#How Scientists Can Turn off Pain Receptors In research published in the medical journal Brain, Saint louis University researcher Daniela Salvemini, Ph d. and colleagues within SLU,
demonstrated that turning on a receptor in the brain and spinal cord counteracts chronic nerve pain in male and female rodents.
disease of knowledge and the brain which makes adults become babies. But South korea low birth rate will make family caregiving tougher. feel
like the brain, he said, letting it crash down. Now, he brain is destroyed. ementia is very bad for you,
so protect your brain, he said, with exercise, ot drinking too much sugar, and saying, addy, don drink so much because it not good for dementia.
At a Dementia March outside the World cup Soccer Stadium, children carried signs promoting Dr. Yang Mapo district center:
ake the Brain Smile! and ow is Your Memory? Free diagnosis center in Mapo. The Mapo Center for Dementia perches at a busy crossroads of old and new, near a university and a shop selling naturopathic goat extracts.
and my brain is processing it, but I cannot say it out loud, he said about the questions. ow can my brilliant brain remember everything?
Jeez, it so headachy. Checking his ability to categorize items, Dr. Yang asked, hat do you call dog and tiger?
He suggested that Mr. Cha get a government-subsidized brain M. R i. to confirm the diagnosis,
what brain cells he has. These include rooftop garden loral therapy, art classes making realistic representations of everyday objects, music therapy with bongos sounding ike a heartbeat.
gesturing toward his brain, hat something wrong with this, just a little bit. Students as Helpers Schools offer community service credit, encouraging work with dementia patients,
even including boosting brain functions like memory and learning
#FTC Proposes Stricter Guidelines on Food Ads for Children The Federal trade commission has proposed sweeping new guidelines that could push the food industry to overhaul how it advertises cereal, soda pop, snacks, restaurant meals and other foods to children.
The edible battery could also be used in medical devices like pacemakers and#implants#that treat Alzheimers and other brain conditions.
rather than just tolerating brain-numbing work to fund enjoyment elsewhere.####According to the Kaufman Index of Entrepreneurial Activity (KIEA), the entrepreneurial rate in the U s. is already well above the dot com bubble of 15 years ago,
#What happens when we put computers in our brains? This may seem like a wild idea,
Of course, duplicating synapse firings in nanotube circuits does not mean that scientists are ready to replace the human brain,
The#MIT#researchers hope to gain a better understanding of how the brain gives rise to intelligence,
Reverse-engineering the brain. This massive#Blue Brain#effort with completion expected by mid-to-late-2020s will enable scientists to simulate the brain in a machine.
This is the first step in creating computers more powerful than human brains, says futurist Ray Kurzweil, in#The Singularity is Near.##
##The key lies in decoding and simulating the cerebral cortex, the seat of cognition, ##Kurzweil continues;##
##The human cortex has about 22 billion neurons and 220 trillion synapses.####Today, computers capable of crunching this amount of data do not exist,
predicts in his#blogthat expected advances in molecular nanotechnology will one day enable us to replace brain cells with damage-resistant nanomaterials that process thoughts faster than today s biological brains.##
##The new brain would include an exact copy of the structure and personality that existed before the conversion,
We could even control thought speeds, shifting from 100 milliseconds, the response time of todays brains, to 50 nanoseconds, millions of times faster.
Burch describes how we would switch to this new brain. A daily pill would supply nanomaterials
and instructions for nanobots to form new neurons and position them next to existing brain cells to be replaced.
but in six months, we would sport the new brain. Our artificial brain will allow wireless interface with computers and other digital technologies.
The most important benefit of our new brain could be its ability to survive disaster.
nanobots would quickly repair our brain, if damaged. Information is transmitted then to a processing center where a new body is cloned,
ready for transfer of our brain. The accident victim would wake up, not even realizing they had died.
Biological brains die within minutes after the heart stops, but our new brain will simply turn itself off and wait for a new power supply.
Experts predict these technologies could be in place by mid-century, but some wonder, will this make us less human;
Personally, once I get over the##yuck##factor of replacing my brain I see this as an incredible lifesaving medical procedure.
##Everyone knows that gaming is actually good for neurology and the brain, ##Stubb says.####Long gone are the days where parents tell you to stop.
