#Microchip captures clusters of circulating tumor cells--NIH study Circulating tumor cells (CTCS) are cells that break away from a tumor and move through a cancer patient's bloodstream.
Single CTCS are extremely rare, typically fewer than 1 in 1 billion cells. These cells can take up residence in distant organs,
and researchers believe this is one mode by which cancer spreads. Even less common than single CTCS are small groups of CTCS, or clusters.
While the existence of CTC clusters has been known for more than 50 years, their prevalence in the blood as well as their role in metastasis has not been investigated thoroughly,
mostly because they are so elusive. However, recent advances in biomedical technologies that enable researchers to capture single CTCS have renewed interest in CTC clusters,
which are captured occasionally along with single CTCS. Now, researchers led by Mehmet Toner, Ph d, . professor of surgery (biomedical engineering) at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and the Harvard-MIT Division of Health & Sciences Technology, report the development of a novel microfluidic chip that is specifically designed for the efficient capture of CTC clusters
from whole, unprocessed blood.""Very little is known about CTC clusters and their role in the progression and metastasis of cancer.
This unique technology presents an exciting opportunity to capture these exceptionally rare groups of cells for further analysis in a way that is minimally-invasive,
"said NIBIB Director Roderic I. Pettigrew, Ph d, . M d."This is the kind of breakthrough technology that could have a very large impact on cancer research."
"The new technology--called Cluster-Chip--was developed with support from a Quantum Grant from NIBIB,
which funds transformative technological innovation designed to solve major medical problems with a substantial disease burden,
such as preventing cancer metastasis or precisely tailoring therapeutics to an individual's cancer cell biology. Toner and his collaborator Dr. Daniel Haber, M d.,Ph d.,also at MGH, recently used Cluster-Chip to capture
and analyze CTC clusters in a group of 60 patients with metastatic breast, prostate, and melanoma cancers.
The researchers found CTC clusters--ranging from two to 19 cells--in 30-40 percent of the patients."
"The presence of these clusters is far more common than we thought in the past, "said Toner.""The fact that we saw clusters in this many patients is really a remarkable finding."
"Further analysis of the patients'CTC clusters yielded new insights into the biology of CTC clusters.
The researchers published their results in the May 18, 2015 advance online issue of Nature Methods.
The chip is designed to slowly push blood through many rows of microscopic triangle-shaped posts.
The posts are arranged in such a way that every two posts funnels cells towards the tip of a third post.
At the tip, single cells--including blood cells and single CTCS--easily slide to either side of the post
and continue through the chip until reaching the next tip; however CTC clusters are left at the tip,
hanging in the balance due to forces pulling them down the post in opposite directions. To determine the efficiency of Cluster-Chip,
the researchers introduced fluorescently tagged cell clusters (ranging from 2-30 cells) into the chip
and counted the number of clusters that were captured and the number that flowed through undetected.
At a blood flow rate of 2. 5ml/hr, the chip captured 99 percent of clusters containing four or more cells, 70 percent of three-cell clusters,
and 41 percent of two-cell clusters. Comparison of the clusters under a microscope before and after capture found that the chip had no negative effects on the integrity of the clusters as a whole.
The researchers next compared the efficiency of their novel chip to two currently-used methods that have had some success capturing CTC clusters.
They found that at similar blood flow rates, the Cluster-Chip was significantly more efficient than a filter-based method,
which pushes blood through a membrane with pores only large enough to let single cells pass through.
The chip was also more efficient than a different microfluidic chip--previously developed by Toner--that isolates CTCS
and occasionally clusters using antibodies that stick to special proteins found on the surface of some tumor cells.
The results highlight the importance of the unique Cluster-Chip capture technique which is based on the structural properties of CTC clusters rather than their size or the presence of surface proteins.
This latter property makes the Cluster-Chip well-suited for capturing CTC clusters from a range of cancer types,
including those that lose surface proteins during metastasis and those that never express them, such as melanoma.
The researchers went on to test the Cluster-Chip in a small trial of 60 patients with metastatic cancer.
In this study, the chip captured CTC clusters in 11 of 27 (40.7 percent) breast cancer patients, 6 of 20 (30 percent) melanoma patients
and 4 of 13 (31 percent) prostate patients. The large number of clusters found in the patient samples suggests a possibly greater role for clusters in the metastatic cascade.
