the property that makes them semiconductors. Quantum dots are semiconducting materials that are small enough to exhibit quantum mechanical properties that only appear at the nanoscale.
New cheap and efficient electrode for splitting water March 18th, 2015govt. -Legislation/Regulation/Funding/Policy Los alamos Offers New Insights Into Radiation Damage Evolution:
2015eeja and Tokyo U Achieve Simultaneous Formation of Contact Electrodes for P-type and N-type Organic semiconductor Crystals Using the Plating Method March 15th, 2015advantest to Exhibit at SEMICON China in Shanghai, China, March 17-19:
Showcasing Broad Portfolio of Semiconductor Products, Technologies and Solutions March 10th, 2015discoveries 30 years after C60:
Fullerene chemistry with silicon: A long strived-for silicon dodecahedron synthesised at room temperature March 18th, 2015'Smart bandage'detects bed sores before they are visible to doctors March 18th,
New cheap and efficient electrode for splitting water March 18th, 2015materials/Metamaterials Drexel Univ. materials research could unlock potential of lithium-sulfur batteries March 17th, 2015four Scientists
New cheap and efficient electrode for splitting water March 18th, 2015interviews/Book reviews/Essays/Reports/Podcasts/Journals/White papers 30 years after C60:
New cheap and efficient electrode for splitting water March 18th, 2015military Data structures influence speed of quantum search in unexpected ways:
Thanks to advances in flexible electronics, the researchers, in collaboration with colleagues at UC San francisco, have created a new"smart bandage"that uses electrical currents to detect early tissue damage from pressure ulcers,
"Cells as capacitors and resistorsthe researchers printed an array of dozens of electrodes onto a thin, flexible film.
They discharged a very small current between the electrodes to create a spatial map of the underlying tissue based upon the flow of electricity at different frequencies, a technique called impedance spectroscopy.
thus acting like an insulator to the cell's conductive contents and drawing the comparison to a capacitor.
and Yasser Khan, a UC Berkeley Ph d. student in electrical engineering and computer sciences, who fabricated the sensor array.
New cheap and efficient electrode for splitting water March 18th, 2015govt. -Legislation/Regulation/Funding/Policy Los alamos Offers New Insights Into Radiation Damage Evolution:
New cheap and efficient electrode for splitting water March 18th, 2015imperfect graphene opens door to better fuel cells:
New cheap and efficient electrode for splitting water March 18th, 2015imperfect graphene opens door to better fuel cells:
New cheap and efficient electrode for splitting water March 18th, 2015imperfect graphene opens door to better fuel cells:
which the role of the substrate is played by an appropriately prepared carbon electrode.""We have managed to adjust the conditions of the whole process
so that the suspension of gold nanoparticles in the solution surrounding the electrode remains stable while maintaining an appropriate concentration of copper two ions and supporting electrolyte.
Sensors constructed on the basis of such substrates can be used, for example, to detect the presence of preservatives in foodstuffs.
stable substrates for a variety of chemical sensors and electrodes employed in flow systems.#####About Institute of Physical chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciencesthe Institute of Physical chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences was established in 1955 as one of the first chemical institutes of the PAS.
which are tiny crystals of a semiconductor material that can emit single photons of light.
1 step closer with defect-free logic gate-Developing a new approach to quantum computing, based on braided quasiparticles as a logic gate to speed up computing,
Dual-type nanowire arrays can be used in applications such as LEDS and solar cells February 25th, 2015ultra-thin nanowires can trap electron'twisters'that disrupt superconductors February 24th, 2015discoveries Quantum computing:
1 step closer with defect-free logic gate-Developing a new approach to quantum computing, based on braided quasiparticles as a logic gate to speed up computing,
Rice researchers'theory combines strength, stiffness and toughness of composites into a single design map March 16th, 2015new remote control for molecular motors:
This structure is key to their potential for being used as electrode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries.
#EEJA and Tokyo U Achieve Simultaneous Formation of Contact Electrodes for P-type and N-type Organic semiconductor Crystals Using the Plating Method Tanaka Holdings, Co.,Ltd.