Because once disgust shows up the brain of the disgust-feeler starts processing the other person (i e. the disgust trigger) as a toxin.
the brain's pattern recognition has a hair-trigger mechanism for recognizing signs of low-fertility and ill-health.
Something that acts almost human but not quite, reads to our brain's pattern recognition systemas illness.
When the brain detects humanlike features that is, when we recognize a member of our own species we tend to pay more attention.
Futurist Marshall Brain in his#Robotic Freedom Blog#agrees with the idea. America should create a $25, 000 annual stipend for every U s. adult,
Brain says, which would be phased in over two-to-three decades. Arrival of human level automated systems marks a transformative time in history.
#Researchers discover gene that stimulates growth of new brain cells in adults City of Hope researchers have found that over-expressing a specific gene could prompt growth in adults of new neurons in the hippocampus,
Researchers found that over-expression of the gene was associated actually with a physically larger brain,
The bulk of the brain s development happens before birth, and there are periods largely in childhood
and young adulthood when the brain experiences bursts of new growth. In the past couple of decades,
the region of the brain associated with learning and memory. Abstract of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences paper The role of the nuclear receptor TLX in hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition has begun just to be explored.
Transgenic TLX expression led to mice with enlarged brains with an elongated hippocampal dentate gyrus and increased numbers of newborn neurons.
and predictably reactivate it by stimulating nerves in the brain. The University of California, San diego School of medicine researchers have erased
and predictably reactivate it by stimulating nerves in the brain at frequencies that are known to weaken
Scientists optically stimulated a group of nerves in a rat s brain that had been modified genetically to make them sensitive to light
noted that the beta amyloid peptide that accumulates in the brains of people with Alzheimer s disease weakens synaptic connections in much the same way that low-frequency stimulation erased memories in the rats.
while wearing a motorized exoskeleton controlled by his or her brain. Colorado State university in particular recently published a video of its portion of the Walk Again Project,
The project started by partnering with some of the best brain and heart experts in the industry to brainstorm and develop ideas.
#Longevity gene may enhance brain power For the first time ever, scientists have shown that people who have a variant of a gene called KLOTHO also have improved cognitive abilities,
If we could boost the brain ability to function, we may be able to counter dementias.
or the brain capacity to perform everyday intellectual tasks. The gene takes its name from the entity in Greek mythology called lotho who was one of the ateswho were supposed to control the thread of people lives.
#Scientists develop an off-switch for the brain Scientists have developed essentially an ff-switchfor the brain by using light pulses to effectively shut down neural activity.
In 2005, Stanford scientist Karl Deisseroth discovered how to switch individual brain cells on and off by using light in a technique that he dubbed ptogenetics,
said this improved ffswitch will help researchers to better understand the brain circuits involved in behavior, thinking and emotion.
The technique could help scientists develop treatments for patients with some brain diseases as it could allow problematic parts of the brain to be switched off
and addressed with minimal intrusion
#Fewer high school graduates enroll in college after graduation The proportion of high school students in the U s. who go on to college rose regularly for decades
#Neuroscientists reverse symptoms of Alzheimer s in mice Researchers found that the overproduction of the protein known as p25 may be the culprit behind the sticky protein-fragment clusters that build up in the brains of Alzheimer patients.
but until now, p25 role in Alzheimer pathology was understood not well. his protein appears to help maintain normal brain activity,
Elevated p25 levels in the brain have been documented upon exposure to neurotoxic stimuli such as oxidative stress and beta amyloids. n this study
where memories are encoded in the brain, Tsai says. To delineate the precise roles of p25,
which enabled researchers to prevent the production of p25 without altering other proteins with essential roles in brain development.
the ability of brain connections to change over time; especially for the process called long-term depression (LTD) that selectively weakens sets of synapses
but also explains the underlying mechanism of the inordinate synaptic depression observed in the Alzheimer brain,
whether the blockade of p25 generation could mitigate pathological phenotypes in the Alzheimer brain, Tsai says.
and perhaps delaying the development of brain pathology, Tsai says. This work was supported in part by the National institutes of health and the Howard hughes medical institute M
The USS Zumwalt will be the first ship with a brain of its own. Among the high-tech features included on the USS Zumwaltannons that fire rocket-propelled,
in a key emotional hub in the brain involved in regulating anxiety and the flight-or-fight response.
