#RNA readout tool could lead to tougher crops Scientists have developed a method that enables more-accurate prediction of how RNA molecules fold within living cells.
The findings may shed new light on how plants as well as other living organisms respond to environmental conditions.
Potential implications of the methodology for human health include for example learning how an infection-induced fever could affect the RNA structures of both humans and pathogens.
A paper by the research team led by Penn State s Sarah M. Assmann professor of biology
and Philip Bevilacqua professor of chemistry appears in Nature. cientists have studied a few individual RNA molecules
but now we have data on almost all the RNA molecules in a cell more than 10000 different RNASASSMANN says. e are the first to determine on a genome-wide basis the structures of the RNA molecules in a plant
or in any living organism. emperature and drought are among the environmental stress factors that affect the structure of RNA molecules thereby influencing how genes are xpressedhow their functions are turned turned on
and thereby influence gene expression the more we may be breed able to or develop with biotechnological methods crops that are more resistant to those stresses.
Such crops which could perform better under more-marginal conditions could help feed the world s growing population. he project involved determining the structures of the varieties of RNA molecules in a plant named Arabidopsis thaliana.
This plant is used worldwide as a model species for scientific research. Arabidopsis thaliana commonly known as mouse-ear cress is an ideal organism for RNA studies the researchers say
because it is the first plant species to have its full genome sequenced and has the greatest number of genetic tools available.
RNA is the intermediate molecule between DNA and proteins in all living things. It is a critical component in the pathway of gene expression
which controls an organism s function. Unlike the double-stranded DNA molecule which is compressed into cells by twisting
And we can try to understand how these RNA structural changes relate to certain biological functions.?
or a few RNAS you can t get a pattern. ow that we have genome-wide information for a particular organism we can start to abstract patterns of how RNA structure influences gene expression and ultimately plant function.
Are there universal rules that will be true for all organisms for how RNA structure influences gene expression?
evilacqua adds ecause RNA is so central in its role in gene regulation the tools we ve developed can be transferred to scientists who are working with essentially any biological system. he Human Frontiers Science Program (HFSP) Penn State Eberly
College of Science and the Penn State Huck Institutes funded the research. Source: Penn Stateyou are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license t
and tested a new approach to cloakingâ##by surrounding an object with small antennas that collectively radiate an electromagnetic field.
Their paper appears in Physical Review X. e ve taken an electrical engineering approach but that s
what we are excited aboutsays Professor George Eleftheriades of the University of Toronto. t s very practical. icture a mailbox sitting on the street.
When radio waves hit the mailbox and bounce back to your radar detector you detect the mailbox.
Eleftheriades and Phd student Michael Selvanyagam s system wraps the mailbox in a layer of tiny antennas that radiate a field away from the box cancelling out any waves that would bounce back.
In this way the mailbox becomes undetectable to radar. e ve demonstrated a different way of doing itsays Eleftheriades. t s very simple:
instead of surrounding what you re trying to cloak with a thick metamaterial shell we surround it with one layer of tiny antennas
and this layer radiates back a field that cancels the reflections from the object. heir experimental demonstration effectively cloaked a metal cylinder from radio waves using one layer of loop antennas.
Currently the antenna loops must be attuned manually to the electromagnetic frequency they need to cancel
but in future they could function both as sensors and active antennas adjusting to different waves in real time much like the technology behind noise-canceling headphones Work on developing a functional invisibility cloak began around 2006
but early systems were necessarily large and clunkyâ##if you wanted to cloak a car for example in practice you would have to completely envelop the vehicle in many layers of metamaterials in order to effectively hieldit from electromagnetic radiation.
The sheer size and inflexibility of that approach makes it impractical for real-world uses. Earlier attempts to make thin cloaks were not adaptive and active
Beyond obvious applications such as hiding military vehicles or conducting surveillance operations this cloaking technology could eliminate obstaclesâ##for example structures interrupting signals from cellular base stations could be cloaked to allow signals to pass by freely.
