The microridges on the fingertip are designed especially to fine-tune perception of surface texture and transfer sensory information to the brain.
Real skin transmits pressure information as short pulses of electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
Motorcycle headgear absorbs energy from a crash to protect your brain as well as your skull Experts have created a helmet with built-in suspension to protect your brain as well as your skull.
the brain is still susceptible to injuries from impacts. The 6d helmet contains a foam liner inside
which can cause the brain to spin inside the skull and lead to brain injuries. Bob Weber, cofounder of 6d helmets, said the combination of the suspension system
An array of 27 dampers work in unison to isolate impact energy from the brain. The elasticity of the dampers,
Both cardiac cells in the heart and neurons in the brain communicate by electrical signals,
which so far has been used mainly in brain science. Dr Gil Bub, from Oxford university explained:''When there is scar tissue in the heart or fibrosis,
and shape of such excitation waves would mean unprecedented direct control of organ-level function, in the heart or brain,
including those in our own brains and hearts s
#How proteins age Physiological processes in the body are in large part determined by the composition of secreted proteins found in the circulatory systems,
AGS is a rare genetic disorder that mainly affects the brain, while SLE can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, brain,
and other organs. Neither disease has a cure only treatments to control symptoms. Dr. Chen said cgas is likely amenable to inhibition by small-molecule drugs
which controls the wiring of the brain in fruit flies. Dscam1 has the potential of making 38,016 possible isoforms,
To study how many different isoforms of Dscam1 actually exist in a fly's brain, the researchers first had to convert Dscam1 RNA into DNA.
Rajadinakaran took a fruit fly brain, extracted the RNA, converted it into DNA, isolated the DNA copies of the Dscam1 RNAS,
the lungs, liver, brain or bones. They analysed the proteins in their exosomes, nearly a thousand proteins,
in order to improve the predictive power of the integrins--with specific analytical technologies that are yet to be developed--to identifying other'zip codes'that determine metastasis to the brain or bones.
stealth bombs that slip past the brain's defenses to attack an incurable form of cancer.
Efstathios Karathanasis, a biomedical engineer at Case School of engineering, has developed chainlike nanoparticles that can carry drugs across the blood-brain barrier that keeps standard medicines from reaching their target--a highly aggressive brain cancer called
which provide structure to the brain. The median survival rate among adults is just under 15 months, according to the American Brain Cancer Association.
The blood-brain barrier that normally protects the brain from harm becomes a deadly impediment when tumors are present,
preventing drugs from crossing from the blood stream into the diseased tissue. And"surgeons can't go in
"Brain tumor cells are often invasive and spread throughout the normal brain, and drugs--if they get in--do nothing because of resistance that develops."
Prion proteins and prions Prions are proteins that have undergone a change in structure from a physiological"good"form normally present in our brain to an aberrant
Sidman is a leader in the field of mammalian brain development whose studies have focused on disease mechanisms in mouse neuro-genetic disorders,
the light-sensitive layer of brain tissue at the inner surface of the back of the eye that transmits image information to other parts of the brain via the optic nerve.
#Study finds how Alzheimer's-associated protein tangles spread through the brain Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) investigators have discovered a mechanism behind the spread of neurofibrillary tangles-one of the two hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease-through the brains
while extremely rare even in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, is able to spread from one neuron to another
spreading dysfunction through the brain as the disease progresses. But how that happens has been uncertain,
"Previous research has shown that tau tangles first appear in a structure located deep within the brain called the entorhinal cortex,
which is a hub for signals passing between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Tangles appear later in other nearby structures involved with memory and cognition,
Several 2013 studies from Hyman's group and others showed the movement of a mutant form of tau between brain structures and resultant neurodegeneration in a mouse model.
when brain sample from that mouse model were applied to cultured neurons, only 1 percent of the tau in those samples was taken up by the neurons.
Similar results were seen in experiments using brain samples from Alzheimer's patients both in cultured neurons and in living mice.