While the significance of CTC clusters has not been established fully, a previous study published by Toner and the Haber team in Cell (2014) found an association between increased number of CTC clusters in patients with metastatic breast cancer and reduced survival,
and an association between the presence of clusters and reduced survival in prostate cancer patients.
To characterize the biology of the clusters, the researchers measured a marker of tumor cell proliferation--an indicator of increased invasiveness and poor outcomes--in one breast cancer patient with high numbers of both single CTCS and clusters.
Approximately half of the cells in the patient's clusters were positive for the proliferative marker,
demonstrating that clusters can contain both actively proliferating and quiescent cells. The researchers also noted the rare presence of non-tumor cells within clusters in less than 5 percent of patients."
"The fact that some CTC clusters contain immune cells is of particular interest, "said Pettigrew."
"Given the increasing number of cancer therapies that engage the immune system, the ability to monitor tumor-immune cell interactions via the blood could be of great value."
"Toner anticipates that the Cluster-Chip will play an important role in stimulating new research on CTC cluster biology:"
"It's like poking a sleeping bear. It could really awaken the field to go after clusters
and to develop even better technologies to understand their biology in cancer metastasis
#Computing at the speed of light: Utah engineers take big step toward much faster computers The Utah engineers have developed an ultracompact beamsplitter--the smallest on record--for dividing light waves into two separate channels of information.
The device brings researchers closer to producing silicon photonic chips that compute and shuttle data with light instead of electrons.
Electrical and computer engineering associate professor Rajesh Menon and colleagues describe their invention today in the journal Nature Photonics.
Silicon photonics could significantly increase the power and speed of machines such as supercomputers, data center servers and the specialized computers that direct autonomous cars and drones with collision detection.
Eventually the technology could reach home computers and mobile devices and improve applications from gaming to video streaming."
"Light is the fastest thing you can use to transmit information, "says Menon.""But that information has to be converted to electrons
when it comes into your laptop. In that conversion, you're slowing things down. The vision is to do everything in light."
"Photons of light carry information over the Internet through fiber-optic networks. But once a data stream reaches a home or office destination,
the photons of light must be converted to electrons before a router or computer can handle the information.
That bottleneck could be eliminated if the data stream remained as light within computer processors.""With all light, computing can eventually be millions of times faster,
"says Menon. To help do that, the U engineers created a much smaller form of a polarization beamsplitter
(which looks somewhat like a barcode) on top of a silicon chip that can split guided incoming light into its two components.
Before, such a beamsplitter was over 100 by 100 microns. Thanks to a new algorithm for designing the splitter,
Menon's team has shrunk it to 2. 4 by 2. 4 microns, or one-fiftieth the width of a human hair and close to the limit of what is physically possible.
The beamsplitter would be just one of a multitude of passive devices placed on a silicon chip to direct light waves in different ways.
By shrinking them down in size, researchers will be able to cram millions of these devices on a single chip.
mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets built with this technology would consume less power, have longer battery life
and generate less heat than existing mobile devices. The first supercomputers using silicon photonics--already under development at companies such as Intel
and IBM--will use hybrid processors that remain partly electronic. Menon believes his beamsplitter could be used in those computers in about three years.
Data centers that require faster connections between computers also could implement the technology soon, he says s
#What makes cancer cells spread? New device offers clues Why do some cancer cells break away from a tumor
and travel to distant parts of the body? A team of oncologists and engineers from the University of Michigan teamed up to help understand this crucial question.
What makes cancer cells spread? New device offers clues Ann arbor, MI Posted on May 19th, 2015 Cancer becomes deadly when it spreads,
or metastasizes. Not all cells have the same ability to travel through the body, but researchers don't understand why.
In a paper published in Scientific Reports, researchers describe a new device that is able to sort cells based on their ability to move.
The researchers were then able to take the sorted cells that were highly mobile and begin to analyze them on a molecular level."
"People have used microfluidic devices before to look at the movement of cells, but the story typically ended there.
and allows us to determine the gene expression of those highly mobile cells in comparison to the less mobile ones.
"says study co-lead author Steven G. Allen, an M d.-Ph d. student in the University of Michigan Medical school's Medical scientist Training program.
"says study co-lead author Yu-Chih Chen, a postdoctoral researcher in Electrical engineering and Computer science at the University of Michigan College of Engineering.
The differences in individual cancer cells are a key aspect of how cancer evolves becomes resistant to current therapies or recurs."
