water existing in nanochannel,
which included the construction and application of bio-inspired nanochannels. In this review Prof. Jiang expatiated the confined water that exists in one-dimensional micro/nano composite structures in detail, particularly inside biological nanochannels.
Using these nanochannels as inspiration, they provided a strategy for the design and construction of biomimetic smart nanochannels.
Importantly, they have applied the abiotic analogs to energy conversion systems. The confined water, that is water confined in micro-or mesopores,
not only plays an important role in maintaining the existence and development of living organisms, but also concerns the sustainable development of human society.
Research results of bio-inspired spider silk and cactus thorn showed the confined water collection on these one dimensional nanostructures was helpful in solving the shortage of freshwater resources.
Meanwhile biological ion channels played key roles for high efficient energy conversion in organisms due to its nanoscale effect and ion selectivity.
This perfect unification keeps the material and information transferring effectively with the outside of the organism,
which ensures its energy conversion efficiency far beyond the traditional manual energy device. Therefore, inspired by living systems,
much effort has been directed toward building the functional unit with nanometer multistage, multiple scale, asymmetric structure, and so on,
which can greatly enhance the conversion efficiency helping us to solve the global energy shortage e
#Bacterial nanometric amorphous Fe-based oxide as lithium-ion battery anode material Leptothrix ochracea is a species of iron-oxidizing bacteria that exists in natural hydrospheres where groundwater outwells worldwide.
Intriguingly the bacterium produces Fe3+-based amorphous oxide particles (ca 3 nm diameter; Fe3+:+Si4+:
+P5+ï#73:22: 5) that readily assemble into microtubular sheaths encompassing the bacterial cell (ca 1 Î m diameter ca 2 mm length Fig. 1). The mass
of such sheaths (named L-BIOX: Biogenous Iron Oxide produced byleptothrix) has been regarded usually as useless waste
but Jun Takada and colleagues at Okayama University discovered unexpected industrial functions of L-BIOX such as a great potential as an anode material in lithium-ion battery.
Since use of the battery that is a powerful electric source for portable electric devices has expanded to a variety of new areas such as transportation
and electric power storage improvement of battery capability and effort to develop new electrode materials have been demanded.
The general processes of nanosizing and appropriate surface modification which are required for tuning the battery property are complicated
and cost-ineffective. By contrast L-BIOX is a cost-effective and easily-handled electrode material since its basic texture is composed of nanometric particles.
The charge-discharge properties of simple L-BIOX/Li-metal cells were examined at current rates of 33. 3ma/g (0. 05c)
Results showed that L-BIOX exhibited a high potential as an Fe3+/Fe0conversion anode material. Its capacity was significantly higher than the conventional carbon materials.
Notably the presence of minor components of Si and P in the original L-BIOX nanometric particles resulted in specific and well-defined electrode architecture.
Takada and colleagues proposed a unique approach to develop new electrode materials for Li-ion battery.
This is an example showing that the iron oxides of bacterial origin are unexplored an frontier in solid-state chemistry and materials science.
Research and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles More information: Bacterial Nanometric Amorphous Fe-Based Oxide: A Potential Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Material.
Hideki Hashimoto Genki Kobayashi Ryo Sakuma Tatsuo Fujii Naoaki Hayashi Tomoko Suzuki Ryoji Kanno Mikio Takano and Jun Takada.
ACS Applied materials & Interfaces 2014 6 (8) 5374-5378. DOI: 10.1021/am500905 a
#Nanoparticles could provide easier route for cell therapy UT Arlington physics researchers may have developed a way to use laser technology to deliver drug and gene therapy at the cellular level without damaging surrounding tissue.
The method eventually could help patients suffering from genetic conditions, cancers and neurological diseases. In a study published recently by the journal Nature's Scientific Reports,
the team paired crystalline magnetic carbon nanoparticles and continuous wave near-infrared laser beams for in
what is called photothermal delivery. Authors of the new paper are Ali Koymen, a professor of physics;
Samarendra Mohanty, an assistant professor of physics; and Ling Gu, a researcher in Mohanty's lab. The new discovery grew out of previous study where Koymen
and Mohanty used a 50 to 100 milliwatt laser and the same carbon nanoparticle, which absorbs the beam,
to heat up and destroy cancer cells in the lab. The team used the new photothermal delivery method in lab experiments to introduce impermeable dyes and small DNA molecules into human prostate cancer and fibroblast sarcoma cells."
"In this work, Dr. Mohanty used a lower power, 20 to 30 milliwatt, continuous wave near-infrared laser and the nanoparticle to permeate the cell membrane without killing the cells.