Head office: Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo; President & CEO: Akira Tanae) announced today that Electroplating Engineers of Japan, Ltd.
together with Professor Junichi Takeya of the University of Tokyo's Graduate school of Frontier Sciences, has achieved the world's first success in the development of technology for the simultaneous formation of contact electrodes for p-type and n-type*1
Organic semiconductor Field Effect Transistors("OFET, "hereafter) using an electroless plating process. By using an electroless gold plating process with silver nanoparticles as a catalyst for an organic semiconductor,
this technology enables the formation in the atmosphere of top contact-type OFET (figure 1)* 2 contact electrodes without the use of a vacuum environment,
which requires large-scale equipment. As opposed to metallic ink, which has the same atmospheric contact formation,
this technology realizes the formation of a high-performance OFET as there is little damage to the organic semiconductor,
and the performance of the high-mobility*3 organic semiconductor is affected not. Also, due to the emergence of high-performance n-type semiconductor materials in recent years, more advanced organic electronic devices can now be formed at a low-cost thanks to the simultaneous formation of contact electrodes for p-type and n-type
OFET mixed circuits, for which development is speeding up. For p-type organic semiconductors the contact resistance of the contact electrodes using this technology is 0. 1kiloohm-cm or less,
which is the lowest value currently on record in terms of the contact resistance of organic semiconductor contact electrodes formed in the atmosphere.
The atmospheric formation of a high-performance OFET (Figure 2) with low-contact resistance electrodes and high-mobility that are among the top levels in the world is achieved by combining the merits of this technology with those of high-performance
coating-type organic semiconductors developed by Professor Takeya which can be formed atmospherically. This result enables the atmospheric formation of organic electronic devices with high-speed drives
and it enables the production of high functionality electronic devices using printed electronics*4. This technology is a process for the formation of contact electrodes with a gold-silver hybrid structure,
which is achieved by applying a silver catalyst solution for plating that includes silver nanoparticles to an organic semiconductor crystal, after
which a gold coating is applied to the substrate by immersing it in an electroless gold plating solution
so that the gaps between the silver grains are filled with gold. This enables the single-process formation of low-contact resistance contact electrodes for p-type organic semiconductors
which facilitate a charge injection from gold, and n-type organic semiconductors, which facilitate a charge injection from silver (Figure 3). EEJA will announce the research findings relating to this technology at the 62nd Jpan Society of Applied Physics Spring Meeting,
to be held between March 11 and March 14 at Tokai University, Shonan Campus (Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa). Background to this technology OFET is a transistor that uses an organic semiconductor,
which means that-among other characteristics unique to organic materials-it can be formed at low-temperatures,
is lightweight and is flexible. The high-performance of organic semiconductor materials has progressed rapidly in recent years,
and materials are being developed with double-digit increases over the figure that was thought to be the limit for the mobility of organic semiconductors.
The pioneering findings of Professor Takeya's research group make possible the atmospheric formation of high-mobility organic semiconductors,
which is expected to increase the fields of use for organic semiconductors. While there are several methods for the formation of OFET contact electrodes
they all suffer from such issues as requiring a vacuum environment and causing damage to organic semiconductors.
For example, thin film electrodes can be formed uniformly using the vacuum deposition method, but the equipment used to create a vacuum environment is incredibly expensive,
and the loss of materials is huge. Also, while electrode formation in the atmosphere is possible using metallic ink and metallic paste,
it also requires the inclusion of organic solvents, high-temperature sintering, and hardening by means of ultraviolet rays,
which damages the organic semiconductor, and does not achieve sufficient results as a transistor. This is why
in September 2014, EEJA together with Professor Takeya's research group jointly developed plating-process contact electrode formation technology for p-type organic semiconductors.
In order to stably form electrodes for organic semiconductor crystals, EEJA developed new gold nanoparticles as an electroless plating catalyst.
The contact resistance of the contact electrodes formed using this technology is 0. 7kiloohm-cm,
which is a remarkably low contact resistance for atmospheric formation contact electrodes. Also, Professor Takeya's research group developed a coating-type organic semiconductor that could be formed in a short time in the atmosphere with a large-surface thin film with uniform crystal orientation
and a mobility (which is the deciding factor in the performance of semiconductors) that greatly surpasses that of conventional organic semiconductors at 10cm2/Vs or more.