a graduate student in Patel lab, the researchers also showed for the first time how nerve cells in this part of the brain make
whose brains are still developing are being exposed to the drug. Previous studies at Vanderbilt and elsewhere, Patel said,
In other more preliminary examples, scientists have shown that specific culture conditions can push stem cells to grow into self-organized structures resembling a developing brain, a bit of a liver,
or part of an eye (see esearchers Grow 3-D Human brain Tissues, Rudimentary Liver Is grown from Stem Cells,
That's the way the brain works. It's not that you have one brain that does the recognition
and one that does movement; it's a network that feeds on itself. Building that facial muscle memory also helps players recognize their own emotions
but may be implanted into the brains of living mice for imaging at the cellular level. The study appears in the Aug 18 issue of the journal Applied Physics Letters.
whose team will use it to observe the brains of living mice to gain insight into how certain proteins in the brain react to various stimuli.
#IBM's new computer chip can think like a human brain IBM's latest brain-like computer chip may not be"smarter than a fifth-grader,
"but it can simulate millions of the brain's neurons and perform complex tasks using very little energy.
In addition to mimicking the brain's processing by themselves, individual chips can be connected together like tiles,
similar to how circuits are linked in the human brain. The team used its"Truenorth"chip, described on Aug 7 in the journal Science,
7 Robotic Futures"We have not built a brain. What we have done is learn from the brain's anatomy
and physiology,"said study leader Dharmendra Modha, manager and lead researcher of the cognitive computing groupat IBM Research-Almaden in San jose, California.
Modha gave an analogy to explain how the brain-like chip differs from a classical computer chip.
In contrast, IBM's new chip architecture resembles that of a living brain. The chip is composed of computing cores that each contain 256 input lines
"Much like in a real brain, the artificial neurons only send signals, or spikes, when electrical charges reach a certain threshold.
But if these devices can function more like a human brain, they may eventually understand their environments better,
Building a brain IBM researchers aren't the only ones building computer chips that mimic the brain.
The goal of this initiative is to build a computer that resembles the form and function of the mammalian brain, with intelligence similar to acat or mouse."
The team mapped out the wiring diagram of a monkey brain in 2010, and produced a small-scale neural core in 2011.
Still, the IBM chip is a far cry from a human brain, which contains about 86 trillion neurons and 100 trillion synapses."
#First map of human fetus brain created A new map of the human brain during its development in the womb provides a detailed blueprint of where different genes are active at this critical stage of in a fetus'life.
This brain atlas yields clues about what makes humans distinct from other animals and when disorders like autism first take root researchers say.
This is another installment in our suite of brain atlases to try to map how all genes are used across the brain
and across development said study leader Ed Lein a neuroscientist at the Allen Institute for Brain science in Seattle.
Mapping the Brain The institute has developed previously maps of the developing and adult mouse brain the developing monkey brain and the adult human brain.
The new map is the first to look at the developing human brain specifically the developing neocortex the seat of higher cognitive functions Lein told Live Science.
Researchers created the map using healthy prenatal brains from a brain bank a collection of donated human brains.
The team used brain tissue with no known abnormalities or viruses such as HIV. Researchers took snapshots of brains at two different stages of prenatal development.
To measure gene activity the researchers used a powerful tool known as a DNA MICROARRAY which yields a quantitative measurement of the activity of every gene in the human genome simultaneously about 20000 genes in total.
The team compared these gene activity results with data from other species in particular the mouse brain.
and these maps could give scientists insight into how mice brains are similar or different from human brains Lein said.
Researchers found some genes that were turned on in the developing human brain but not in the mouse's brain or vice versa.
For example the developing human brain contains genes that are more active in the frontal cortex than in the corresponding part of the mouse brain.
The frontal cortex is linked to personality and decision-making. Examples from the prenatal gene expression (left) and reference (right) atlases.
Image: Allen Institute for Brain science) The map of a healthy developing brain also provides clues to the origin of developmental disorders such as autism the researchers said.
Other studies have revealed certain genes that are active in autism. Lein's team saw these genes were turned on in newly generated excitatory neurons
Taken together these brain maps paint a picture of where and when different genes become active in the brain.
