When technology meets biology the interface is rarely flawless and the devices often hinder the bodies they are supposed to help.
An associate professor of media arts and sciences and leader of the Biomechatronics Group in MIT's Media Lab Herr is sophisticated building devices that aid human movement by mimicking nature.
In March Herr gave a headline-grabbing TED talk about work in his lab to create a special prosthesis that allowed Adrianne Haslet-Davis a dancer
a world in which technology erases disability and in which the synthetic and biological worlds meld seamlessly.
As both a rock climber and a user of prostheses Herr has direct experience with frustratingly poor prosthetic designs
His first prostheses were temporary ones with plaster sockets and he was instructed not to walk without crutches or another support:
the plaster would shatter under his full weight. Later he got permanent prostheses made of wood rubber
and plastic but they were stiff and painful. Yet Herr found that he could still excel in the vertical world of rock climbing.
In high school he had trained in tool and die machining at a vocational school; shortly after returning home from the hospital he set up a workshop in the garage
and put those skills to work designing and building his own prosthetic limbs for rock and ice climbing.
Climbing is a sport in which the typical human body can feel awkward as anyone who has tried to balance on a small foothold
I quickly abandoned this notion that the prosthesis has to look like a human limb and
The obvious career path he might have taken working in his father's house-building business was no longer an option for him
So although Herr had intended never to go to college a few years after his accident he decided to give it a try earning a bachelor's degree in physics at Millersville University in Pennsylvania at age 25.
After graduating Herr came to MIT where he completed a master s degree in mechanical engineering in 1993.
and its stored energy is used then to aid the more tiring motion of pulling the body upward.
For his Phd in biophysics at Harvard he developed a numerical model to describe how a horse runs
which made advances in building legged robots that could walk and run. The lab was led by then Gill Pratt 83 SM 87 Phd 90 (its founder Marc Raibert had already left to work full time at the company he founded Boston Dynamics.
Herr worked with Pratt to develop a computer-controlled knee joint that uses a magnetorheological fluid a fluid
when a magnetic field is applied to vary the stiffness of the joint as a person walks.
which fills half of a large open room on the Media Lab's second floor may come to see the future of bionics
The lab which is packed typically with students and postdocs working on projects is strewn with computer parts coffee cups wires rolls of tape random tools
and plastic molds of human feet. At the center of the space is raised a platform with a treadmill and a set of hip-high parallel bars.
Ten cameras trained on the platform capture the motions of subjects as they run and walk on the treadmill.
That s because an important part of the lab s work is describing how the human body moves.
Walking though a seemingly simple act is still largely mysterious using energy in a very economical manner that is difficult to re-create in robotics.
This science he says is critical for designing the hardware and software control systems of bionic devices.
Daniel Ferris director of the Human Neuromechanics Laboratory at the University of Michigan says that Herr's strength is knowing the biological mechanisms
While many engineers have built robotic devices for movement none have matched really Hugh's ability to fuse biology with engineering.
His lab's work to model the human ankle joint ultimately led to the development of the prosthesis Herr uses today sold as the Biom T2 by his startup company Biom (formerly called iwalk.
and ankle prosthesis that behaves as he puts it more like a motorcycle than a bicycle meaning that it puts energy into the system rather than relying solely on human power.
The Biom T2 uses a battery to power a system of microprocessors sensors springs and actuators;
the joint provides stiffness during a heel strike to absorb shock then power to help propel the lower leg up and forward during a step.
and reprogrammed the prosthesis with algorithms that would allow it to execute the necessary rotations.
They also designed it to minimize the battery at the calf to keep it from getting in the way of dance steps.
and by lowering the energy costs of walking reduce joint stress and fatigue. But bringing bionic devices into the clinic is not easy.
Bob Emerson a prosthetist at A Step Ahead Prosthetics who helps connect patients to research projects in Herr's group says it's challenging to persuade insurers to pay for devices like Biom.
It's a far-reaching technological platform; people don't understand it really well he says. He says it takes vision
or two battery charges a day for instance so Herr and his colleagues are working to make prosthetic devices smaller lighter quieter and more efficient.