"A primary tumor is not what kills patients. Metastases are what kill patients. Understanding which cells are likely to metastasize can help us direct more targeted therapies to patients,
"says co-senior study author Sofia D. Merajver, M d.,Ph d.,scientific director of the breast oncology program at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center.
The researchers believe this type of device might some day help doctors understand an individual patient's cancer.
Which cells in this patient's tumor are really causing havoc? Is there a large population of aggressive cells?
Are there specific markers or variants on those individual cells that could be targeted with treatment?"
"This work demonstrates an elegant approach to the study of cancer cell metastasis by combining expertise in engineering
and biology,"says study co-senior author Euisik Yoon, Ph d.,professor of electrical engineering and computer science and of biomedical engineering and director of the Lurie Nanofabrication Facility at the U-M College of Engineering."
"In past decades, engineers have developed biological tools with better resolution, higher sensitivity, selectivity and higher throughput,
"Yoon adds.""However, without compelling applications, these engineering tools have little practical relevance. The goal of our lab is to develop tools that can be disseminated widely to the biology community to eventually impact clinical care for patients."
"In this work, extensive studies were performed on cell lines representing various types of cancer. The new device was designed to trace how cells move, sorting individual cells by their movement.
It has a series of choke points that mimic the lymphatic systems in which cancer cells typically travel.
and appearance under the microscope of metastatic cells and expressed significantly higher levels of markers associated with metastatic cancer."
"Understanding specific differences that lead some cancer cells to leave the primary tumor and seed metastases is of great benefit to develop
Patients seeking more information about their options for cancer treatment can call the U-M Cancer Answerline at 800-865-1125 5
#Printing 3-D graphene structures for tissue engineering: A new ink formulation allows for the 3-D printing of graphene structures Abstract:
Ever since single-layer graphene burst onto the science scene in 2004, the possibilities for the promising material have seemed nearly endless.
With its high electrical conductivity, ability to store energy, and ultra-strong and lightweight structure, graphene has potential for many applications in electronics, energy, the environment,
and even medicine. Now a team of Northwestern University researchers has found a way to print three-dimensional structures with graphene nanoflakes.
The fast and efficient method could open up new opportunities for using graphene printed scaffolds regenerative engineering and other electronic or medical applications.
Led by Ramille Shah assistant professor of materials science and engineering at Northwestern's Mccormick School of engineering and of surgery in the Feinberg School of medicine,
and her postdoctoral fellow Adam Jakus, the team developed a novel graphene-based ink that can be used to print large, robust 3-D structures."
"People have tried to print graphene before, "Shah said.""But it's been a mostly polymer composite with graphene making up less than 20 percent of the volume."
"With a volume so meager, those inks are unable to maintain many of graphene's celebrated properties.
including its electrical conductivity. And it's flexible and robust enough to print robust macroscopic structures.
the graphene flakes are mixed with a biocompatible elastomer and quickly evaporating solvents.""It's a liquid ink,
The presence of the other solvents and the interaction with the specific polymer binder chosen also has a significant contribution to its resulting flexibility and properties.
"Supported by a Google Gift and a Mccormick Research Catalyst Award, the research is described in the paper"Three-dimensional printing of high-content graphene scaffolds for electronic and biomedical applications,"published in the April
Mark Hersam, the Bette and Neison Harris Chair in Teaching Excellence, professor of materials science and engineering at Mccormick, served as coauthor.
An expert in biomaterials, Shah said 3-D printed graphene scaffolds could play a role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as well as in electronic devices.
so it could be used for biodegradable sensors and medical implants. Shah said the biocompatible elastomer
and graphene's electrical conductivity most likely contributed to the scaffold's biological success."Cells conduct electricity inherently--especially neurons,
"Shah said.""So if they're on a substrate that can help conduct that signal,
and her graduate student Alexandra Rutz completed earlier in the year to develop more cell-compatible, water-based, printable gels.
"We've expanded that biomaterial tool box to be able to optimize more mimetic engineered tissue constructs using 3-D printing g
Simple design mimics pumping mechanism of life-sustaining proteins found in living cells The new machine mimics the pumping mechanism of life-sustaining proteins that move small molecules around living cells to metabolize and store energy
For its food, the artificial pump draws power from chemical reactions, driving molecules step-by-step from a low energy state to a high-energy state--far away from equilibrium.