The genes encode proteins that perform all the vital tasks inside neurons giving rise to the complex cognition of the human brain.
The Allen Institute is one of the private organizations involved in the BRAIN INITIATIVE (Brain research through advancing innovative neurotechnologies) launched by President Obama a year ago on April 2 2013.
All of the Allen Institute brain atlases are freely available online. The new findings are detailed on April 2 in the journal Nature.
and couldn't,"says Wiggins. He can now see areas of the brain that were previously dark to MRI."
The virus could be lurking in cells that doctors have not been able to test such as cells in the brain or heart.
Nature News Findings from a'brain training'study challenge theory. Researchers in Sweden have revealed a surprising change in brain biochemistry that occurs during the training of working memory,
a buffer that stores information for the few second required to solve problems or even to understand what we are reading.
Working memory depends on the transmission of signals in certain parts of the brain by the chemical dopamine and one of its receptors, the D1 receptor, particularly in the parietal and frontal regions of the cortex.
and his colleagues studied what happened to D1 receptors in the brains of healthy young men during such training1.
Brain training Klingberg's team organized a five-week training programme for 13 volunteers aged between 20 and 28.
Using brain imaging techniques, the scientists measured levels and locations of dopamine receptors in brain areas of interest in each participant before and after training.
whether changes in receptor density in certain brain regions are simply the result of changes in behaviour
"This is an important consideration that applies to many findings of purported brain changes in mental disease,"comments Sol Snyder, a neuroscientist at Johns hopkins university in Baltimore, Maryland."
"Many findings of altered brain biochemistry may simply reflect the patients'inattentiveness, he says. Klingberg says that his team's results may also have practical implications for training working memory.
He is one of the lead researchers in a multicenter clinical study using new exosomal diagnostic tests developed by New york city-based Exosome Diagnostics to identify a genetic mutation found exclusively in glioma, the most common form of brain cancer.
For brain cancers like glioma, however, multiple biopsies can be life threatening. Bob Carter head of neurosurgery at the University of California, San diego, says well-preserved RNA in blood
sponsored by the Accelerated Brain Cancer Cure Foundation. Hochberg says study researchers have recruited 41 of 120 patients so far.
brain parts and other tissues from stem cells (see Nature 488,444-446; 2012), has long been negotiating with the government for facilities to link basic research at the Center for Developmental biology in Kobe, where he works, with clinics and industry.
The Supreme court s move has reassured investigators such as Candace Kerr, who studies early development of the brain at the University of Maryland School of medicine in Baltimore.
He did so by injecting their brains with ZIP, a small peptide that is meant to block the enzyme1.
erasing different types of memory by injecting ZIP into various brain regions in rodents, flies and sea slugs.
he strengthened rats'memory of unpleasant tastes by injecting their brains with viruses carrying extra copies of PKM?
#Intercontinental mind-meld unites two rats The brains of two rats on different continents have been made to act in tandem.
an implant records its brain activity and signals to a similar device in the brain of a rat in the United states. The US rat then usually makes the same choice on the same task.
Miguel Nicolelis, a neuroscientist at Duke university in Durham, North carolina, says that this system allows one rat to use the senses of another,
"But we created a new central nervous system made of two brains. Nicolelis says that the work,
is the first step towards constructing an organic computer that uses networks of linked animal brains to solve tasks.
and receive signals from the brain, allowing monkeys to control robotic or virtual arms and get a sense of touch in return.
whether he could use these implants to couple the brains of two separate animals. His colleague Miguel Pais-Vieira started by training one rat#the encoder#to press one of two levers,
An implant recorded neural activity in the rat's motor cortex (the area that controls its movements), compared it to earlier recordings,
These pulses were delivered to the motor cortex of a second rat in the same lab#the decoder
That increased the signal-to-noise ratio in its brain activity and inadvertently provided the decoder with signals that were easier to decipher.
from creating organic computers to uniting different parts of the same brain that have been cut off by damage or disease.
his team is already working to link the brains of four mice. The researchers are also set to start similar experiments with monkeys, in
and combine their brain activity to play a game together.""Rats don t have a sense of self
Two rats exchange signals through a brain-to-brain interface. The yellow circle indicates the correct choice in each chamber
that is expressed in the brains of mice and humans. They found that it contains about 70 binding sites for a microrna called mir-7. Micrornas are short fragments of RNA that can block gene expression by binding to
or deleting mir-7 in zebrafish altered their brain development. Circular RNAS could also be sponges for microrna from outside the cell, notes Rajewsky.
