and tryptophan Stimulate adrenal function Stimulates the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine (stress hormones) Insulin production Calcium metabolism Fights free radicals The majority of people suffer from Vitamin c deficiency
and most may not even be aware. The main cause of this deficiency is poor diet.
#Lymphatic vessels acknowledged in the brain; could be the key to better understanding disease Medical professionals everywhere may be stunned by a new discovery that overturns decades of textbook teaching.
Researchers at the University of Virginia School of medicine have discovered recently that lymphatic vessels do in fact go up into the brain,
Director of UVA's Center for Brain Immunology Prof. Jonathan Kipnis said, "It changes entirely the way we perceive the neuro-immune interaction.
We always perceived it before as something esoteric that can't be studied. But now we can ask mechanistic questions."
"In Alzheimer's, there are accumulations of big protein chunks in the brain. We think they may be accumulating in the brain
because they're not being removed efficiently by these vessels.""Chairman of the UVA Department of Neuroscience Kevin Lee said,
"They'll have to change the textbooks.""Kipnis admits he hadn't believed there still could be significant structures in the body yet undiscovered:"
"According to Kipnis, the brain's lymphatic vessels managed to escape notice until now, because they are hidden"very well."
2.)Will they finally recognize the importance of natural healing techniques that now enjoy further scientific validation in regard to healing the brain?
they do need to find new answers about the workings of the brain and the diseases that plague it.
the brain depends upon a relationship between both streams; blood and lymphatic! That all diseases result in morbidity, that all morbidity forms blockages,
SCHIZOPHRENIA BIPOLAR OR MANIACO-DEPRESSION, HOW PLASMA PROTEINS PRODUCE THE CONDITION AT THE BRAIN CELLS'LEVEL OF CHEMICAL IMBALANCE,
Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature, 2015; DOI: 10.1038/nature1443 3
#California property values collapse as water shut offs begin...wealthy community to go dry in days...
#Blown-up brains reveal nanoscale details Microscopes make living cells and tissues appear bigger. But what if we could actually make the things bigger?
but the concept is the basis for a new method that could enable biologists to image an entire brain in exquisite molecular detail using an ordinary microscope,
and they struggle with thick structures, such as sections of brain or tumours. Boyden and many other neuroscientists would like to glean molecular details such as the location of proteins at neural synapses the junctions at
which two neurons communicate within a group of neurons or even across an entire brain."
"What wee been trying to do is figure out if we can make everything bigger, "Boyden told the meeting at the US National institutes of health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland.
In one experiment with inflated mouse brain tissue, the researchers gauged the distance between two proteins that sit on opposite ends of neural synapses.
At the meeting, he showed an image of a half-millimetre slab of the mouse brain's hippocampus
at a scale that revealed connections between neighbouring neurons. Zooming in on the same image even revealed details of minute synapse structures, called boutons,
where neurotransmitters are released. Boyden team has worked also on the brains of fruit flies and zebrafish, while a collaborating group is applying expansion microscopy to human brains.
Pushing boundaries Viviana Gradinaru, a neuroscientist at the California Institute of technology in Pasadena, says that Boyden technique is another example of how scientists are bypassing hardware limitations by modifying biological tissue.
In 2013, a team led by Gradinaru together with Karl Deisseroth of Stanford university in California reported a method that strips away fats
and other molecules to make intact brain tissue transparent, allowing thick sections to be imaged with a light microscope2 (see'See-through brains clarify connections'.
'Last year, Gradinaru team applied the technique to other organs and an entire mouse3. his seems a wonderful story,
she says of Boyden approach. his is certainly highly ingenious, but how much practical use it will be is less clear, notes Guy Cox, a microscopy specialist at the University of Sydney,
Australia. f this is to be of any serious use, I suspect it will be in collaboration with existing super-resolution techniques, on small macromolecular complexes,
#Phd students build brain-controlled FPV drone Two Phd students from University of Florida, Marvin Andujar and Chris Crawford, have built a mind-machine method to control a drone through a wearable electroencephalographic (EEG) Brain-Computer Interface device.