The team found that applying this rare form of tau from the brains of the mouse model to neurons in the first chamber resulted in the protein's being taken up by those neurons and
Additional experiments with tau from the brains of Alzheimer's patients confirmed that the high-molecular-weight
and uptake of this form of tau is an important step in the spread of disease from one brain region to another,
In the case of our eyes, the electrical impulses transmit the image to the brain.
lend hope to patients around the world with neurological conditions that are difficult to treat due to a barrier mechanism that prevents approximately 98 percent of drugs from reaching the brain and central nervous system."
"We are developing a platform that may eventually be used to deliver a variety of drugs to the brain,
seizure disorders and many other conditions affecting the brain and nervous system down the road.""Using nasal mucosal grafting,
a known therapeutic protein for treating Parkinson's disease, to the brains of mice. They showed through behavioral
and histological data capture that their delivery method was equivalent to direct injection of GDNF-the current gold standard for delivering this drug in Parkinson's disease despite its traumatic nature and high complication rates-in diffusing drugs to the brain.
Nasal mucosal grafting is a technique regularly used in the ENT field to reconstruct the barrier around the brain after surgery to the skull base.
ENT surgeons commonly use endoscopic approaches to remove brain tumors through the nose by making a window through the blood-brain barrier to access the brain.
with the nasal lining protecting the brain from infection just as the blood brain barrier has done. Dr. Bleier saw an opportunity to apply these techniques to the widespread clinical dilemma of delivering drugs across the barrier to the brain and central nervous system.
By functionally replacing a section of the blood-brain barrier with nasal mucosa which is more than 1, 000 times more permeable than the native barrier,
surgeons may create a"screen door"to allow for drug delivery to the brain and central nervous system. The technique has the potential to benefit a large population of patients with neurodegenerative disorders,
where there remains a specific unmet need for blood-brain penetrating therapeutic delivery strategies.""We see this expanding beyond Parkinson's disease,
as there are multiple diseases of the brain that do not have good therapeutic options, "Dr. Bleier said."
"It is a platform that opens doors for new discovery and could enable drug development for an underserved population."#
without stopping to interpret the meaning of the signal in the brain. Double bionic arms, designed
Fidelity in collecting control information from the brain or elsewhere in the nervous system is important without that you can control the arm itself
And, crucially, the only way to interpret how much pressure is too much is to relay this information to the brain of a human who can judge the strength of things.
Currently available information is slightly vague about where the brain is being stimulated to produce these touch sensations.
it likely that the electrodes are stimulating the sections of motor cortex already associated with finger sensation.
and to judge it with their brain, the same as they would any reasonable level of heat.
Wee developing the hardware necessary to restore the relationship between the brain and the outside world and in the process developing the hardware necessary to completely change that relationship forever.
If your brain is wired up and youe thousands of miles away on business, why not let your partner run your spare hand over their face,
And you don have to be an amputee to get electrodes put on your brain, which opens up the area of extra mechanical limbs.
cancer has been nipping at our heelsnd brains, stomachs, kidneys, and so on. The fossil record indicates humanity embittered relationship with the disease extends even to prehistoric times.
because researchers could not extract sufficient cerebrospinal fluid to perform conventional assays. ith our technology, researchers will be able to perform large-scale controlled studies with comparable accuracy to conventional assays,
and integrate within the brain network of sensory neurons. A new assistive device for blind people taps into this sensory network.
Shimojo and postdoctoral scholar Noelle Stiles have exploited these crossmodal mappings to stimulate the visual cortex with auditory signals that encode information about the environment.
The researchers do not exactly know yet what each sensory region of the brain is doing
WHY THE BRAIN CROSS-PROCESSES uditory regions are activated upon hearing sound, as are the visual regions,
The visual part of the brain, when processing images, maps objects to spatial location, fitting them together like a puzzle piece,
To learn more about how the crossmodal processing happens in the brain, the group is currently using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) data to analyze the crossmodal neural network. These preexisting neural connections provide an important starting point for training visually impaired people to use devices that will help them see.
and the brain automatically processes images and information for seamless interaction with the environment. Current devices for the blind and visually impaired are not so automatic or intuitive to use,
when your visual cortex is activated? But our research has shown that the visual cortex can be activated by sound,
indicating that we don really need our eyes to see. It very profoundee trying to give blind people a visual experience through other senses.