And though their tests showed the cloaking system works with radio waves retuning it to work with Terahertz (T-rays)
or light waves could use the same principle as the necessary antenna technology matures. here are more applications for radio than for lightsays Eleftheriades. t s just a matter of technologyâ##you can use the same principle for light
and the corresponding antenna technology is a very hot area of research. h
#New giant clam species hid in plain sight One type of giant clam turns out to be two separate species report researchers who discovered the new species on reefs in the Solomon islands and at Ningaloo
Jude Keyse a postgraduate student at the University of Queensland School of Biological sciences says the find was surprising.
NA sequences strongly suggest that a distinct and unnamed species of giant clam has been hiding literally in plain sight looking almost the same as the relatively common Tridacna maximasays Keyse. iant clams can grow up to 230 kilograms (507 pounds)
and yellow hues. o-author Shane Penny a postgraduate student at Charles darwin University says o correctly describe the new species now becomes critical as the effects of getting it wrong can be profound for fisheries ecology
Overconsumption by humans has depleted giant clams populations in many areas and most giant clam species are on the International union for conservation of nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Keyse says the discovery of a new species had implications for management of giant clams. hat we thought was one breeding group
has turned out to be two making each species even less abundant than previously thoughtshe says.
#Faster 3d printing with multiple materials University of Southern California Posted by Megan Hazle-USC on November 21 2013researchers have developed a faster 3d printing process
Such fabrication capability opens up exciting new options that were previously impossiblesays lead author Yong Chen professor in the department of industrial
and systems engineering at University of Southern California. Traditional modeling and prototyping approaches used to take days
In their latest paper the team successfully applies this more efficient process to the fabrication of heterogeneous objects that comprise different materials that cure at different rates.
In future work Chen and his team will investigate how to develop an automatic design approach for heterogeneous material distribution according to user-specified physical properties
#Engineers create smallest FM radio transmitter Columbia University rightoriginal Studyposted by Holly Evarts-Columbia on November 20 2013to build the world s smallest system that can create FM signals
James Hone a mechanical engineering professor at Columbia University who co-led the project says the work emonstrates an application of graphene that cannot be achieved using conventional materials.
And it s an important first step in advancing wireless signal processing and designing ultrathin efficient cell phones. ur devices are much smaller than any other sources of radio signals
and can be put on the same chip that s used for data processing. raphene a single atomic layer of carbon is the world s strongest material
and also has electrical properties superior to the silicon used to make the chips found in modern electronics.
The combination of these properties makes graphene an ideal material for nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) which are scaled-down versions of the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) used widely for sensing of vibration and acceleration.
For example Hone explains MEMS sensors figure out how your smartphone or tablet is tilted to rotate the screen.
In this new study published in Nature Nanotechnology the team took advantage of graphene s mechanical tretchabilityto tune the output frequency of their custom oscillator creating a nanomechanical version of an electronic component known as a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO.
With a VCO explains Hone it is easy to generate a frequency-modulated (FM) signal exactly what is used for FM radio broadcasting.
The team built a graphene NEMS whose frequency was about 100 megahertz which lies right in the middle of the FM radio band (87.7 to 108 MHZ).
They used low-frequency musical signals (both pure tones and songs from an iphone) to modulate the 100 MHZ carrier signal from the graphene
and then retrieved the musical signals again using an ordinary FM radio receiver. his device is by far the smallest system that can create such FM signalssays Hone.
While graphene NEMS will not be used to replace conventional radio transmitters they have many applications in wireless signal processing. ue to the continuous shrinking of electrical circuits known as Moore s Law today s cell phones have more computing
power than systems that used to occupy entire rooms. However some types of devices particularly those involved in creating
and processing radio-frequency signals are much harder to miniaturizesays project co-leader Kenneth Shepard an electrical engineering professor. hese off-chip components take up a lot of space and electrical power.
In addition most of these components cannot be tuned easily in frequency requiring multiple copies to cover the range of frequencies used for wireless communication. raphene NEMS can address both problems:
and easily integrated with other types of electronics and their frequency can be tuned over a wide range because of graphene s tremendous mechanical strength. here is a long way to go toward actual applications in this areanotes Hone ut this work is an important first step.