Contributing to the development of new devices with OFET application-the development for the future Because OFET has the characteristics of being printable, lightweight and flexible,
we anticipate such device developments as flexible displays and disposable RFID (automatic wireless identification) tags. Currently, development is mainly progressing for devices that use p-type organic semiconductors,
but the development of all-flexible displays and wearable computers, which require advanced circuitry and bendable driver ICS,
also requires p-type and n-type OFET mixed circuitry and both OFETS must operate at high speeds.
This jointly developed technology contributes to technical innovation in connection to organic electronic devices. EEJA will continue to find further solutions for utilization in organic electronic devices.*
*1 p-type organic semiconductors and n-type organic semiconductors Organic compounds crystalized with uniform crystal orientation acquire the characteristics of a semiconductor.
By injecting a positive charge, the electrified object is referred to as a p-(positive) type organic semiconductor. By injecting a negative charge,
the electrified object is referred to as an n-(negative) type organic semiconductor. The metal that is easier to be injected with a charge varies depending on
whether it is a p-type or n-type.**2 Top contact-type OFET This is an organic transistor where the contact electrodes are located on the semiconductor crystal.
This structure enables a drive with a higher speed than that of OFETS with other structures.
However, because the electrodes are formed after forming the organic semiconductor crystal, the organic semiconductor is damaged easily, and contact electrodes are difficult to form.*
*3 Mobility This signifies the ease of movement for the charge within the semiconductor. Electronic devices that carry out complex processes require a higher mobility.
Until a few years ago, the mobility of organic semiconductors was generally about 0. 1cm2/Vs, but materials have been developed in recent years with a mobility of 10cm2/Vs or more.*
*4 Printed electronics This is a technology for the atmospheric formation of electronic circuits and devices on substrates using printing technology and so on.##
###About Tanaka Holdings, Co.,Ltd. Tanaka Holdings Co.,Ltd. Holding company of Tanaka Precious metals) Headquarters: 22f, Tokyo Building, 2-7-3 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Representative:
Akira Tanae, President & CEO Founded: 1885 Incorporated: 1918 Capital: 500 million yen Employees in consolidated group:
3, 562 (FY2013) Net sales of consolidated group: 967.6 billion yen (FY2013) Main businesses of the group:
and reception at the same frequency in a wireless radio A team of Columbia Engineering researchers has invented a technology--full-duplex radio integrated circuits (ICS)--that can be implemented in nanoscale CMOS to enable simultaneous transmission and reception
transmitters and receivers either work at different times or at the same time but at different frequencies. The Columbia team, led by Electrical engineering Associate professor Harish Krishnaswamy,
So the ability to have a transmitter and receiver reuse the same frequency has the potential to immediately double the data capacity of today's networks.
Krishnaswamy notes that other research groups and startup companies have demonstrated the theoretical feasibility of simultaneous transmission and reception at the same frequency,
"The biggest challenge the team faced with full duplex was canceling the transmitter's echo.
"Transmitter echo or'self-interference'cancellation has been a fundamental challenge, especially when performed in a tiny nanoscale IC,
and sensors that can detect otherwise imperceptible defects in buildings, bridges, and aircraft.""This is the first time anybody has made a flexible chameleon-like skin that can change color simply by flexing it,
The Berkeley researchers were able to overcome both these hurdles by forming their grating bars using a semiconductor layer of silicon approximately 120 nanometers thick.
The semiconductor material also allowed the team to create a skin that was incredibly thin, perfectly flat,
More day-to-day applications could include sensors that would change color to indicate that structural fatigue was stressing critical components on bridges, buildings,
2015researchers enable solar cells to use more sunlight February 25th, 2015display technology/LEDS/SS Lighting/OLEDS Breakthrough in OLED technology March 2nd,
Dual-type nanowire arrays can be used in applications such as LEDS and solar cells February 25th, 2015qd Vision Named Edison Award Finalist for Innovative Color IQ Quantum dot Technology February 23rd,
2015pens filled with high-tech inks for do-it-yourself sensors March 3rd, 2015researchers build atomically thin gas and chemical sensors:
Sensors made of molybdenum disulfide are small, thin and have a high level of selectivity when detecting gases and chemicals February 19th,
2015discoveries Super-resolution microscopes reveal the link between genome packaging and cell pluripotency: A study using super-resolution microscopy reveals that our genome is packaged not regularly
Rice physicists build superconductor analog, observe antiferromagnetic order February 23rd, 2015aerospace/Space Anousheh Ansari Wins the National Space Society's Space Pioneer Award
Snapshots of the retarded interaction of charge carriers with ultrafast fluctuations in cuprates News and information High performance, lightweight supercapacitor electrodes of the future March 10th, 2015advantest to Exhibit at SEMICON China
Showcasing Broad Portfolio of Semiconductor Products, Technologies and Solutions March 10th, 2015are current water treatment methods sufficient to remove harmful engineered nanoparticle?