The drone operates based on user cognitive commands. When the user thinks forward, the drone moves forward towards the direction it is facing.
While the drone flies, the user is able to view the flight from FPV (first-person view) via a front-facing camera. his project serves as the beginning of brain-machine control as a human-centric application says Marvin Andujar
#Jaguar land rover Mind Sense research monitors brainwaves through the hands via sensors in the steering wheel Jaguar land rover has revealed the ixth Senseproject,
With its road safety research, The british firm is joining a number of other car makers that have been researching the measurement of brainwaves to monitor driver concentration in the car.
if a car could effectively read the brainwaves that indicate a driver is beginning to daydream,
whilst driving. f brain activity indicates a daydream or poor concentration, then the steering wheel or pedals could vibrate to raise the driver awareness
added Dr Epple. f Mind Sense does not detect a surge in brain activity following the car displaying a warning icon or sound,
to ensure the driver is made aware of a potential hazard. he most common method for monitoring brainwaves is close to the source using sensors attached to a headband,
This detects brainwaves through the hands via sensors embedded in the steering wheel. Because the sensing is taking place further away from the driver head
and filter out the pure brainwave from any background oisejaguar Land rover is currently conducting user trials to collect more information on the different brainwaves identified through the steering wheel sensors
and will involve leading neuroscientists in the project to verify the results. On top of brainwave monitoring, Jaguar land rover is also assessing how a vehicle could monitor the well-being of the driver using a medical-grade sensor embedded in the seat of a JAGUAR XJ.
The sensor, which was developed originally for use in hospitals, has been adapted for in-car use and detects vibrations from the driver heart beat and breathing. s we develop more autonomous driving technologies,
As touch provides an immediate response to the brain, there will be no need for the driver to glance at the screen for visual confirmation
the team of Moneysupermarket has given lucky members of the public the opportunity to be trained brain
while the drivers received an EEG neuro headset to monitor their brain activity while being trained to remotely drive the car.
Each time the driver thinks of the floating balloon their brain signals are the same, and it is these signals that are ranslatedinto commands.
prosthetic device implanted in a region of the brain where intentions are made, giving him the ability to perform a fluid handshaking gesture,
Neural prosthetic devices implanted in the brain movement center, the motor cortex, can allow patients with paralysis to control the movement of a robotic limb.
However, current neuroprosthetics produce motion that is delayed and jerkyot the smooth and seemingly automatic gestures associated with natural movement.
Now, by implanting neuroprosthetics in a part of the brain that controls not the movement directly but rather our intent to move,
the clinical trial was led by principal investigator Richard Andersen, the James G. Boswell Professor of Neuroscience at Caltech, neurosurgeon Charles Y. Liu, professor of neurological surgery, neurology,
Andersen and his colleagues wanted to improve the versatility of movement that a neuroprosthetic can offer to patients by recording signals from a different brain region other than the motor cortex, i e.,
, the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a high-level cognitive area. In earlier animal studies, the Andersen lab found that it is here
These intentions are transmitted then to the motor cortex, through the spinal cord, and on to the arms and legs where the movement is executed. he PPC is earlier in the pathway,
The device was implanted surgically in Sorto brain at Keck Hospital of USC in April 2013
Liu and his team implanted a pair of small electrode arrays in two parts of the posterior parietal cortex,
in turn, each record the activity of single neurons in the PPC. The arrays are connected by a cable to a system of computers that process the signals,
to decode the brain intent and control output devices, such as a computer cursor and a robotic arm. hese arrays are very small so their placement has to be exceptionally precise,
and associate chief medical officer at Rancho Los Amigos. ecause it was the first time anyone had implanted this part of the human brain,
Keep in mind that what wee able to dohe ability to record the brain signals and decode them to eventually move the robotic arms critically dependent on the functionality of these arrays,
to communicate with his brain. The rehabilitation team of occupational therapists who specialize in helping patients adapt to loss of function in their upper limbs
or can promote recovery by capitalizing on the innate plasticity of the human nervous system, says Aisen,
also a clinical professor of neurology at the Keck School of medicine of USC. his research is relevant to the role of robotics and brain-machine interfaces as assistive devices,
but also speaks to the ability of the brain to learn to function in new ways.