and drug discovery. ur work demonstrates that the precious serotonin neurons hidden deep inside the human brain can now be created in a petri dish,
These nduced serotonergic neuronsbehave like serotonin neurons in the human brain. e know the cells were converted to serotonergic neurons
a compound that deactivates pain receptors in the brain. nzymes make and break molecules, said Stephanie Galanie,
in order to craft a molecule that emerged ready to plug pain receptors in the brain. In Science, the study authors acknowledge that a new process to make opioid painkillers could increase concerns about the potential for opioid abuse. e want there to be an open deliberative process to bring researchers and policymakers together
and infections in the developing brains. However, researchers from The Hospital for Sick Children (Sickkids) and the Research Institute of the Mcgill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC) have uncovered evidence for genetic causes of CP that may precipitate a change in the clinical
and infections in the developing brains. However, researchers from The Hospital for Sick Children (Sickkids) and the Research Institute of the Mcgill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC) have uncovered evidence for genetic causes of CP that may precipitate a change in the clinical
the leptin-in-antibody protein effectively could not cross from the bloodstream into the brain
While the interactions between these two cell types hold the key to healthy brain function and cognition,
"tpa has a direct effect on the brain as it can interact with neurons, this is why tpa can't be given for a few hours after a stroke has been diagnosed."
An individual could send signals to the hand from the brain in order to control the prosthesis but received no tactile sensory data in return, making it difficult to direct precise movements.
The feat was accomplished by running wires connected to electrodes on the patient's sensory cortex (the part of the brain responsible for identifying tactile sensations)
and motor cortex (the part that directs body movements) to the prosthesis. The mechanical hand that interfaces with the DARPA tech was developed by the Applied Physics laboratory at Johns hopkins university.
and interpreted by the subject's brain. During laboratory testing, the patient was blindfolded while researchers touched each of the hand's bionic fingers.
This osetta Stonegene has revealed a period early in the brain development when treatments may be most effective in preventing schizophrenia manifesting in the first place.
and partly because studying a living brain is very difficult. However, recent studies have begun to make some headway in understanding the biology of mental health conditions by looking at the gene mutations carried by people diagnosed with such problems.
We now know that many of the genes involved in mental health conditions carry instructions for creating the proteins in the brain synapses.
In our studies on DISC1 mice, we have found that the gene has an important function during an early period of brain development.
Targeting Schizophrenia Vulnerable Period Different parts of the brain may mature at different times but most cortical areas go through a similar sequence of development.
Therefore, different areas are all likely to go through the vulnerable period at some point in their development.
One of the challenges for the future is to discover what these ritical periodsare for different areas of the brain.
The interaction between gene mutations and brain development may have made it difficult to understand how the long list of risk factors can cause problems in the adult brain.
#Scientists Control Brain cells Using Sound waves The ability to control brain cells with sound waves sounds like science fiction, right?
and details how sound waves can target brain, heart, and muscle cells to control movement. A similar technique, called optogenetics, is currently in practice
The brain and other tissue can get in the way, scattering the light, and in order to reach certain cells,
whether this could work in a mammalian brain, "Chalasani says in a statement. His group has begun already testing the approach in mice."
and brainsaid Dr Gray, who researches HIV replication in brain cells. o completely eradicate HIV from the infected individual, that is, where there a complete elimination of every HIV infected cell in the body,
protecting brain cells and improving the rodents'memory. While there is as yet no evidence that salsalate has similar effects in humans,
a much rarer condition where tau proteins affect the motor centers of the brain b
#New Experiment Confirms Fundamental Symmetry In Nature With the help of the Large hadron collider (LHC) heavy ion detector ALICE (A large Ion Collider Experiment),
collagens, muscle fibers, miniature brain structures, and branching artery patterns made of biological matter have all been produced using the technique.
#Doctors can now put drugs straight into brains Doctors can now inject drugs straight into people brains,
and microbes can't get through to our clean brain and cause it problems. But it filters out good and intentional molecules too,
developing special molecules that can trick the BBB into think that they should be let through by exploiting the mechanism that let nutrients into the brain.
if it went straight into the brain. At the moment, they are placed into the blood and then find their way around the body.