This method stretches the desired cell membrane to allow for delivery and has added the bonus of creating a fluid flow that speeds the movement of
what is being delivered,"said Koymen, whose lab created the study's crystalline magnetic carbon nanoparticle using an electric plasma discharge inside a toulene solution.
Introducing foreign DNA or other small molecules directly into cells is essential for some of the most advanced methods being developed in gene therapy,
vaccinations, cancer imaging and other medical treatments. Currently, the predominant practice is using viruses for delivery to cells.
Unfortunately, the scope of what can be delivered with viruses is limited severely and virus interaction can lead to inflammatory responses and other complications.
Scientists looking to create a path into the cell without employing a virus also have experimented with using UV-visible light laser beams alone.
A significant advantage of the new method is that the near-infrared light absorption of the nanoparticle can be used to selectively amplify interaction of low power laser with targeted tissue
The magnetic properties of the nanoparticles also mean they can be localized with an external magnetic field;
"Research universities like UT Arlington encourage faculty and students to follow each new discovery with even deeper questions,
"said Pamela Jansma, dean of the UT Arlington College of Science.""With their latest publication, Drs.
Koymen, Mohanty and Gu have taken their collaboration to a new level as they keep building toward valuable implications for human health and disease treatment."
"Carbon nanoparticles produced for the cancer study varied from five to 20 nanometers wide. A human hair is about 100,000 nanometers wide.
The magnetic carbon nanoparticles also are fluorescent. So, they can be used to enhance contrast of optical imaging of tumors along with that of MRI I
#Metal particles in solids aren't as fixed as they seem memristor study shows In work that unmasks some of the magic behind memristors and"resistive random access memory,
"or RRAMUTTING-edge computer components that combine logic and memory functionsesearchers have shown that the metal particles in memristors don't stay put as previously thought.
The findings have broad implications for the semiconductor industry and beyond. They show, for the first time, exactly how some memristors remember."
"Most people have thought you can't move metal particles in a solid material, "said Wei Lu, associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Michigan."
"In a liquid and gas, it's mobile and people understand that, but in a solid we don't expect this behavior.
This is the first time it has been shown.""The results could lead to a new approach to chip designne that involves using fine-tuned electrical signals to lay out integrated circuits after they're fabricated.
And it could also advance memristor technology, which promises smaller, faster, cheaper chips and computers inspired by biological brains in that they could perform many tasks at the same time.
Lu, who led the project, and colleagues at U-M and the Electronic Research Centre Jülich in Germany used transmission electron microscopes to watch and record what happens to the atoms in the metal layer of their memristor
when they exposed it to an electric field. The metal layer was encased in the dielectric material silicon dioxide
which is used commonly in the semiconductor industry to help route electricity. They observed the metal atoms becoming charged ions, clustering with up to thousands of others into metal nanoparticles,
and then migrating and forming a bridge between the electrodes at the opposite ends of the dielectric material.
They demonstrated this process with several metals, including silver and platinum. And depending on the materials involved and the electric current,
the bridge formed in different ways. The bridge, also called a conducting filament, stays put after the electrical power is turned off in the device.
So when researchers turn the power back on the bridge is there as a smooth pathway for current to travel along.
Further, the electric field can be used to change the shape and size of the filament, or break the filament altogether,
which in turn regulates the resistance of the device, or how easy current can flow through it.
Computers built with memristors would encode information in these different resistance values, which is in turn based on a different arrangement of conducting filaments.
Memristor researchers like Lu and his colleagues had theorized that the metal atoms in memristors moved,
but previous results had yielded different shaped filaments and so they thought they hadn't nailed down the underlying process."
"We succeeded in resolving the puzzle of apparently contradicting observations and in offering a predictive model accounting for materials
and conditions,"said Ilia Valov, principle investigator at the Electronic Materials Research Centre Jülich.""Also the fact that we observed particle movement driven by electrochemical forces within dielectric matrix is in itself a sensation."
#Scientists shoot carbon nanotubes out of high-speed gun (w/video)( Phys. org) What happens when you shoot multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTS) out of a gun onto an aluminum target at a velocity of more than 15000 mph?
Scientists finally have the answer. If a nanotube reaches the target at a 90â°angle (head-on) it will break
and deform quite drastically. However if it is parallel to the target upon impact the nanotube will unzip resulting in a 2d graphene nanoribbon.
This observation is unexpected since previous simulations have shown that nanotubes break into pieces when subjected to large mechanical forces.
Researchers Sehmus Ozden et al. at Rice university in Houston Texas US; the State university of Campinas in Campinas Brazil;
and the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore India have published a paper on the results of their high-impact nanotube collision experiments in a recent issue of Nano Letters.
In their study the researchers packed MWCNTS as pellets into the vacuum chamber of a light gas gun a device that is commonly used for hypervelocity impact experiments.