Now he is going a step further collaborating with surgeons and other researchers on ways to allow bionic limbs to be controlled directly by the nervous system
Whereas brain-machine interfaces would require invasive surgery for brain implants he wants to connect electronic devices to the peripheral nerves at the site of the injury allowing people to control bionic limbs with their existing nerves
Amputation which is currently a fairly crude surgery might become a sophisticated procedure of setting up the body to interface with a bionic limb.
Extending Human Capabilityalong one wall of the Biomechatronics Group lab wheeled shelves known as the dessert cart hold an array of prototypes of current and past projects:
Building an exoskeleton that makes movement easier is challenging the device must provide a benefit to the user that exceeds the burden of wearing it.
Luke Mooney a graduate student in the Biomechatronics Group says that many people think exoskeleton and imagine an Iron man style suit.
But he recently worked with Herr on a far more minimalistic approach focusing solely on providing mechanical power to the ankle to reduce the energy it needs for walking.
and powered by a wearable battery pack is the first exoskeleton that can actually lower the metabolic costs of walking as demonstrated in a study published this May in the Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation.
When you unplug it suddenly you feel like your feet are blocks of concrete says Mooney.
or building wearable devices that can dramatically boost its abilities. I admire Hugh s creativity and unique approach and his drive says Woodie Flowers SM 68 ME 70 Phd 72 an emeritus professor of mechanical engineering who helped supervise Herr s graduate research work.
But Herr is working in a very complex research area that involves a very intimate relationship between a complex human
Redefining the Good Bodyin spite of the practical challenges Herr has a far-reaching vision for melding technology with biology.
While some researchers and engineers gloss over the social implications of their work he has become an outspoken champion for the ways that technology can improve the body.
Indeed as artificial limbs become more powerful and functional they can sometimes be perceived as the opposite of a disability.
#Does Lockheed martin Really Have a Breakthrough Fusion Machine? Lockheed martin s announcement last week that it had developed secretly a promising design for a compact nuclear fusion reactor has met with excitement but also skepticism over the basic feasibility of its approach.
Nuclear fusion could produce far more energy far more cleanly than the fission reactions at the heart of today s nuclear power plants.
But there are huge obstacles and no hard evidence that Lockheed has overcome them. The so-far-insurmountable challenge is to confine hydrogen plasma at conditions under
which the hydrogen nuclei fuse together at levels that release a useful amount of energy.
In decades of research nobody has produced yet more energy from fusion reaction experiments than was required to conduct the experiments in the first place.
Most research efforts use a method that tries to contain hot plasma within magnetic fields in a doughnut-shaped device called a tokamak.
Three research-scale tokamaks operate in the United states: one at MIT another at a lab in Princeton and a third at a Department of energy lab in San diego. The world s largest tokamak is under construction in France at an international facility known as ITER at a projected
cost of $50 billion. Tom Mcguire project lead of the Lockheed effort said in an interview that the company has come up with a compact design called a high beta fusion reactor based on principles of so-called magnetic mirror confinement.
This approach tries to contain plasma by reflecting particles from high-density magnetic fields to low-density ones.
Lockheed said the test reactor is only two meters long by one meter wide far smaller than existing research reactors.
In a smaller reactor you can iterate generations quicker incorporate new knowledge develop faster and make riskier design choices.
That is a much more powerful development paradigm and much less capital intensive Mcguire said. If successful the program could produce a reactor that might fit in a tractor-trailer
and produce 100 megawatts of power he said. There are no guarantees that we can get there
The small team developing the reactor at the company s skunkworks in Palmdale California has done 200 firings with plasma Mcguire said
but has shown not any data on the results. However he said of the plasma it looks like it s doing what it s supposed to do.
He added that with research partners Lockheed could develop a competed prototype within five years and a commercial application within a decade.
The company is even talking about how fusion reactors could one day power ships and planes.
But many scientists are unconvinced. Ian Hutchinson a professor of nuclear science and engineering at MIT and one of the principal investigators at the MIT fusion research reactor says the type of confinement described by Lockheed had long been studied without much success. Hutchinson says he was only
able to comment on what Lockheed has released some pictures diagrams and commentary which can be found here.
Based on that as far as I can tell they aren t paying attention to the basic physics of magnetic-confinement fusion energy.
Lockheed joins a number of other companies working on smaller and cheaper types of fusion reactors. These include Tri-Alpha a company based near Irvine California that is testing a linear-shaped reactor;
Helion Energy of Redmond Washington which is developing a system that attempts to use a combination of compression and magnetic confinement of plasma;
and Lawrenceville Plasma physics in Middlesex New jersey which is working on a reactor design that uses what s known as a dense plasma focus.