"Our molecular pump is radical chemistry--an ingenious way of transferring energy from molecule to molecule,
Stoddart is the Board of trustees Professor of Chemistry in Northwestern's Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences."
"Details of the artificial molecular pump were published May 18 by the journal Nature Nanotechnology. Chuyang Cheng, a fourth-year graduate student in Stoddart's laboratory and first author of the paper, has spent his Ph d. studies researching molecules that mimic nature's biochemical machinery.
He first designed an artificial pump two years ago, but it required more than a year of testing prototypes before he found the ideal chemical structure."
The artificial pump is able to syphon off some of the energy that changes hands during a chemical reaction
"The tiny molecular machine threads the rings around a nanoscopic chain--a sort of axle--and squeezes the rings together,
with only a few nanometers separating them. At present, the artificial molecular pump is able to force only two rings together,
but the researchers believe it won't be long before they can extend its operation to tens of rings and store more energy.
"This is non-equilibrium chemistry, moving molecules far away from their minimum energy state, which is essential to life,
"Ultimately, they intend to use the energy stored in their pump to power artificial muscles and other molecular machines.
and at the same time absence of toxicity and flammability, and the possibility to recover oil. The creation of this graphene-based oil-adsorbent product, commercialized as Grafysorber,
Grafysorber has been tested firstly industrially in a Romanian former refinery site, containing a basin with about 30.000 m3 of water contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
Grafysorber embodies the nanocarbon paradox Giulio Cesareo, Directa Plus President and CEO, commented in fact with a nanocarbon material we are able to cut down part of damages caused by hydrocarbons,
derived from carbon itself. Moreover, our product, once exhausted after depuration of water, finishes positively its life cycle inside the asphalt and bitumen, introducing new properties as thermal conductivity and mechanical reinforcement.
I believe that every company is obliged to work following a sustainable approach to guarantee a balanced use of resources
which develops processes for the production of a new generation of graphene-based nanomaterials targeting existing global markets.
The headquarter is in Lomazzo (near Como), inside the Science and Technological Park of Comonext, where in June 2014 Directa Plus opened Le Officine del Grafene Graphene Factory, the largest European
pristine graphene nanoplatelets industrial production unit, based on a patented and approved technology. For more information, please click herecontacts:
'Copyright Directa Plusissuers of news releases, not 7th Wave, Inc. or Nanotechnology Now, are solely responsible for the accuracy of the content.
May 20th, 2015toward'green'paper-thin, flexible electronics May 20th, 2015globalfoundries Offers New Low-power 28nm Solution for High-performance Mobile and Iot Applications:
2015effective Nano-Micelles Designed in Iran to Treat Cancer May 20th, 2015announcements SUNY Poly CNSE and NIOSH Launch Federal Nano Health and Safety Consortium:
May 20th, 2015toward'green'paper-thin, flexible electronics May 20th, 2015globalfoundries Offers New Low-power 28nm Solution for High-performance Mobile and Iot Applications:
2015effective Nano-Micelles Designed in Iran to Treat Cancer May 20th, 2015environment Nano-policing pollution May 13th, 2015chemists strike nano-gold:
4 new atomic structures for gold nanoparticle clusters: Research builds upon work by Nobel prize-winning team from Stanford university April 28th,
2015nanoparticles Used to Improve Mechanical, Thermal Properties of Cellulose fibers April 23rd, 2015young NTU Singapore spin-off clinches S$4. 3 million joint venture with Chinese commercial giant March 23rd,
2015events/Classes Nanometrics Announces Live webcast of Upcoming Investor and Analyst Day May 20th, 2015globalfoundries Offers New Low-power 28nm Solution for High-performance Mobile and Iot Applications:
Technology is the first in the industry to provide design enablement support optimized to meet low power requirements of RF Socs May 20th,
2015delmic announces a workshop hosted by Phenom World on Integrated CLEM to be held on Wednesday June 24th at the Francis Crick Institute (Lincoln Inn Fields Laboratory).
May 19th, 2015nnco and Museum of Science fiction to Collaborate on Nanotechnology and 3d printing Panels at Awesome Con May 19th, 201 0
which received a EUR 2. 9 million investment from FP7 ICT Research Programme, have developed a graphene scanner that can explore under the surface of a painting,
Limestone-producing bacteria can be used to fill cracks in sculptures. INSIDDE is taking a step further in this direction by using terahertz,
Graphene in this application acts as a frequency multiplier, allowing scientists to reveal previously hidden features such as brushstroke textures, pigments and defects,
without harming the work. Although X-ray and infrared reflectography are used elsewhere to carry out this type of study,
or other characteristic elements in ceramics. INSIDDE device, using terahertz frequency, works in these intermediate layers and does not heat the object.