Scientists hope that the discovery can be used to deliver iologics straight into the brain. They are special drugs based on protein
and grown in a lab. Those drugs can eventually be used to treat brain diseases, doctors hope,
But the discovery could help provide new understandings of the way that the biochemistry of the brain and body works, in the meantime e
#'Brain training'game helps people with schizophrenia live a normal life Patients who played the game regularly for a month were four times better than non-players at remembering the kind of things that are critical for normal, day-to-day life,
The computer game was based on scientific principles that are known to rainthe brain in episodic memory, which helps people to remember events such as where they parked a car
so anything that can improve the ability of the brain to remember everyday events will help them to lead a normal life,
which has led scientists to find ways of training the brain through computer-based games. e need a way of treating the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as problems with episodic memory,
he told The Independent. eople are just wrapping their brain around this idea that if your body a mess,
While prosthetics have previously been able to be controlled directly from the brain, it is the first time that signals have been sent successfully the other way. ee completed the circuit,
but without feedback from signals traveling back to the brain it can be difficult to achieve the level of control needed to perform precise movements. y wiring a sense of touch from a mechanical hand directly into the brain,
The prosthetics work by running wires from the part of the brain that controls movement into the special hand,
Inspired by the human brain, the network nodes change as they are fed information, simulating the human process of learning by experience.
and control signals from the brain-with the rather simple physics of springlike limb behavior.
#Brain's Wiring Linked to Good, Bad Behavioral Traits The way our brains are wired may reveal a lot about us,
according to new research co-authored by scientists at Washington University in St louis. For example, people with ositivebehavioral traits,
such as sharp memories, many years of education and robust physical endurance, have stronger neural connections between certain brain regions than people with egativetraits, such as smoking, aggressive behavior and a family
and successful lives from those who are not so successfulbased in part on the activity and anatomy of their brains.
The HCP brings together a global consortium of researchers working to map the structural and functional connections of the healthy, living human brain.
Designed to study how brain connectivity relates to individualsskills and behavior the project will provide researchers with detailed, high-resolution MRI brain scans on 1, 200 volunteers.
The new study, based on data from the first 500 volunteers scanned as part of the HCP,
looked closely at a series of brain regions involved in high-level cognition, like memory and imagination, including a network that remains active
when the brain is relatively idle. Earlier research by Raichle, the Alan A. and Edith L. Wolff Distinguished Professor of Medicine, played a pivotal role in the discovery of brain regions now known as the efault mode network.
These regions become active when the brain seemingly is at rest and not actively engaged in a task.
For the new study the researchers examined a HCP database that included resting-state connectomes from about 460 people ages 22 to 35 years,
Smith and his colleagues ran a massive computer analysis to examine how brain connectivity patterns correlated with individual behavioral traits, such as age, socioeconomic status, history of drug abuse, personality traits and various
The study found that participants with strongly connected brain networks also scored high on behavioral measures usually considered to be positive,
substance use and poor sleep quality. his study provides intriguing insights into how behavior is related to the incredibly complex brain networks that make each of us a unique individual,
In an interview with Nature News, Raichle cautioned that the findings of this study do not establish a cause-and-effect relationship between strong brain network connections and positive behavioral traits or between weak connections and negative traits.
While the brain connection patterns are clear across the 461 volunteers in this study there a lot of work that needs to be done before brain scans could be used to predict what sorts of skills
or behavior we might expect from a particular individual. Once these causal relationships are understood better,
it could be possible to push brains toward the oodend of the axis, Barch told Nature News. Barch said that it is likely that the variation in brain connectivity
and traits seen across individuals reflects a complex dance between environment and biology. Understanding the precise nature of these causal influences will help lead to the design of better interventions to help move the brain and behavior toward the positive end of the spectrum i
#New Material Could Turn Water into Fuel Scientists have designed theoretically a new material that could help supply the world with clean energy by turning water into fuel,
Even if the brain is out of the loop, the spinal cord appears to retain some of the"automaticity"that allows people with full function to initiate
#Simple Chemical Stops Prion Disease Mad cow, scrapie and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease are all diseases of the brain that debilitate before they kill,
Infectious prions get into the brain after people or animals eat food that is contaminated with them.