We are excited to have demonstrated successfully how this wonder material can be used to achieve a practical technological advancementâ##something particularly rewarding to us as engineers. he Hone
At the same time they are also trying to demonstrate integration of graphene NEMS with silicon integrated circuits making the oscillator design even more compact.
A Qualcomm Innovation Fellowship 2012 and the US Air force supported the project. Source: Columbia Universityyou are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license t
#This is the first battery electrode that heals itself Stanford university rightoriginal Studyposted by Glennda Chui-Stanford on November 19 2013scientists have created the world s first self-healing battery electrode
and say it could open the door to better batteries for phones cars and other gadgets.
The secret is a stretchy polymer that coats the electrode binds it together and spontaneously heals tiny cracks that develop during battery operation. elf-healing is very important for the survival and long lifetimes of animals
and plantssays Chao Wang a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford university and one of two principal authors of the paper. e want to incorporate this feature into lithium ion batteries
so they will have a long lifetime as well. ang developed the self-healing polymer in the lab of Zhenan Bao a professor of chemical engineering at Stanford
whose group has been working on flexible electronic skin for use in robots sensors prosthetic limbs and other applications.
For the battery project Chao added tiny nanoparticles of carbon to the polymer so it would conduct electricity. e found that silicon electrodes lasted 10 times longer
when coated with the self-healing polymer which repaired any cracks within just a few hoursbao says. heir capacity for storing energy is in the practical range now
but we would certainly like to push thatsays Yi Cui an associate professor at Stanford and the Department of energy s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory who led the research with Bao.
The electrodes worked for about 100 charge-discharge cycles without significantly losing their energy storage capacity. hat s still quite a way from the goal of about 500 cycles for cell phones
and 3000 cycles for an electric vehiclecui notes ut the promise is there and from all our data it looks like it s working. esearchers worldwide are racing to find ways to store more energy in the negative electrodes of lithium ion batteries to achieve higher performance while reducing weight.
One of the most promising electrode materials is silicon; it has a high capacity for soaking up lithium ions from the battery fluid during charging
and then releasing them when the battery is put to work. But this high capacity comes at a price:
silicon electrodes swell to three times their normal size and shrink back down again each time the battery charges and discharges.
The brittle material soon cracks and falls apart degrading battery performance. This is a problem for all electrodes in high-capacity batteries says Hui Wu a former Stanford postdoc who is now a faculty member at Tsinghua University in Beijing
and the other principal author of the paper. To make the self-healing coating scientists deliberately weakened some of the chemical bonds within polymersâ â##long chainlike molecules with many identical units.
The resulting material breaks easily but the broken ends are drawn chemically to each other and quickly link up again mimicking the process that allows biological molecules such as DNA to assemble rearrange and break down.
Researchers in Cui s lab and elsewhere have tested a number of ways to keep silicon electrodes intact
and improve their performance. Some are being explored for commercial uses but many involve exotic materials
and fabrication techniques that are challenging to scale up for production. The self-healing electrode which is made from silicon microparticles that are used widely in the semiconductor
and solar cell industry is the first solution that seems to offer a practical road forward Cui says.
The researchers think this approach could work for other electrode materials as well and they will continue to refine the technique to improve the silicon electrode s performance and longevity.
They detailed the results in an article published in the journal Nature Chemistry. The Department of energy through SLAC s Laboratory Directed Research and development program
and the Precourt Institute for Energy at Stanford funded the work. Source: Stanford Universityyou are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license
#Russian meteor was a wake-up call University of California Davis rightoriginal Studyposted by Andy Fell-UC Davis on November 18 2013consumer video cameras
and advanced laboratory techniques gave scientists an unprecedented opportunity to study the meteor that exploded over Chelyabinsk Russia in February. f humanity does not want to go the way of the dinosaurs we need to study an event like this in detailsays Qing-zhu Yin professor
in the department of earth and planetary sciences at University of California Davis. Saying it was a ake-up callyin says the Chelyabinsk meteorite the largest strike
since the Tunguska event of 1908 belongs to the most common type of meteorite an rdinary chondrite. f a catastrophic meteorite strike were to occur in the future it would most likely be
an object of this type. ur goal was to understand all circumstances that resulted in the damaging shock wave that sent over 1200 people to hospitals in the Chelyabinsk Oblast area that daysays Peter Jenniskens meteor astronomer at SETI Institute.