In conjunction with a commercial scanner mapping the art upper layers it can generate full 3d data from the object in a completely non-intrusive way
and processes this data to extract and interpret features invisible to the naked eye, in a way that has never been done before.
INSIDDE is developing this technology to benefit the general public, too. The 2d and 3d digital models it is producing will be uploaded to the Europeana network
and the project aims to make the results available through a smartphone and tablet app to be exploited by local and regional museums.
The app is currently being trialled at one of the partners the Asturias Fine art Museum in Oviedo.
we have been able to distinguish clearly between different pigments, which in some cases will avoid having to puncture the painting
The prototype is also being validated with some recently unearthed 3rd century pottery from the Stara Zagora regional history museum in Bulgaria.
#Researchers develop new way to manufacture nanofibers Abstract: Researchers at the University of Georgia have developed an inexpensive way to manufacture extraordinarily thin polymer strings commonly known as nanofibers.
These polymers can be made from natural materials like proteins or from human-made substances to make plastic,
rubber or fiber, including biodegradable materials. The new method, dubbed"magnetospinning"by the researchers, provides a very simple,
scalable and safe means for producing very large quantities of nanofibers that can be embedded with a multitude of materials,
including live cells and drugs. Many thousands of times thinner than the average human hair, nanofibers are used by medical researchers to create advanced wound dressings--and for tissue regeneration
drug testing, stem cell therapies and the delivery of drugs directly to the site of infection.
They are used also in other industries to manufacture fuel cells, batteries, filters and light-emitting screens."
"The process we have developed makes it possible for almost anyone to manufacture high-quality nanofibers without the need for expensive equipment,
"said Sergiy Minko, study co-author and the Georgia Power Professor of Polymers, Fibers and Textiles in UGA's College of Family and Consumer Sciences."
"This not only reduces costs, but it also makes it possible for more businesses and researchers to experiment with nanofibers without worrying too much about their budget."
"Currently, the most common nanofiber manufacturing technique--electrospinning--uses high-voltage electricity and specially designed equipment to produce the polymer strings.
Equipment operators must have extensive training to use the equipment safely.""In contrast to other nanofiber spinning devices, most of the equipment used in our device is very simple,
"Minko said.""Essentially, all you need is a magnet, a syringe and a small motor."
"At laboratory scale, a very simple handcrafted setup is capable of producing spools containing hundreds of yards of nanofibers in a matter of seconds.
Polymer that has been melted or liquefied in a solution is mixed with biocompatible iron oxide or another magnetic material and placed inside a hypodermic needle.
This needle is positioned then near a magnet that is fixed atop a spinning circular platter. As the magnet passes by the tip of the needle,
a droplet of the polymer fluid stretches out and attaches to the magnet, forming a nanofiber string that winds around the platter as it continues to spin.
The device can spin at more than 1 000 revolutions per minute, enough time to create more than 50 kilometers--or about 31 miles--of ultra-thin nanofiber.
It's a relatively simple process, but it produces a very high-quality product, said Alexander Tokarev,
paper co-author and postdoctoral research associate in Minko's lab."The product we can make is
just as thin and just as strong as nanofibers created through other methods, "he said.""Plus, users don't have to worry about the safety issues of using high voltages or the complexity of other machines."
"The researchers can use this method to create a variety of nanofibers simply by changing the polymer placed in the syringe.
They can, for example, create specially designed nanofibers that will promote the growth of stem cells.
Fibers like these are used currently to create scaffolding for lab-grown tissues and organs. Nanofibers can also be loaded with proteins, nanotubes, fluorescent materials and therapeutic agents."
"We can use almost any kind of polymer with this platform, and we can tailor make the nanofibers for different applications,
"Minko said.""It's like cooking. We just change the ingredients a bit, and the kind of fiber we get is very different."#
"##The University of Georgia Research Foundation Inc. has filed a patent application on this new method.#####For more information, please click herecontacts:
Sergiy Minkowriteemail('uga. edu','sminko';'706-542-3122copyright University of Georgia Issuers of news releases, not 7th Wave, Inc. or Nanotechnology Now, are solely responsible for the accuracy of the content.
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