Understanding why a material's behavior changes as it gets smaller March 10th, 2015announcements High performance, lightweight supercapacitor electrodes of the future March 10th, 2015advantest to Exhibit at SEMICON China in Shanghai, China, March 17-19:
Showcasing Broad Portfolio of Semiconductor Products, Technologies and Solutions March 10th, 2015are current water treatment methods sufficient to remove harmful engineered nanoparticle?
2015the chameleon reorganizes its nanocrystals to change colors March 10th, 2015high performance, lightweight supercapacitor electrodes of the future March 10th,
2015quantum sensor's advantages survive entanglement breakdown: Preserving the fragile quantum property known as entanglement isn't necessary to reap benefits March 9th,
which could act as a more effective cathode--a fundamental electrode component of fuel cells from which positive current flows through an external circuit delivering electric power."
News and information High performance, lightweight supercapacitor electrodes of the future March 10th, 2015advantest to Exhibit at SEMICON China in Shanghai, China, March 17-19:
Showcasing Broad Portfolio of Semiconductor Products, Technologies and Solutions March 10th, 2015are current water treatment methods sufficient to remove harmful engineered nanoparticle?
Researcher Mohamed Elrawemi develops new technologies for defects in thin films, vital in products as printed electronics and solar panels February 24th,
Understanding why a material's behavior changes as it gets smaller March 10th, 2015announcements High performance, lightweight supercapacitor electrodes of the future March 10th, 2015advantest to Exhibit at SEMICON China in Shanghai, China, March 17-19:
Showcasing Broad Portfolio of Semiconductor Products, Technologies and Solutions March 10th, 2015are current water treatment methods sufficient to remove harmful engineered nanoparticle?
2015the chameleon reorganizes its nanocrystals to change colors March 10th, 2015high performance, lightweight supercapacitor electrodes of the future March 10th,
Researchers from Singapore and Qubec Team up to Develop Next-Generation Materials to Power Electronic devices and Electric vehicles February 28th,
#High performance, lightweight supercapacitor electrodes of the future Abstract: Researchers have developed a novel electrode to make low-cost, lightweight supercapacitors with superior performance,
a development that could mean faster charging time and longer battery life in electric vehicles and portable electronics.
As a novel energy storage device, supercapacitors have attracted substantial attention in recent years due to their ultra-high charge
and discharge rate, excellent stability, long cycle life and very high power density. Imagine charging your cell phone in just a few seconds or fueling up an electric car in but a few minutes,
which are both part of the promising future that supercapacitors could offer. Offsetting this promise is the fact that
while supercapacitors have the potential to charge faster and last longer than conventional batteries, they also need to be much larger in size
Thus, many scientists are working to develop green, lightweight, low-cost supercapacitors with high performance. Now two researchers from the S n. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, India, have developed a novel supercapacitor electrode based on a hybrid nanostructure made from a hybrid nickel oxide-iron oxide
exterior shell and a conductive iron-nickel core. In a paper published this week in the Journal of Applied Physics
from AIP Publishing, the researchers report the fabrication technique of the hybrid nanostructure electrode. They also demonstrate its superior performance compared to existing, non-hybrid supercapacitor electrodes.
Since nickel oxide and iron oxide are environmental friendly and cheap materials that are widely available in nature,
the novel electrode promises green and low-cost supercapacitors in future.""This hybrid electrode shows the superior electrochemical performance in terms of high capacitance the ability to store electrical charge of nearly 1415 farad per gram, high current density of 2. 5 ampere per gram,
low resistance and high power density,"said Ashutosh K. Singh, the primary researcher at the Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences at the S n. Bose National Centre
the electrode could retain nearly 95 percent of initial capacitance after cycling or charging and discharging 3, 000 times."
"The Promise of Supercapacitors Supercapacitors are used electronic devices to store an extremely large amount of electrical charges.
They are also known as electrochemical capacitors, and they promise high power density, high rate capability, superb cycle stability and high energy density.
