Low temperature plasmas are formed by applying a high electric field across a gas using an electrode, which breaks down the gas to form plasma.
a single chip can provide enough data for a statistical analysis of how the cells respond in an experiment.
#New understanding of electromagnetism could enable'antennas on a chip'A team of researchers from the University of Cambridge have unravelled one of the mysteries of electromagnetism,
which could enable the design of antennas small enough to be integrated into an electronic chip.
These ultra-small antennas--the so-called'last frontier'of semiconductor design--would be a massive leap forward for wireless communications.
The purpose of any antenna, whether in a communications tower or a mobile phone, is to launch energy into free space in the form of electromagnetic or radio waves,
One of the biggest problems in modern electronics, however, is that antennas are still quite big and incompatible with electronic circuits
--which are ultra-small and getting smaller all the time.""Antennas, or aerials, are one of the limiting factors
when trying to make smaller and smaller systems, since below a certain size, the losses become too great,
dielectric resonators are used already as antennas in mobile phones, for example.""In dielectric aerials, the medium has high permittivity,
"Working with researchers from the National Physical Laboratory and Cambridge-based dielectric antenna company Antenova Ltd, the Cambridge team used thin films of piezoelectric materials, a type of insulator
'which leads to a pattern of electric field lines radiating out from a transmitter, such as a two wire system in which the parallel geometry is broken,
The electromagnetic radiation emitted from dielectric materials is due to accelerating electrons on the metallic electrodes attached to them
ubiquitous computing where almost everything in our homes and offices, from toasters to thermostats, is connected to the internet.
and the ability to fit an ultra-small aerial on an electronic chip would be a massive leap forward.
Piezoelectric materials can be made in thin film forms using materials such as lithium niobate, gallium nitride and gallium arsenide.
Gallium arsenide-based amplifiers and filters are already available on the market and this new discovery opens up new ways of integrating antennas on a chip along with other components."
"It's actually a very simple thing, when you boil it down, "said Sinha.""We've achieved a real application breakthrough,
to adhere to the metal electrodes. Initially working with Lew Meixler on a federal Cooperative Research and development Agreement in the Plasma Surface Laboratory, she solved the problem by treating the metal (steel or titanium) with a plasma.
"A study about the device will appear in an upcoming issue of the scientific journal Sensors,
Unlike conventional computers that store data on transistors and hard drives, quantum computers encode data in the quantum states of microscopic objects called qubits.
Here, the'knob'is applied the voltage to a small electrode placed above the atom.""The findings suggest that it would be possible to locally control individual qubits with electric fields in a large-scale quantum computer using only inexpensive voltage generators, rather than the expensive high-frequency microwave sources.
and published April 10 in the inaugural volume of the new AAAS journal Science Advances, found that the sensors in smartphones
the GPS (Global positioning system) receivers in a smartphone can detect the permanent ground movement (displacement) caused by fault motion in a large earthquake.
The authors found that the sensors in smartphones and similar devices could be used to issue earthquake warnings for earthquakes of approximately magnitude 7 or larger,
but consumer electronics are increasingly common, crowd-sourced EEW has significant potential.""The U s. earthquake early warning system is being built on our high-quality scientific earthquake networks,
to test a pilot hybrid earthquake warning system comprising stand-alone smartphone sensors and scientific-grade sensors along the Chilean coast."
"The use of mobile phone fleets as a distributed sensor network--and the statistical insight that many imprecise instruments can contribute to the creation of more precise measurements--has broad applicability including great potential to benefit communities where there isn't an existing
Flexible electronics have come into the market and are enabling new technologies like flexible displays in mobile phone, wearable electronics,
and the Internet of things (Iots). However, is the degree of flexibility enough for most applications? For many flexible devices, elasticity is a very important issue.
Although several researchers have explored diverse stretchable electronics, due to the absence of the appropriate device structures and correspondingly electrodes,
and hyper-stretchable elastic-composite generator (SEG) using very long silver nanowire-based stretchable electrodes. Their stretchable piezoelectric generator can harvest mechanical energy to produce high power output (4 V) with large elasticity (250%)and excellent durability (over 104 cycles.
These noteworthy results were achieved by the non-destructive stress-relaxation ability of the unique electrodes as well as the good piezoelectricity of the device components.