Another startup General Fusion based in Vancouver British columbia tries to control plasma using pistons to compress a swirling mass of molten lead
and lithium that also acts as a coolant absorbing heat from fusion reactions and circulating it through conventional steam generators to spin turbines (see A New Approach to Fusion
#How a Wiki Is Keeping Direct-to-Consumer Genetics Alive When Meg Deboe decided to tap her Christmas fund to order a $99 consumer DNA test from 23andme last year,
she was disappointed: it arrived with no information on what her genes said about her chance of developing Alzheimer and heart disease.
The report only delved into her genetic genealogy, possible relatives, and ethnic roots. That because just a month earlier, in November 2013, the Food and Drug Administration had cracked down on 23andme.
and slick TV ads were said illegal, it, since they never been cleared by the agency. But Deboe, a mommy blogger and author of children books, found a way to get the health information she wanted anyway.
Using a low-budget Web service called Promethease she paid $5 to upload her raw 23andme data.
Within a few minutes she was looking into a report with entries dividing her genes into ad newsand ood news. As tens of thousands of others seek similar information about their genetic disposition,
they are loading their DNA data into several little-known websites like Promethease that have become, by default, the largest purveyors of consumer genetic health services in the United Statesnd the next possible targets for nervous
a geneticist based in Maryland, and Mike Cariaso, a computer programmer. It works by comparing a person DNA data with entries in SNPEDIA,
a sprawling public wiki on human genetics that the pair created eight years ago and run with the help of a few dozen volunteer editors.
Lennon says Promethease is being used to build as many as 500 gene reports a day. Many people are arriving from directly from 23andme.
After its health reports were blocked, consumers complained angrily about the FDA on the company Facebook page,
where they also uploaded links to the Promethease website, calling it a orkaround, a way to get xhaustive medical infoin reports that are imilar,
but not as pretty. The mood was one of civil disobedience. on let the man stop you from getting genotyped,
wrote one. The FDA is being cautious with personal genomics because although DNA data is easy to gather,
its medical meaning is less certain. Consumer DNA tests determine which common versions of the 23,000 human genes make up your individual genotype.
As science links these variants to disease risk, the idea has been that genotypes could predict your chance of getting cancer or heart disease
or losing your eyesight. But predicting risk is tricky. Most genes don say anything decisive about you.
And if they do, you might well wish for a doctor at your side when you find out. don believe that this kind of risk assessment is mature enough to be a consumer product yet,
says David Mittelman, chief scientific officer of Gene by Gene, a genetic laboratory that performs tests.
In barring 23andme health reports, the FDA also cited the danger that erroneous interpretations of gene data could lead someone to seek out unnecessary surgery
whether consumers should have the right to get genetic facts without going through a doctor. t an almost philosophical issue about how medicine is going to be delivered,
a professor at Stanford university who helped developed a DNA interpretation site called Interpretome as part of a class he teaches on genetics. s it going to be concentrated by medical associations,
or out there on the Internet so people can interact? Now a question is whether Promethease and sites like it could,
or should, be the next target of regulators. Lennon believes his service is outside the FDA reach,
and you have to shut down Webmd and Wikipedia, too. Reached by MIT Technology Review, the FDA said it has authority to regulate software that interprets genomes,
even if such services are given away free. The agency does not comment on specific companies. e know that they know about us
Gene Results Promethease can reanalyze the results of genotype tests sold legally for $99 to $199 by a variety of genealogy companies,
which are provided to customers as a text file containing a list of genetic variations. To Barbara Evans, a professor at the University of Houston Law Center, the idea that people can gather DNA from one company
and analyze it elsewhere is a significant legal development. Previously the same lab that tested you would be the one to tell you what the results meant.
That means it can plug and play anywhere. t going to be quite difficult to regulate, Evans predicts.
MIT Technology Review tested several interpretation-only sites using DNA data of anonymous donors posted publicly by the Personal Genome Project,
a data sharing initiative started by Harvard Medical school. All the sites quickly reported gene variants contained in the files
although the number of variants reported varied, from as few as 35 to as many as 17,667 for Promethease.