The pellets were composed of mostly nonoriented MWCNT bundles with each pellet having a spherical shape.
Because it was not possible to directly observe the impact due to the nanotubes'small size
and high speed the researchers analyzed the differences in the nanotubes using a transmission electron microscope before and after the impact to extract useful information about
what occurs during impact. They also performed molecular dynamics simulations to better understand the effect of the impact.
Although each bundle of nanotubes (the pellet) was shot perpendicular to the target the individual randomly aligned nanotubes impacted the target at different angles.
The researchers found that the impact angle has a large effect on the results of the collision.
At a 90â°impact angle the nanotubes deformed along the radial direction essentially being smashed like the front of a car in a head-on collision.
At a 45â°impact angle the nanotubes became partly deformed and partly unzipped. At a 0â°angle the nanotubes were unzipped completely
when shot at the aluminum target. The researchers explain that the unzipping occurs on the scale of femtoseconds.
In that short time many atoms along the side of the nanotube become stressed due to the impact resulting in the breaking of the carbon bonds in a straight line along the side of the nanotube.
At the 90â°and 45â°impact angles on the other hand fewer atoms were involved in the impact so the stress was concentrated more on fewer atoms.
Many of these atoms ended up being ejected from the nanotube rather than having their bonds neatly broken as in the 0â°impact angle scenario.
Unzipping carbon nanotubes to create 2d graphene nanoribbons is very useful in nanoscience but until now it has typically been achieved with chemical contaminants that leave back contaminants.
By demonstrating for the first time that nanotubes can be unzipped quickly through mechanical means the new study offers a clean-cut a clean chemical-free way to produce high-quality graphene nanoribbons.
As the researchers explained graphene nanoribbons have certain advantages over both nanotubes and graphene that make them attractive for applications.
Graphene nanoribbons are good candidates for active materials in electronics being the channel of field-effect transistors coauthor Dr. Robert Vajtai at Rice university told Phys. org.
They are superior to carbon nanotubes as their bandgap is more predictable. Also they are superior to graphene itself as graphene has no bandgap
but making a nanometer scale narrow stripe of it opens the bandgap because of quantum confinement so it is a semiconductor.
Explore further: Hybrid nanotube-graphene material promises to simplify manufacturing More information: Sehmus Ozden et al. Unzipping Carbon nanotubes at High Impact.
Nano Letters. DOI: 10.1021/nl501753 0
#Super-stretchable yarn is made of graphene A simple, scalable method of making strong, stretchable graphene oxide fibers that are scrolled easily into yarns
and have strengths approaching that of Kevlar is possible, according to Penn State and Shinshu University, Japan, researchers."
"We found this graphene oxide fiber was very strong, much better than other carbon fibers,"said Mauricio Terrones, professor of physics, chemistry and materials science and engineering, Penn State."
"We believe that pockets of air inside the fiber keep it from being brittle.""This method opens up multiple possibilities for useful products, according to Terrones and colleagues.
For instance, removing oxygen from the graphene oxide fiber results in a fiber with high electrical conductivity. Adding silver nanorods to the graphene film would increase the conductivity to the same as copper,
which could make it a much lighter weight replacement for copper transmission lines. The researchers believe that the material lends itself to many kinds of highly sensitive sensors.
The researchers made a thin film of graphene oxide by chemically exfoliating graphite into graphene flakes,
which were mixed then with water and concentrated by centrifugation into a thick slurry. The slurry was then spread by bar coatingomething like a squeegeecross a large plate.
When the slurry dries it becomes a large-area transparent film that can be lifted carefully off without tearing.
The film is then cut into narrow strips and wound on itself with an automatic fiber scroller,
resulting in a fiber that can be knotted and stretched without fracturing. The researchers reported their results in a recent issue of ACSNANO."
"The importance is that we can do almost any material, and that could open up many avenuest's a lightweight material with multifunctional properties,
"said Terrones. And the main ingredient, graphite, is mined and sold by the ton. h
#Nanostructured material based on repeating microscopic units has record-breaking stiffness at low density (w/Video) What's the difference between the Eiffel Tower and the Washington monument?
Both structures soar to impressive heights, and each was the world's tallest building when completed.
But the Washington monument is a massive stone structure, while the Eiffel Tower achieves similar strength using a lattice of steel beams
and struts that is mostly open air, gaining its strength from the geometric arrangement of those elements.