Conventional capacitors have high power density but low energy density, which means they can quickly charge
Supercapacitors are a bridge between conventional capacitors and batteries, combining the advantageous properties of high power, high energy density and low internal resistance,
reliable and potentially safer power source for electric and portable electronic devices in future, said Singh.
In supercapacitors, high capacitance, or the ability to store an electrical charge, is critical to achieve higher energy density.
How Scientists Built the New Electrode Inspired by previous research on improving conductivity via doping different metal oxide materials, Singh and Kalyan Mandal, another researcher and a professor at the S n. Bose
National Centre for Basic Sciences, mixed nickel oxide and iron oxide as a hybrid material and fabricated the novel core/shell nanostructure electrode."
"By changing the materials and morphologies of the electrode, one can manipulate the performance and quality of the supercapacitors,
"Singh said. In Singh's experiment, the core/shell hybrid nanostructure was fabricated through a two-step method.
He explained that supercapacitors store charges through a chemical process known as a redox reaction, which involves a material giving up electrons
and transporting ions through another material at the interface between electrode and electrolyte. Larger redox reaction surfaces are essential for achieving a higher power density for supercapacitors."
"Moreover, the conductive Fe-Ni core provides a highway to accelerate the transport of electrons to the current collector,
and electrochemical properties of the electrode, realizing high-performance supercapacitors,"Singh noted. How the New Electrode Performed Using techniques called cyclic voltammetry
and galvanostatic charge/discharge methods, Singh and Mandal studied the electrochemical properties of the hybrid material electrode.
Comparing with the counterpart, non-hybrid electrodes like nickel/nickel oxide and iron/iron oxide core/shell nanostructure electrodes, the hybrid material electrode demonstrated higher capacitance,
higher energy density and higher charging/discharging time.""For example, the current density of the hybrid electrode is three and 24 times higher than that of nickel/nickel oxide and iron/iron oxide electrodes, respectively,
"Singh said.""The comparative results show remarkable enrichment in the electrochemical activities of nickel/nickel oxide
and iron/iron oxide electrodes after combining them together, which suggests the hybrid electrode's better supercapacitive properties."
"One feature of Singh's fabrication technique is that it doesn't require extra binder materials.
According to Singh, binding materials are used commonly in the fabrication of carbon or graphene based supercapacitors for attaching redox active material on the current collector.
Without the mass of binding materials, the hybrid electrode is a good candidate to make lightweight supercapacitors."
"The remarkable electrochemical performances and material properties suggest that the iron oxide-nickel oxide hybrid core/shell nanostructure could be a reliable and promising candidate for fabricating the next generation lightweight, low-cost
and green supercapacitor electrodes for real life application, "Singh said. The researchers'next plan is to develop a whole supercapacitor device based on the hybrid electrode and test its functional performance,
a step closer to manufacturing production n
#Nanotechnology Helps Increasing Rate of Digital data Processing, Storage Iranian researchers proposed a new method based on nanotechnology to increase the rate of digital data processing and storage.
Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the emerging technologies at nanometric scale for the production of future digital circuits.
Results of the research have been published in Microelectronics Journal vol. 46, issue 1, 2015, pp. 43-51 1
This led them to believe that Nano-85 itself was actually causing the VLPS to break apart.
#Microchip captures clusters of circulating tumor cells--NIH study Circulating tumor cells (CTCS) are cells that break away from a tumor and move through a cancer patient's bloodstream.
"The new technology--called Cluster-Chip--was developed with support from a Quantum Grant from NIBIB,
Toner and his collaborator Dr. Daniel Haber, M d.,Ph d.,also at MGH, recently used Cluster-Chip to capture
The chip is designed to slowly push blood through many rows of microscopic triangle-shaped posts.
and continue through the chip until reaching the next tip; however CTC clusters are left at the tip,
To determine the efficiency of Cluster-Chip, the researchers introduced fluorescently tagged cell clusters (ranging from 2-30 cells) into the chip
and counted the number of clusters that were captured and the number that flowed through undetected.
At a blood flow rate of 2. 5ml/hr, the chip captured 99 percent of clusters containing four or more cells, 70 percent of three-cell clusters,
Comparison of the clusters under a microscope before and after capture found that the chip had no negative effects on the integrity of the clusters as a whole.