It can open avenues for power supplies in universal wearable and biomedical applications as well as self-powered ultra-stretchable electronics
such an experiment represents a two-dimensional analog of a classical problem of scattering from a homogeneous sphere (Mie scattering), the solution to
For instance, invisible rods could be used as supports for a miniature antenna complex connecting two optical chips.
but lacking both led to catastrophic deficiencies.""We now have clear evidence that these genes cooperate to develop a healthy blood system,
and placed the film over a square of Cycom 5320-1. They connected electrodes to the film,
open a new pathway towards ultra-fast optoelectronic conversion. As Prof. Koppens comments,"Graphene photodetectors keep showing fascinating performances addressing a wide range of applications
"These analogs can bind to the wrong base partners and therefore lead to genetic mutations,"said the study's lead author, Sam Peng,
"By combining electrodes, such as those used to treat Parkinson's disease, with this micropump, it may be possible to use this technology to treat patients with epilepsy who are resistant to conventional treatments,
and the possibility of combining this high-technology system with the microchip they previously developed in 2013.
The chip would be used to detect the imminent occurrence of a seizure in order to activate the pump to inject the drug at just the right moment.
Light-controlled molecule switching Dr. Artur Erbe, physicist at the HZDR, is convinced that in the future molecular electronics will open the door for novel and increasingly smaller--while also more energy efficient--components or sensors:"
The diarylethene needs to be attached at the end of the nanowires to electrodes so that the current can flow."
which is why I believe that we have succeeded in making an important step toward a genuine molecular electronic component."
billion-euro manufacturing plants that are necessary for manufacturing today's microelectronics could be a thing of the past.
Nanoparticles have also been tested in the manufacture of magnetic inks and inks that conduct electricity in printed electronics.
which can be used in the manufacture of magnetic field sensors. VTT's third application trial involved the prevention of microwave reflection.
Some implications of this research are obvious--like using portable electronic devices for longer before charging
using LED LIGHTS to transmit information. It could be integrated with existing Wi-fi systems to reduce bandwidth problems in crowded locations, such as airport terminals or coffee shops,
using LED LIGHTS to transmit information. The technology could be integrated with existing Wifi systems to reduce bandwidth problems in crowded locations
Experts say that recent advances in LED TECHNOLOGY have made it possible to modulate the LED light more rapidly,
The prototype, called Wifo, uses LEDS that are beyond the visual spectrum for humans and creates an invisible cone of light about one meter square in
the researchers created a hybrid system that can switch between several LED transmitters installed on a ceiling,
The receivers are small photodiodes that cost less than a dollar each and could be connected through a USB port for current systems,
The most immediate application of this printing capacity is in wearable electronics as it allows for the production of fast, low-power and flexible transistors at a remarkably low cost.
Ishihara believes the future of the project, which involves improving the production process of the thin-film transistors to include additional non-silicon layers,
"The process can be expanded to biomedical sensor and solar-cell areas, "Ishihara said, "and will also realize stretchable--and even edible--electronics
#Frequent genomic alteration is identified in a rare subset of breast cancer Genomic profiling identifies genomic mutations in a gene associated with a rare subset of breast cancer,
lithium goes from being a metallic conductor to a somewhat resistant semiconductor under around 790,000 times normal atmospheric pressure (80 gigapascals)
Further, these new metamaterials could allow integration of terahertz optoelectronics with high-speed telecommunications. DOE Office of Science, Basic energy Sciences (experiments.
#Ultra-sensitive sensor detects individual electrons In the same Cambridge laboratory in the United kingdom where The british physicist J. J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897,
European scientists have developed just a new ultra-sensitive electrical-charge sensor capable of detecting the movement of individual electrons."
and its authors predict that these types of sensors, dubbed'gate sensors, 'will be used in quantum computers of the future to read information stored in the charge or spin of a single electron."
"We have called it a gate sensor because, as well as detecting the movement of individual electrons, the device is able to control its flow
as if it were an electronic gate which opens and closes, "explains Gonzlez Zalba. The researchers have demonstrated the possibility of detecting the charge of an electron with their device in approximately one nanosecond,
This has been achieved by coupling a gate sensor to a silicon nanotransistor where the electrons flow individually.
However, this is not the case of the latest cutting-edge devices such as ultra-precise biosensors, single electron transistors, molecular circuits and quantum computers.
a field in which the new gate sensor can offer its advantages s
#Researchers add a new wrinkle to cell culture Using a technique that introduces tiny wrinkles into sheets of graphene,
He adds that this can be generated using specific terahertz devices, such as diodes or lasers. However, for spectroscopy applications,
This makes it easier for potentially coupling the terahertz waves to a wave guide on a microchip
The liquid nanolaser in this study is not a laser pointer but a laser device on a chip,
His main research interests are power electronics, electric power distribution systems, motor drives and electric power quality.