Their findings are published in the journal Science. The explosion was equivalent to about 600 thousand tons of TNT 150 times bigger than the 2012 Sutter s Mill meteorite in California.
Based on viewing angles from videos of the fireball researchers calculated that the meteoroid entered Earth s atmosphere at just over 19 kilometers per second slightly faster than had previously been reported. ur meteoroid entry modeling showed that the impact was caused by a 20-meter sized
single chunk of rock that efficiently fragmented at 30 km altitudesays Olga Popova of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow.
and caused some severe sunburns. The team estimated that about three-quarters of the meteoroid evaporated at that point.
The largest single piece weighing about 650 kilograms was recovered from the bed of Lake Chebarkul in October by a team from Ural Federal University led by Professor Viktor Grokhovsky.
Shockwaves from the airburst broke windows rattled buildings and even knocked people from their feet.
The shape of the damaged area can be explained by the fact that the energy was deposited over a range of altitudes.
The object broke up 30 kilometers up under the enormous stress of entering the atmosphere at high speed.
and isotopic analysis of the meteorites and Ken Verosub professor in the department of earth and planetary sciences measured the magnetic properties of metallic grains in the meteorite.
Doug Rowland project scientist in the Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging in the department of biomedical engineering contributed X-ray computed tomography scanning of the rock.
Researchers at the University of Tokyo and Waseda University in Japan found that the rock had been exposed to cosmic rays for only about 1. 2 million years unusually short for rocks originating in the Flora family.
Major meteorite strikes like Tunguska or Chelyabinsk occur more frequently than we tend to think Yin says.
University of California Davisyou are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license i
#Tiny Lego blocks build two-faced nanotubes University of Warwick rightoriginal Studyposted by Anna Blackaby-Warwick on November 14 2013using a process similar to molecular Lego scientists
Attached to each of the cyclic peptides are two different types of polymers which tend to de-mix
which can act as molecular ievesto separate liquids and gases one molecule at a timeâ##a property that shows promise for applications such as water purification water desalination and gas storage.
and organize themselves to form pores that allow the passage of molecules of precise sizes.
and out of cellssays Sebastien Perrier professor at the University of Warwick. uch of this work is done by channel proteins for example in our nervous system where they modulate electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membranehe says.
Perrier says. ur work has created a new type of materialâ##nanotubesâ ##which can be used to replace these channel processes
and can be controlled with a much higher level of accuracy than natural channel proteins. hrough a process of molecular engineeringâ##a bit like molecular Legoâ##we have assembled the nanotubes from two types of building blocksâ##cyclic peptides
and polymers. anus nanotubes are a versatile platform for the design of exciting materials which have a wide range of application from membranesâ##for instance for the purification of waterâ##to therapeutic uses including the development of new drug systems. ource:
University of Warwickyou are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license e
#onest pheromones may explain decline in queen bees Queen bees are always truthful with worker bees when it comes to communicating their reproductive status and quality.
And scientists say this may help explain why honey bee populations are declining. e usually think of animals chemical signals (called pheromones) as communication systems that convey only very simple sorts of informationsays Christina Grozinger professor of entomology
and director of the Center for Pollinator Research at Penn State. owever this study demonstrates that queen honey bees are conveying a lot of nuanced information through their pheromones. n addition until now no one knew
if queen bees were manipulating workers into serving them or if they were providing valuable honest information to workers.
We have found that the information queens are conveying constitutes an honest message about their reproductive status
and quality. he queens are telling the workers that they are queens whether or not they are mated
and how well mated they are. In other words whether or not they have mated with a lot of males. hy do worker bees care
if their queen is mated well? According to Elina Nino a postdoctoral fellow at Penn State previous research has shown that colonies headed by more promiscuous queens those who mate with many males are more genetically diverse
or months instead of one or two yearssays Nino. e know that workers will replace their queens
if worker bees are able to detect poorly mated queens and take steps to remove them that could be an explanation for the rapid rates of queen loss
and turnover that beekeepers have been reporting. n the journal PLOS ONE researchers from Penn State North carolina
State university and Tel aviv University describe how they assigned queen bees to a variety of treatment groups.
and analyzed their chemical compositions using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Finally the researchers presented the gland extracts to worker bees
and observed the extent to which they were attracted to different extracts. The team found that worker bees preferred pheromone extracts of queens that were inseminated with semen rather than saline.