Now engineers at MIT and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) have devised a way to translate that airy,
yet remarkably strong, structure down to the microscaleesigning a system that could be fabricated from a variety of materials, such as metals or polymers,
and that may set new records for stiffness for a given weight. The new design is described in the journal Science by MIT's Nicholas Fang;
former postdoc Howon Lee, now an assistant professor at Rutgers University; visiting research fellow Qi"Kevin"Ge;
The design is based on the use of microlattices with nanoscale features, combining great stiffness and strength with ultralow density,
that's why when bone density decreases, fractures become more likely. But using the right mathematically determined structures to distribute
"We found that for a material as light and sparse as aerogel a kind of glass foam,
"says Fang, the Brit and Alex d'Arbeloff Career development Associate professor in Engineering Design. So far, the researchers at MIT and LLNL have tested the process using three engineering materialsetal, ceramic,
"However, because of its microarchitected layout, it performs with four orders of magnitude higher stiffness than unstructured materials, like aerogels, at a comparable density."
such as in batteries for portable devices, where reduced weight is also highly desirable. Another property of these materials is that they conduct sound and elastic waves very uniformly,
meaning they could lead to new acoustic metamaterials, Fang says, that could help control how waves bend over a curved surface.
such as a proposal last year by researchers at MIT's Center for Bits and Atoms (CBA) for materials that could be cut out as flat panels
who has discussed this work with CBA researchers. This technique, he says, uses 3-D printing technology that can be implemented now i
#New approach may be key to quantum dot solar cells with real gains in efficiency (Phys. org) Los alamos researchers have demonstrated an almost fourfold boost of the carrier multiplication yield with nanoengineered quantum dots.
Carrier multiplication is when a single photon can excite multiple electrons. Quantum dots are novel nanostructures that can become the basis of the next generation of solar cells capable of squeezing additional electricity out of the extra energy of blue and ultraviolet photons.
Typical solar cells absorb a wide portion of the solar spectrum but because of the rapid cooling of energetic (or'hot')charge carriers the extra energy of blue and ultraviolet solar photons is wasted in producing heat said Victor Klimov director of the Center for Advanced Solar Photophysics
(CASP) at Los alamos National Laboratory. In principle this lost energy can be recovered by converting it into additional photocurrent via carrier multiplication.
In that case collision of a hot carrier with a valence-band electron excites it across the energy gap Klimov said.
In this way absorption of a single photon from the high-energy end of the solar spectrum produces not just one
but two electron-hole pairs which in terms of power output means getting two for the price of one.
Carrier multiplication is inefficient in the bulk solids used in ordinary solar cells but is enhanced appreciably in ultrasmall semiconductor particles also called quantum dots as was demonstrated first by LANL researchers in 2004 (Schaller & Klimov Phys.
Rev Lett. 92 186601 2004. In conventional quantum dots however carrier multiplication is not efficient enough to boost the power output of practical devices.
A new study conducted within the Center for Advanced Solar Photophysics demonstrates that appropriately engineered core/shell nanostructures made of lead selenide
and cadmium selenide (Pbse and Cdse) can increase the carrier multiplication yield fourfold over simple Pbse quantum dots.
Klimov explained This strong enhancement is derived primarily from the unusually slow phonon relaxation of hot holes that become trapped in high-energy states within the thick Cdse shell.
The long lifetime of these energetic holes facilitates an alternative relaxation mechanism via collisions with core-localized valence band electron
which leads to highly efficient carrier multiplication. To realize the effect of slowed carrier cooling LANL researchers have fabricated Pbse quantum dots with an especially thick Cdse shell.
Qianglu Lin a CASP student working on the synthesis of these materials said A striking feature of the thick-shell Pbse/Cdse quantum dots is fairly bright visible emission from the shell observed simultaneously with the infrared emission from the core.
This shows that intraband cooling is slowed down dramatically so that holes reside in the shell long enough to produce emission.
This slowed relaxation which underlies the observed enhancement of carrier multiplication likely relates to the interplay between core
-versus shell-localization of valence-band states explained Nikolay Makarov a spectroscopist working on this project.
Istvan Robel another CASP member added Our modeling indicates that when the shell is thick enough the higher energy hole states lay primarily in the shell
while lower energy states still remain confined to the core. This separation leads to electronic decoupling of higher-from lower energy holes states which is observed responsible for the slowed cooling.
While the present CASP work is based on Pbse/Cdse quantum dots the concept of carrier-multiplication engineering through control of intraband cooling is general
and should be realizable with other combinations of materials and/or nanostructure geometries. Jeff Pietryga lead CASP chemist says Further enhancement in carrier multiplication should be possible by combining this new approach with other demonstrated means for increasing multicarrier yields such as by using shape-control
(as in nanorods) and/or materials in which cooling is already naturally slower like Pbte.
Applied together these strategies might provide a practical route to nanostructures exhibiting carrier multiplication performance approaching the limits imposed by energy conservation n
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