He is a senior member of the IEEE and member of the Power Electronics and Industry Applications Societies.
By analyzing the spectral signals captured by a special sensor they installed at Harvard Forest in Petersham, Mass."
#Chemists cook up three atom-thick electronic sheets This process of film deposition is common for traditional semiconductors like silicon
or gallium arsenide--the basis of modern electronics--but Cornell scientists are pushing the limits for how thin they can go.
They have demonstrated a way to create a new kind of semiconductor thin film that retains its electrical properties even
This effectively proved that these three-atom-thick semiconducting films can be made into multilevel electronic devices of unsurpassed thinness.
and optoelectronic devices can be derived.""These were only the first two materials, but we want to make a whole palette of materials,
as well as the Samsung Advanced Institute for Technology. Devices were fabricated at the Cornell Nanoscale Science and Technology Facility,
but the survey-grade antennas these systems employ are too large and costly for use in mobile devices.
The breakthrough by Humphreys and his team is a powerful and sensitive software-defined GPS RECEIVER that can extract centimeter accuracies from the inexpensive antennas found in mobile devices--such precise measurements were not previously possible.
The researchers anticipate that their software's ability to leverage low-cost antennas will reduce the overall cost of centimeter accuracy,
Humphreys and his team have spent six years building a specialized receiver, called GRID, to extract so-called carrier phase measurements from low-cost antennas.
GRID currently operates outside the phone, but it will eventually run on the phone's internal processor.
Humphreys and his team are working with Samsung to develop a snap-on accessory that will tell smartphones, tablets and virtual reality headsets their precise position and orientation.
During the experiments, 192 electrodes in each monkey's motor and premotor cortex began measuring brain activity the moment that the targets appeared on screen.
The scientists studied for the first time native defects and dielectric properties of an emerging semiconductor compound called thallium sulfide iodide (Tl6si4.
the researchers demonstrated the material's potential for creating high-performance, low-cost, room-temperature semiconductor radiation detectors. In a paper published this week in the Journal of Applied Physics, from AIP Publishing,
"A detailed understanding of the fundamental charge transport properties of the material is essential for detector developments."
"Native defects, a type of structural flaw in which the regular pattern of atoms is altered naturally during crystal growth, play an important role in charge carrier trapping and recombination in semiconductors.
Du's research established a theoretical foundation for the development of thallium sulfide iodide radiation detectors, opening doors for a new generation of room-temperature semiconductor radiation detectors.
The Limits of Conventional Radiation Detectorssemiconductor radiation detectors are devices that measure ionizing radiation by collecting radiation-generated charge carriers in the semiconductor between electrodes under a bias voltage.
Conventional semiconductor detectors such as germanium and silicon require low temperatures to operate which limits their applications outside of laboratories.
For example, germanium detectors must be cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature (about 77 Kelvin or-196 degrees Celsius) to produce spectroscopic data.
A semiconductor material called cadmium zinc telluride (Cdznte) has been found to be the best candidate to date,
making it difficult and expensive to incorporate in commercial detectors. Researchers are still searching for a material with improved performance
A Promising Candidateaccording to Du, a good semiconductor candidate should be a dense material and contain heavy chemical elements
and the bottom of the conduction band in semiconductors) and high resistivity to suppress thermally generated charge carriers for precisely detecting radiation-generated carriers.
Moreover, the detector materials need to have excellent carrier transport efficiency to make sure radiation-generated charges effectively diffuse through the crystal
and reach the electrodes. Enter thallium sulfide iodide. Thallium sulfide iodide is an emerging semiconductor compound that has attracted attention in recent years for room-temperature radiation detection,
Du said. Previous experimental studies have shown the material's good carrier transport properties, indicating great potential for future development.
Native defects, the natural structure flaws in a semiconductor, can interact with charge carriers, causing carrier trapping and scattering,
low melting temperature and so on, suggest that thallium sulfide iodide is a good candidate for fabricating new generation room-temperature radiation detectors with improved performance and lower cost than previous detectors,
"says Professor for Biomedical Physics Franz Pfeiffer of the Technical University of Munich in Germany, who led the new study published April 20 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences."