They also found that queens inseminated with higher volumes of semen or saline as opposed to those that were inseminated with low volumes of semen
or saline were preferred by worker bees. hese results suggest that queens are signaling detailed and honest information about their mating state and reproductive quality to workers
and workers are capable of adjusting their behavior accordinglyniã o says. hen workers replace failing queens it is particularly damaging to beekeepers
and another three weeks for the new workers to emerge as adults. This reduces the workforce
and therefore reduces honey production and even pollination efficiency. he team also found that the mandibular gland
and the Dufour s gland differ in their functions. he Dufour s gland seems to inform workers that queens have mated
in addition to signaling queen bee reproductive status and quality queen bee pheromones regulate how fast workers mature and transition from taking care of developing larvae to foraging outside the hive. t is possible that changing the quality of the pheromone could disrupt this and other processes
The researchers are beginning to examine the effects of viruses pesticides and poor nutrition on queen pheromone quality to see
if the queen also is providing workers with information about her health. he more we know about what affects the queen s health the better chance we will have of creating high-quality queens
and disease-resistant stocks of honey beesnino says. The Department of agriculture and the United states-Israel Binational Science Foundation supported this research
#Solvent safely turns semiconductors into ink University of Southern California rightoriginal Studyposted by Robert Perkins-USC on November 13 2013a new solvent can dissolve semiconductors safely and at room temperature.
Once dissolved the semiconductor solution can be applied as a thin film to substrates like glass and silicon.
Once heated the solvent evaporates leaving behind only a high-quality film of crystalline semiconductor##perfect for use in electronics. t s inexpensive and easily scalablesays Richard Brutchey a chemistry professor at the University of Southern
ur chemical understanding of the solvent system and how it works should allow us to expand it to the dissolution of a wide range of materials. hile the technology already exists to rintelectronics using semiconductor nksat room temperature the problem until now is that the only substance that could effectively dissolve semiconductors
to form these inks was hydrazine##a highly toxic explosive liquid used in rocket fuel. Brutchey and David Webber of USC mixed two compounds to create the new solvent that effectively dissolves a class of semiconductors known as chalcogenides. hen the two compounds work together they do something quite remarkablesays Brutchey.
They call the solvent an lkahestafter a hypothetical universal solvent that alchemists attempted to create to dissolve any and all substances.
and 12-ethylenediamine (a colorless liquid that smells like ammonia) is able to effectively dissolve a series of nine semiconductors made from combinations of arsenic antimony bismuth sulfur selenium and tellurium.
Such semiconductors are used often in lasers optics and infrared detectors. The National Science Foundation and USC funded the work.
Source: USCYOU are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license N
#Crystal structure could push the limits of solar cells University of Pennsylvania right Original Studyposted by Evan Lerner-Pennsylvania on November 13 2013 A new model for solar cell construction may ultimately make them less expensive easier to manufacture
and more efficient at harvesting energy from the sun. For solar panels wringing every drop of energy from as many photons as possible is imperative.
 This goal has sent researchers on a quest to boost the energy-absorption efficiency of photovoltaic devices
As reported in the journal Nature existing solar cells all work in the same fundamental way:
which excites electrons and causes them to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is electric current.
But to establish a consistent direction of their movement or polarity solar cells need to be made of two materials.
Once an excited electron crosses over the interface from the material that absorbs the light to the material that will conduct the current it can't cross back giving it a direction. here's a small category of materials
however that when you shine light on them the electron takes off in one particular direction without having to cross from one material to anothersays Andrew M. Rappe professor of chemistry
and of materials science and engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. e call this the bulk photovoltaic effect rather than the interface effect that happens in existing solar cells.
since the 1970s but we don't make solar cells this way because they have only been demonstrated with ultraviolet light
and most of the energy from the sun is in the visible and infrared spectrum. â#Finding a material that exhibits the bulk photovoltaic effect for visible light would greatly simplify solar cell construction.