The researchers next compared the efficiency of their novel chip to two currently-used methods that have had some success capturing CTC clusters.
the Cluster-Chip was significantly more efficient than a filter-based method, which pushes blood through a membrane with pores only large enough to let single cells pass through.
The chip was also more efficient than a different microfluidic chip--previously developed by Toner--that isolates CTCS
The results highlight the importance of the unique Cluster-Chip capture technique which is based on the structural properties of CTC clusters rather than their size or the presence of surface proteins.
This latter property makes the Cluster-Chip well-suited for capturing CTC clusters from a range of cancer types,
In this study, the chip captured CTC clusters in 11 of 27 (40.7 percent) breast cancer patients, 6 of 20 (30 percent) melanoma patients
"Toner anticipates that the Cluster-Chip will play an important role in stimulating new research on CTC cluster biology:"
By shrinking them down in size, researchers will be able to cram millions of these devices on a single chip.
and ultra-strong and lightweight structure, graphene has potential for many applications in electronics, energy, the environment,
An expert in biomaterials, Shah said 3-D printed graphene scaffolds could play a role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as well as in electronic devices.
so it could be used for biodegradable sensors and medical implants. Shah said the biocompatible elastomer
May 20th, 2015toward'green'paper-thin, flexible electronics May 20th, 2015globalfoundries Offers New Low-power 28nm Solution for High-performance Mobile and Iot Applications:
May 20th, 2015toward'green'paper-thin, flexible electronics May 20th, 2015globalfoundries Offers New Low-power 28nm Solution for High-performance Mobile and Iot Applications:
Researchers find a way of tuning light waves by pairing 2 exotic 2-D materials May 20th, 2015toward'green'paper-thin, flexible electronics May 20th, 2015organic nanoparticles
Keynote Speaker Dr. Doon Gibbs, Director of Brookhaven National Laboratory April 16th, 2015mit sensor detects spoiled meat:
Columbia Engineering researchers first to create a single-molecule diode--the ultimate in miniaturization for electronic devices--with potential for real-world applications Under the direction of Latha Venkataraman, associate professor of applied physics at Columbia Engineering,
researchers have designed a new technique to create a single-molecule diode, and, in doing so, they have developed molecular diodes that perform 50 times better than all prior designs.
Venkataraman's group is the first to develop a single-molecule diode that may have real-world technological applications for nanoscale devices.
Their paper,"Single-Molecule Diodes with High On-Off Ratios through Environmental Control""is published May 25 in Nature Nanotechnology."
"Our new approach created a single-molecule diode that has a high(>250) rectification and a high"on"current (0. 1 micro Amps),"says Venkataraman."
"Constructing a device where the active elements are only a single molecule has long been a tantalizing dream in nanoscience.
ever since its inception with Aviram and Ratner's 1974 seminal paper, represents the ultimate in functional miniaturization that can be achieved for an electronic device."
"With electronic devices becoming smaller every day, the field of molecular electronics has become ever more critical in solving the problem of further miniaturization,
The idea of creating a single-molecule diode was suggested by Arieh Aviram and Mark Ratner who theorized in 1974 that a molecule could act as a rectifier, a one-way conductor of electric current.
They have shown that single-molecules attached to metal electrodes (single-molecule junctions) can be made to act as a variety of circuit elements
including resistors, switches, transistors, and, indeed, diodes. They have learned that it is possible to see quantum mechanical effects, such as interference, manifest in the conductance properties of molecular junctions.
Since a diode acts as an electricity valve, its structure needs to be asymmetric so that electricity flowing in one direction experiences a different environment than electricity flowing in the other direction.
In order to develop a single-molecule diode, researchers have designed simply molecules that have asymmetric structures.""While such asymmetric molecules do indeed display some diode-like properties,
they are not effective, "explains Brian Capozzi, a Phd student working with Venkataraman and lead author of the paper."
"A well-designed diode should only allow current to flow in one direction--the'on'direction
--and it should allow a lot of current to flow in that direction. Asymmetric molecular designs have suffered typically from very low current flow in both'on and off'directions,
and used gold metal electrodes of different sizes to contact the molecule. Their results achieved rectification ratios as high as 250: 50 times higher than earlier designs.
including those that are made with graphene electrodes.""It's amazing to be able to design a molecular circuit,
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