#Sensor detects spoilage of food VTT has developed a sensor that detects ethanol in the headspace of a food package.
The sensor signal is wirelessly readable, for instance, by a mobile phone. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd is searching for a partner so as to commercialize the sensor.
The sensor monitors ethanol emitted from the spoilage of foods into the headspace of a package.
Ethanol, in addition to carbon dioxide, was found to be the main volatile spoilage metabolite in fresh-cut fruit.
The information given by the sensor is transmitted from the package to the customer by means of a reader
This ethanol sensor can have potential in other applications, such as in alcometers. The sensor layer is part of a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag,
and the sensor data can be read wirelessly using an RFID reader in for example, a smartphone.
The sensor transmits information about the freshness of the food in the package to the retailer or customer.
The freshness data can be stored in real time in the cloud, enabling the comparison of food quality with its previous or later condition.
A similar optical readout based on the colour change of the ethanol sensor was developed also for a smartphone.
The sensor and the RFID tag can be manufactured using printing techniques into a label or sticker and be attached easily to a food package.
The price of the sensor will then be low enough for use in food packages.
Using the sensor, it will be possible to control the food quality throughout the distribution chain and to prevent waste caused by spoilage.
The base includes LED LIGHTS, microcontrollers, gears, circuitry and a USB port. Control of the device is automated through an app the researchers developed for this purpose.
"Surgeons often use bone chips or bone powder as a sort of putty during bone reconstruction to help areas of bone re-grow.
The researchers took these bone chips and treated them with a green dye called TAPP (which stands for 5, 10,15, 20-tetrakis-(4-aminophenyl)- porphyrin).
The platform is a disposable flexible polyester chip with implanted electrodes. HIV-1 antibodies are added to whole blood
When added to the flexible chip the aggregates change the electrical conductivity of the chip, which gives a simple electrical readout indicating that the sample contains HIV-1.
In addition to detecting early stage infection, the electrical readout is much simpler and less expensive than current assays.
which enable vision by stimulating surviving cells with an array of electrodes placed on the retina,
which each electrode produces a visible dot in space. Together, that collection of dots is intended to demonstrate what someone with restored vision will see.
paving the way for high-density storage to move from hard disks onto integrated circuits. The advance, to be reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
This opens the door to a memory system that can be packed onto a microprocessor, a major step toward the goal of reducing energy dissipation in modern electronics."
"However, the physics needed to create long-term storage are not compatible with integrated circuits.""Creating and switching polarity in magnets without an external magnetic field has been a key focus in the field of spintronics.
Generating a magnetic field takes power and space, which is why magnets have not yet been integrated onto computer chips.
Instead, there are separate systems for long-term magnetic memory. These include a computer's hard disk drive where data are stored,
or RAM, on the integrated circuits of the central processing unit, or CPU, where calculations and logic operations are performed.
Packing a sufficient number of nanomagnets onto a chip meant aligning them perpendicularly, but that vertical orientation negated the switching effects of tantalum."
For the first time, the researchers were able to show that this mechanical system can be used to coherently manipulate an electron spin embedded in the resonator--without external antennas or complex microelectronic structures.
It is conceivable that this diamond resonator could be applied to sensors--potentially in a highly sensitive way
#'Yolks'and'shells'improve rechargeable batteries One big problem faced by electrodes in rechargeable batteries, as they go through repeated cycles of charging
creating an electrode made of nanoparticles with a solid shell, and a"yolk"inside that can change size again and again without affecting the shell.
which use aluminum as the key material for the lithium-ion battery's negative electrode,
The use of nanoparticles with an aluminum yolk and a titanium dioxide shell has proven to be"the high-rate champion among high-capacity anodes"
As a result, previous attempts to develop an aluminum electrode for lithium-ion batteries had failed.
"Li says,"that separates the aluminum from the liquid electrolyte"between the battery's two electrodes.
but the inside of the electrode remains clean with no buildup of the SEIS, proving the shell fully encloses the aluminum
The result is an electrode that gives more than three times the capacity of graphite (1. 2 Ah/g) at a normal charging rate
The superior performance of the new UED system is due to a very stable"electron gun"originally developed for SLAC's X-ray laser Linac Coherent light Source (LCLS), a DOE Office of Science User Facility.
The scattered waves then combine to form a so-called diffraction pattern picked up by a detector.
"LCLS expertise in electron gun technology and ultrafast laser systems gives our system the performance and stability needed to study much faster processes."