Two of the sites appeared designed to steer users toward alternative medicine. Genetic Genie, a free service that carries ads for vitamins,
That site, however, directed users to get an xplanationof the results by contacting chiropractors, dieticians,
and mind-body healers whose telephone numbers it provided. The Promethease report was the most detailed
although its clunky, barebones design is not easy to use. It organizes a person genetic variations under categories such as edical conditionsand edicines.
Users can then click to see information about individual genes that scientific research has suggested could raise,
or lower, their risk for drug reactions, common diseases, or personality traits such as a lack of empathy.
The information in the report is similar to that in 23andme banned ersonal Genome Service, but there are differences.
Promethease makes little effort to combine the genetic risks for any one disease into a single comprehensible number.
That makes the report more like a jumble of facts than a diagnosis. Lennon says this is intentional.
He says 23andme stepped on shaky scientific ground by trying to merge risks into one neat score. veryone wants to sell a simple answer:
2035hat the genome will all make sense, and that the day you are allowed to see it,
if I had a high risk or genetic predisposition toward heart disease, diabetes, or Alzheimer. I don,
Determining whether her relief is justified really might require the help of a trained geneticist. At least that the current view of the FDA and medical societies.
But Deboe did take the report to her doctor. It said she had a gene for caffeine sensitivity,
and Deboe says her doctor agreed she should stick to decaf and avoid drugs like Novocain. think that how people should be using thiss a conversation-starter with medical professionals,
she says. Under the Radar To Lennon and Cariaso the surge of interest in Promethease and SNPEDIA represents a triumph for a no-frills approach to genetics.
In 2006, the same year 23andme was founded, they launched SNPEDIA as a site that would let themnd anyone elseeep tabs on what science was learning about each gene variant.
Lennon says the site was modeled on Wikipedia. hat was the promise of the genome, that it should be for everybody,
he says. These days, SNPEDIA keeps tabs on about 57,000 gene variants (known as single-nucleotide polymorphisms,
or SNPS) with the help of a few dozen volunteers. One frequent contributor is James Lick
Lick, who is adopted, says he became interested in genetics while searching for his birth parents and now spends a few hours a week updating SNPEDIA.
adding a link to a New yorker article that discussed the gene and its role in a rare childhood disease.
Lennon, who had soured on venture capital, also didn involved want investors. As a result, their work was overshadowed by 23andme,
which raised $126 million and hired more than a dozen Phd geneticists to curate its own gene lists.
Its CEO, Anne Wojcicki, who is married to Google cofounder Sergey Brin, landed on magazine covers,
and a board member predicted that her startup would ecome the Google of personalized healthcare. It didn happen that way.
And following the FDA action to block 23andme reports, traffic to interpretation-only sites jumped.
Interpretome maintained by Konrad Karczewski, a postdoctoral researcher at Massachusetts General Hospital, now has 80 to 100 visitors per day, twice as many as last year.
Even more are heading to Promethease. Lennon says the site averages between 50 and 500 reports per day,
including a free version and a faster-running paid product. He won get too specific about the numbers
or say how much money Promethease is earning. e are somewhat shy about saying how much business we are doing,
he says. That could be out of a desire not to rouse regulators. The FDA has wide discretion to act
After all, they named their software after Prometheus, the titan who defied the gods by stealing fire from Mt olympus and giving it to mankind.
#Apple's Quiet Attempt to Shake up Wireless Carriers Could Benefit Us All If you happened to pore over the details added to Apple website yesterday about its new ipads,
you might have noticed that models with cellular capabilities include something interesting on the wireless front.
They use a special SIM CARD-the tiny card that allows your device to connect to a carrier network-called Apple SIM.
And unlike SIM CARDS in use today, it is locked not to a single carrier. You will be able to use a setting in ios to quickly switch from carrier to carrier right on the ipad
if you are using a pay-as-you-go plan, rather than swapping out the card for each switch as you usually would.
Apple points out a few benefits of this, saying: henever you need it, you can choose the plan that works best for you with no long-term commitments.
And when you travel, you may also be able to choose a data plan from a local carrier for the duration of your trip.
To start, you will be able to choose from AT&T, T-Mobile, and Sprint in the U s,
. and EE in the U k. That nice for travelers, but as a number of folks are pointing out,
what more interesting is the impact this could have on wireless data competition and prices if more carriers are added to the mix.