Eventually, the proteins replicate to the point where they form plaques that can kill brain cells, and give the brain the"spongy"appearance that is characteristic of prion diseases (the diseases are called formally transmissible spongiform encephalopathies).
10 Things You Didn't Know About the Brain Exactly how prions kill the cells is still under some debate,
Aguzzi said, but there's no doubt that the proteins replicate rapidly once they start linking up with certain proteins in brain cells,
and it only takes a few prions to start the process. Prions are also really hard to get rid of.
#Another Fatal Brain Disease May Come from the Spread of'Prion'Proteins A rare and fatal brain disorder called multiple system atrophy (MSA) may be caused by a newly discovered prion, a protein similar to the ones
Eventually, the buildup of misfolded proteins can cause lesions to form in the brain, leading to disease."
the researchers said. 10 Things You Didn't Know About the Brain A new prion Patients with MSA can experience tremors,
Studies show that patients have a buildup of the alpha-synuclein protein in certain brain cells.
In the new study, the researchers took brain tissue from 14 patients with MSA, and injected that material into mice that had been engineered genetically to have a mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene.
when instruments used during brain surgery are cleaned without using certain methods. This is because traditional disinfection methods don't work to get rid of prions.
because brain tissue from MSA patients did not cause disease in normal mice. Rather brain tissue from MSA patients caused disease only in mice that were engineered genetically to have a mutant alpha-synuclein protein.
In contrast,"true"prions can cause disease in normal mice, Sim said.)""The problem with branding something a prion is it induces fear,
#Wirelessly Powered Brain Implant Could Treat Depression A wirelessly powered implant the size of a grain of rice can electrically stimulate the brains of mice as the rodents do
The human brain is the most powerful computer known, an extraordinary assembly of living electrical circuits. To gain greater understanding of how the human brain works
and how to fix any problems with it neuroscientists would like to electrically stimulate the brains of simpler animals as they scurry around,
carry out tasks and respond to their surroundings. Tiny, untethered brain-stimulating devices would permit animals to move,
behave and react freely during experiments. However, batteries are too heavy and bulky to fit into such small gizmos.
However, previous wireless brain-stimulating devices were limited by their power harvesting components. If these parts were small,
"Now the researchers have created implantable wirelessly powered brain-stimulating devices by essentially using the mouse's body to help collect energy."
The device was implanted in a region of the mouse brain known the infralimbic cortex, which is implicated in animal models of depression and anxiety."
partially because the technique is a synthetic way of masking nerve signals from reaching the brain.
and an electronic control unit releases the neurotransmitter to completely block the pain signals from reaching the brain.
#3d printed Brain regions Help Neurosurgeons Prepare for Difficult Procedures While neurosurgeons have been able to virtually navigate volumetric images of patientsbrain structures gathered from CT and MRI scans,
At Boston Children Hospital, physicians are now using 3d printed replicas of brain regions theyl be working on to practice with before actual surgery.
#Optogenetics With Closed-Loop Control for Complex Brain Experiments Wee excited about optogenetics, the new technology that allows scientists to selectively control the firing of genetically modified neurons within living animalsbrains.
from learning how the brain works to treating previously unmanageable neurological conditions. So far, the triggering of neurons has been compared pretty dumb to how existing biofeedback devices and many electronic systems work.
and for how long to shine the light that excites the brain cells. Now researchers from Georgia Tech
#Brain-Machine Interface Learns to Control Robot Arm Based on User Error Brain signals Brain-machine interfaces (BMIS) restore
However, patients must spend a significant amount of time training their brain to successfully control such neuroprosthetic devices.
#White blood cell Mediated Therapy for Neurons in Patients with Parkinson Disease Scientists at the University of North carolina at Chapel hill have begun researching the delivery of neurotropic factors to the brain as a potential therapeutic for Parkinson disease.
and deliver glial cell-line derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) to the brain. GDNF is known to act as a protective protein in the brain that can stimulate the growth and healing of damaged neurons.
In the study, GDNF alleviated neuroinflammation and reversed neurodegeneration in Parkinson disease model mice. One suggested mechanism of activity is that these cells,
travel to the brain and release these neurotropic factors in small packages celled exosomes. These packages, containing the expressed protein,
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