"For instance, the researchers studied a single atomic layer of a material that is interesting for future electronic devices."
#New 2d transistor material made using precision lasers Last year a multi-discipline research team led by South korea's Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics
which makes them ideal for making electrical components, especially transistors. A TMD crystal follows an MX2 format:
The overwhelming majority of microchips that exist in electronics now are made from silicon, and they work extremely well.
However, as devices get smaller there is an increasing demand to shrink the size of the logic chips that make those devices work.
As the chips approach single or several atom thickness, (commonly referred to as 2-dimensional),
This configuration is superior to using silicon as well as other 2d semiconductor because the boundary where the semiconducting (2h) and metallic (1t')Mote2 meet to have
Despite one Mote2 state being a semiconductor and one being metallic, the team was able to create an ohmic homojunction between them,
the team was able to create a 2d transistor that utilized an amalgamation of both the semiconducting properties of the 2h-Mote2 material as well as the high conductivity of the 1t'-Mote2.
By using only one material in the device channel and the metal-semiconductor junction, it is more energy efficient
metal electrodes can be applied to it directly, saving any additional work of finding a way to attach metal leads.
"There are many candidates for 2d semiconductors, but Mote2 has a band gap of around 1 ev
and it allows an ohmic homojunction at the semiconductor-metal junctions.""This means that Mote2 can replace silicon without much change in the current voltage configurations used with today's silicon technologies.
The dual-phase Mote2 transistor looks promising for use in new electronic devices as demand for components increases for materials that are small, light and extremely energy efficient e
#New research may enhance display, LED lighting technology Recently, quantum dots (QDS)--nano-sized semiconductor particles that produce bright, sharp,
color light--have moved from the research lab into commercial products like high-end TVS, e readers, laptops,
and the Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS) at Toyohashi University of Technology has developed a methodology to temporarily enhance the stiffness of a long,
including recording/stimulation electrodes, glass pipettes, and optogenetic fibers.""He added:""This has the potential to reduce invasiveness drastically
such as Microsoft's Kinect controller for video games, have become widely used 3-D sensors. Now, a new imaging technology invented by Carnegie mellon University and the University of Toronto addresses a major shortcoming of these cameras:
This is all done by the sensor.""One prototype based on this model synchronizes a laser projector with a common rolling-shutter camera-the type of camera used in most smartphones
noting that a robot's sensors expend a relatively large amount of energy because they are always on."
"Think about the thermostat in your house that controls temperature. If you want to make your house hotter,
"Our device works by loading a few microliters of a patient's urine sample into a tiny chip,
Quantum logic gates are the basic building blocks of a quantum computer, but constructing enough of them to perform a useful computation is difficult.
This means that two quantum logic gates A and B can be applied in both orders at the same time.
which the two quantum logic gates were applied to single photons in both orders. The results of their experiment confirm that it is impossible to determine which gate acted first
"In their setup, instead of xenon-powered flash the team used two LEDS. One LED activates the quantum dots
when it flashes (you could say this LED gives the quantum dots red eye). At the same time, a second, different color LED flash illuminates metallic orientation marks placed on the surface of the semiconductor wafer the dots are embedded in.
Then a sensitive camera snaps a 100-micrometer by 100-micrometer picture. By cross-referencing the glowing dots with the orientation marks,
the researchers can determine the dots'locations with an uncertainty of less than 30 nanometers. Their coordinates in hand, scientists can then tell the computer-controlled electron beam lithography tool to place any structure the application calls for in its proper relation to the quantum dots,
#Fiber-like light emitting diodes for wearable displays A research team at Korea Advanced Institute of Science
and Technology (KAIST) has developed fiber-like light emitting diodes, applicable to wearable displays. Professor Kyung-Cheol Choi and his research team from the School of Electrical engineering at KAIST have developed fiber-like light emitting diodes,
which can be applied in wearable displays. The research findings were published online in the July 14th issue of Advanced Electronic Materials.
and developed a fiber-like light emitting diode that has the characteristics of both fabrics and displays.
a technology applied to create electronic devices on a roll of flexible plastics or metal foils.
"Our research will become a core technology in developing light emitting diodes on fibers, which are fundamental elements of fabrics.
which are detected via sensors in their antennae. Now researchers reporting August 13 in Cell Reports have discovered that
not only sensitively by specialized antennal sensors, but almost all of the hydrocarbon components are detected, "said Anandasankar Ray of the University of California, Riverside."
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