For instance if you see that a carrier that supported by your Apple SIM is having a sale on a short-term data plan,
you might switch to that carrier for a bit. Then, when another carrier has a good deal, you might move over to them, and so on.
the Apple SIM is added eventually to the iphone (and, perhaps, similarly flexible SIMS appear for other smartphones as well).
Not only would it make it easier to move from one carrier to another, but it could also make it more affordable for people all over the world to communicate.
Given that the Apple SIM seems like a really intriguing technology that could change the wireless industry,
I asked Apple why the company didn mention the feature during its ipad news event Thursday in Cupertino.
For now, it more of an intriguing footnote to Apple refresh of its ipad line
which account for much of its iphone sales and subsidize their cost to consumers. That said, Apple does have a lot of influence over wireless carriers.
It even convinced Cingular Wireless (which then became a part of AT&T) to agree to sell the first iphone without even setting eyes on the device.
Perhaps it can come up with a way to convince the wireless companies to get on board for the Apple SIM
and the prospect of far worse floods the nation is sophisticated developing computer models of climate precipitation hydrology sea level
and economics to figure out how best to defend itself. An initiative dubbed Sustainable Deltas 2015 was launched last month at a conference in Rotterdam the Dutch port city that includes neighborhoods 20 feet below sea level.
Its strategies guided by sophisticated computer models include building some inland water barriers as a second line of defense;
constructing buildings that can float or at least withstand inundation; and creating new escape routes in case the worst happens (see Saving Holland.
For example researchers at the University of Colorado at Boulder are using satellite data and local measurements to build a tool that can tell governments about expected patterns of land sinking in delta areas.
It is about time that we take a more comprehensive global approach to delta sustainability
and this requires action said Efi Foufoula-Georgiou a professor in the Department of Civil engineering and former director of the National Center for Earth-Surface Dynamics at the University of Minnesota in an interview after the conference.
and generally include major cities harbors farms and forests. Irina Overeem research scientist for the Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System at the University of Colorado says the proportion of world deltas vulnerable to flooding is expected to increase by 50 percent this century.
The fastest change is that land is sinking. But seas are also rising and rivers are disgorging more water during intense rainstorms s
What itunes Did for Music? The point-of-sale terminal at the CVS drugstore in Palo alto, California, can accept payments through a quick tap from a smartphone.
The clerk isn sure how it works, though he knows it does because few kidshave used it.
But one shopper tries it by taking out his Android phone and clicking on Google alletapp intended to allow instant payment and taps the terminal.
Nothing happens. Then he tries Paypal payment app. Nothing. Out comes the leather wallet. Over the past decade, tech companies including Google, ebay Paypal,
and upstart Square, along with mobile carriers, credit-card companies, and various retailers, have proclaimed all the eath of the wallet.
The promise: their digital wallet equivalents would make paying for things in physical stores much easier.
Instead, they ran into countless technical glitches, resistance from merchants, banks, and phone carriers, and consumer indifference.
Though mobile payments at U s. retail stores will nearly double this year, to $3. 5 billion, according to market researcher emarketer,
they remain a rounding error on the more than $4 trillion worth of in store credit-card and cash transactions.
Cash and cards are simply good enough, says payments expert Bill Maurer, dean of the School of Social sciences at the University of California,
Irvine. ll of these mobile wallets are looking for a problem to solve. That was jumped before Apple into the market with Apple Pay in a bid to take mobile payments mainstream.
Standing in front of a photo of an overstuffed billfold, Apple CEO Tim cook unveiled its mobile wallet at a September 9 event where he also debuted new iphones and the Apple Watch.
When Apple Pay launches Monday on new iphone 6 models, all it will take to buy a sandwich at Subway
or an air-chilled chicken at Whole Foods Market is to hold your iphone near a wireless reader and press your thumb on the home button.
The iphone Touch ID fingerprint sensor already used to unlock the phone, recognizes it really you.
Behind the scenes, a payment processor such as Visa recognizes an encrypted version of your credit card such as the one in an itunes account,
along with a onetime security code for that particular transaction, and approves the salell in less than 10 seconds.
That is indeed an easier process than the other digital wallets, which require unlocking the phone,
opening an app, checking into a store, typing in a code, or other steps that can take much longer than swiping a credit card.