#Babies'brains may be tuned to language before birth Despite having brains that are still largely under construction,
babies born up to three months before full term can already distinguish between spoken syllables in much the same way that adults do,
the first connections between upper brain areas are snapping into place; and links have just been forged between the inner ear and cortex.
then monitored their brain activity using a noninvasive optical imaging technique called functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
They were looking for the telltale signals of surprise that brains display#for example, when they suddenly hear male and female voices intermingled after hearing a long run of simply female voices.
The young brains were able to distinguish between male and female voices as well as between the trickier sounds ga and ba,
The work could also lead to better techniques caring for the most vulnerable brains, Wallois adds,
the first evidence that brains can distinguish between difficult consonants even before a full-term birth,
hinting at greater brain sensitivities than previously imagined5.##Yet this does not fully answer the innate-versus-learned question,
"It is possible that the experience of birth triggers a set of processes that prime the brain of a premature infant to respond to language in ways that a same-aged fetus will not
the rod and cone cells that convert light into electrical signals transmitted via the optic nerve to the brain s visual cortex for processing.
The nerve impulses from these cells are led then via the optic nerve to the visual cortex where they create impressions of sight.
and monkey retinas use to turn light patterns into patterns of electrical pulses that their brains translate into meaningful images.
and the mini-projector then converts the electrical impulses into light impulses that are sent to the brain.
and send signals to the brain, this work focuses on the quality of the artificial signals themselves so as to improve their ability to carry impulses to the brain t
#How to turn living cells into computers Synthetic biologists have developed DNA modules that perform logic operations in living cells.
It was especially effective at triggering cell suicide in glioblastoma, a kind of brain tumour that is notoriously difficult to treat2.
Mice with glioblastomas that were treated with TIC10 in combination with bevacizumab#a drug used against diseases including brain tumours
which separates the main circulatory system from the brain. This barrier normally acts to prevent hazardous agents such as microbes from infecting the brain,
but can also thwart anticancer drugs by keeping them out.""We didn t actually anticipate that this molecule would be able to treat brain tumours#that was a pleasant surprise,
says El-Deiry. Furthermore, it seems that TIC10 activates the TRAIL gene not only in cancerous cells,
#Serotonin receptors offer clues to new antidepressants Researchers have deciphered the molecular structures of two of the brain's crucial lock-and-key mechanisms.
they might now be able to make breakthroughs in drug discovery and in understanding how the physical structures of the brain produce consciousness,
However, Anacker points out that serotonin receptors can have different effects depending on where in the brain they are located and other factors."
so that a person's left and right eyes see slightly different images#a requirement for the brain to process an image as 3d.
#Flashing fish brains filmed in action"It s phenomenal, says Rafael Yuste, a neuroscientist at Columbia University in New york."
suggesting that it is not crazy to map every neuron in the brain of an animal.
Yuste has been leading the call for a big biology project2 that would do just that in the human brain,
which contains about 85,000 times more neurons than the zebrafish brain. The resolution offered by the zebrafish study will enable researchers to understand how different regions of the brain work together,
says Ahrens. With conventional techniques, imaging even 2, 000 neurons at once is difficult, so researchers must pick
for example, help to explain how the brain coordinates movement, consolidates learning or processes sights and smells."
"It allows a much better view of the dynamics throughout the brain during different behaviours
A microscope sends sheets of light rather than a conventional beam through the fish's brain,
The system records activity from the full brain every 1. 3 seconds. Ahrens, Keller and others have used previously light-sheet microscopy to image developing embryos over days3;
Ahrens and Keller think that it could work in intact mammal brains, but it would require surgery
and would cover only a small fraction of the brain. Another limitation is that neither the protein sensor nor the imaging system yet works fast enough to distinguish
But Fetcho says that it is fast enough to start to understand how activity flows through the brain.#"
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