Moreover it would be a way around an inefficiency intrinsic to interfacial solar cells known as the Shockley-Queisser limit where some of the energy from photons is lost as electrons wait to make the jump from one material to the other. hink of photons coming from the sun
as coins raining down on you with the different frequencies of light being like pennies nickels dimes and so on.
A quality of your light-absorbing material called its bandgap determines the denominations you can catchrappe says. he Shockley-Queisser limit says that whatever you catch is only as valuable as the lowest denomination your bandgap allows.
If you pick a material with a bandgap that can catch dimes you can catch dimes quarters
and silver dollars but they'll all only be worth the energy equivalent of 10 cents
if you picked a lower denominationhe says etting your bandgap to catch only silver dollars is like only being able to catch UV LIGHT.
even though you're losing most of the energy from the UV you do get. s no known materials exhibited the bulk photovoltaic effect for visible light the research team worked to devise how a new one might be fashioned and its properties measured.
Starting more than five years ago the team began theoretical work plotting the properties of hypothetical new compounds that would have a mix of these traits.
Each compound began with a arentmaterial that would impart the final material with the polar aspect of the bulk photovoltaic effect To the parent a material that would lower the compound's bandgap would be added in different percentages.
The resulting crystal would ideally have the structure of the parent but with elements from the second material in key locations enabling it to absorb visible light. he design challengesays Peter K. Davies chair of the department of materials science and engineering as to identify materials that could retain their polar properties while simultaneously absorbing visible light.
The theoretical calculations pointed to new families of materials where this often mutually exclusive combination of properties could in fact be stabilized. his structure is something known as a perovskite crystal.
Most light absorbing materials have a symmetrical crystal structure meaning their atoms are arranged in repeating patterns up down left right front and back.
This quality makes those materials nonpolar; all directions ookthe same from the perspective of an electron so there is no overall direction for them to flow.
A perovskite crystal has the same cubic lattice of metal atoms but inside of each cube is an octahedron of oxygen atoms
when you have a material with two metals and oxygen. It's not something we had to architect ourselves. fter several failed attempts to physically produce the specific perovskite crystals they had theorized the researchers succeeded with a combination of potassium niobate the parent polar material and barium nickel niobate
which contributes to the final product's bandgap. The researchers used X-ray crystallography and Raman scattering spectroscopy to ensure they had produced the crystal structure and symmetry they intended.
They also investigated its switchable polarity and bandgap showing that they could indeed produce a bulk photovoltaic effect with visible light opening the possibility of breaking the Shockley-Queisser limit.
Moreover the ability to tune the final product's bandgap via the percentage of barium nickel niobate adds another potential advantage over interfacial solar cells. he parent's bandgap is in the UV rangesays Jonathan E. Spanier
professor of materials science and engineering at Drexel University. ut adding just 10 percent of the barium nickel niobate moves the bandgap into the visible range
and close to the desired value for efficient solar energy conversion. o that's a viable material to begin with and the bandgap also proceeds to vary through the visible range as we add more
which is another very useful trait. nother way to get around the inefficiency imposed by the Shockley-Queisser limit in interfacial solar cells is to effectively stack several solar cells with different bandgaps on top of
one another. These multi-junction solar cells have a top layer with a high bandgap which catches the most valuable photons
and lets the less valuable ones pass through. Successive layers have lower and lower bandgaps getting the most energy out of each photon
but adding to the overall complexity and cost of the solar cell. he family of materials we've made with the bulk photovoltaic effect goes through the entire solar spectrumrappe says. o we could grow one material
but gently change the composition as we're growing resulting in a single material that performs like a multi-junction solar cell.?
This family of materialsspanier says s all the more remarkable because it is comprised of inexpensive nontoxic and earth-abundant elements unlike compound semiconductor materials currently used in efficient thin-film solar cell technology. he research was supported by the Energy Commercialization Institute of Ben Franklin Technology Partners the Department of energy's Office of Basic Sciences
the Army Research Office the American Society for Engineering Education the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation.
Source: University of Pennsylvania You are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license c
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