Apple ability to create elegant user friendly products helped it popularize and seize commanding positions in music players and smartphones.
If Apple Pay works as promised, it could do something similar for payments, making mobile wallets appeal to the masses,
starting with its influential army of iphone users. obile payment is finally hitting that pivotal moment
when all the pieces are coming together, says Matthew de Ganon, senior vice president of product and commerce for Softcard, a rival mobile wallet joint venture of T-Mobile, AT&T, and Verizon.
In the U s. there are only about 220,000 merchant point-of-sale terminals featuring the wireless payment communications system known as near field communication (NFC.
That represents a small fraction of the more than six million U s. retail outlets. They are used so rarely that wags joke that FCSTANDS for ot for commerceor obody freaking cares.
But Apple often adroit timing may prove spot-on once again, because a new development could bring NFC to many more stores.
In a bid to force adoption of more secure credit cards that use a chip and a PIN number instead of a magnetic strip for payment authentication,
Visa and other payment networks will, starting next October, make merchants liable for fraudulent charges
unless they use new readers compatible with the new cards. That expected to speed installation of new readers
In recent months, card data breaches At home Depot, Target, and others have alerted consumers that credit
and debit cards aren very secure. Such lapses expose them to identity theft and the annoyance of being forced to change credit-card numbers on file with dozens of merchants.
At the same time, 38 percent of consumers surveyed early this year by Javelin Strategy & Research cited security concerns as a key reason theye holding back on mobile payments.
Although credit cards are used in Apple Pay it more secure because card numbers aren stored directly on the phone or on Apple servers.
Instead, digital tokens, encrypted numbers that look like card numbers, are assigned by a payment network such as Visa to each card
and stored on a secure chip in the phone. During a purchase, that token and a onetime transaction-specific code are sent to process the payment,
so even if hackers intercept the numbers, they can do anything with them. Though Google Wallet and others have used tokens,
Apple Pay will deploy them more widely. Notwithstanding Apple own recent icloud breach that exposed nude celebrity photos
t is probably the most secure mobile payment solution to date, says David Brudnicki, chief technology officer for Sequent Software,
which provides mobile wallet services to banks, retailers, and mobile operators. Improved security is even more important to banks
and retailers than it is to consumers, who have limited liability for fraudulent charges on stolen cards.
Apple Pay has signed already up the three big payment networksisa, Mastercard, and American Expresss well as banks handling 83 percent of credit card transactions in the U s,
. including Bank of america, Capital one, Chase, and Citibank. Better security seems to have made up for any reservations that banks may have about Apple role as a powerful new middleman on transactions
or the small cut of transaction revenues theyl be paying the company. Another potential bonus:
Apple Pay could help the card networks capture transactions currently completed with cash. For all that, Apple impact will be small at first.
For one, only iphone 6 and eventually iphone 5 owners with an Apple Watch can use Apple Pay.
Moreover, some merchants and banks don want to cede relationships with customers and data about them to Apple, says Richard Crone, CEO of the payments advisory firm Crone Consulting.
Large retail chains including Walmart and Best Buy, which are part of the Merchant Customer Exchange consortium pushing its own wallet app,
say they won accept Apple Pay. The Softcard mobile wallet joint venture of T-Mobile AT&T, and Verizon is touting its support of more than 80 Android phones
and the ability to pay at retailers including Mcdonald, Subway, and Walgreens. Paypal, soon to split off from ebay,
and Google continue to push their wallet apps as well. Individual retailers which have persuaded customers to use their own apps have no intention of replacing them with Apple Pay.
Starbucks, for instance, lets customers pay by launching an app and holding up the phone screen with a QR code to a reader on its cash registers.
But spokeswoman Maggie Jantzen says the bigger reason that 15 percent of Starbucks purchasesome six million transactions a weekre now completed via mobile is combined the appeal of payment
a rewards program, and a store locator all in one app. Apple will have to offer a lot more to merchants than it currently does
if it hopes to gain the support of more of them, says Javelin mobile strategy director Mary Monahan.
In particular, Apple Pay will need to incorporate loyalty programs and discount offers. Payments experts think the company will allow outside software developers to create apps that can add such features to Apple Pay.
By all accounts, it going to take years for mobile payments to catch on widely. Apple Pay success ultimately will come down to persuading consumers to change longstanding habits using payment methods that
after all, work pretty well
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