Andersen says. hat we have here is a unique window into the workings of a complex high-level brain area,
#Researchers Find Missing Link Between the Brain and Immune system In a stunning discovery that overturns decades of textbook teaching,
researchers at the University of Virginia School of medicine have determined that the brain is connected directly to the immune system by vessels previously thought not to exist.
ow do we study the immune response of the brain? hy do multiple sclerosis patients have the immune attacks?
Because the brain is like every other tissue connected to the peripheral immune system through meningeal lymphatic vessels,
said Jonathan Kipnis, Phd, professor in the UVA Department of Neuroscience and director of UVA Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG).
t changes entirely the way we perceive the neuro-immune interaction. We always perceived it before as something esoteric that can be studied.
New Discovery in Human body Kevin Lee, Phd, chairman of the UVA Department of Neuroscience, described his reaction to the discovery by Kipnislab:
There has never been a lymphatic system for the central nervous system, and it was very clear from that first singular observation
and theye done many studies since then to bolster the finding that it will fundamentally change the way people look at the central nervous system relationship with the immune system.
The vessels were detected after Louveau developed a method to mount a mouse meninges the membranes covering the brain on a single slide
We fixed the meninges within the skullcap, so that the tissue is secured in its physiological condition,
'As to how the brain lymphatic vessels managed to escape notice all this time, Kipnis described them as ery well hiddenand noted that they follow a major blood vessel down into the sinuses, an area difficult to image. t so close to the blood vessel,
Harris, a Phd, is an assistant professor of neuroscience and a member of the BIG center.
Alzheimer, Autism, MS and Beyond The unexpected presence of the lymphatic vessels raises a tremendous number of questions that now need answers, both about the workings of the brain and the diseases that plague it.
there are accumulations of big protein chunks in the brain, Kipnis said. e think they may be accumulating in the brain
because theye not being removed efficiently by these vessels. He noted that the vessels look different with age
Researchers discover that risk mutations disrupt a delicate chemical balance in the brain, responsible for brain development and function.
Published today in the journal Neuron, their work presents strong evidence that disruption of a delicate chemical balance in the brain is implicated heavily in the disorder.
In the largest ever study of its kind the team found that disease-linked mutations disrupt specific sets of genes contributing to excitatory and inhibitory signalling, the balance
of which plays a crucial role in healthy brain development and function. The breakthrough builds on two landmark studies led by members of the Cardiff University team,
Professor Hugh Perry, who chairs the Medical Research Council Neuroscience and Mental health Board said: his work builds on our understanding of the genetic causes of schizophrenia unravelling how a combination of genetic faults can disrupt the chemical balance of the brain. cientists in the UK,
as part of an international consortium, are uncovering the genetic causes of a range of mental health issues, such as schizophrenia. n the future,
A healthy brain is able to function properly thanks to a precise balance between chemical signals that excite
and inhibit nerve cell activity. Researchers studying psychiatric disorders have suspected previously that disruption of this balance contributes to schizophrenia.
the team was able to show that the mutations in individuals with the disorder tended to disrupt genes involved in specific aspects of brain function.
The disease-causing effects of CNVS are suspected also to be involved in other neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD.
#Deficiency of Specific Protein in Brain Blood vessels Increases Risk for Alzheimer Disease New study finds that PICALM protein regulates removal of toxic plaques from brain.
Sientists at the Keck School of medicine of USC have discovered that a protein known as PICALM regulates removal of toxic plaques from the brain,
In a study that appeared in a recent edition of Nature Neuroscience, researchers identify this new role for PICALM,
characterized by the loss of memory and other mental abilities linked to an accumulation of amyloid-beta and other toxic compounds in the brain.
disable amyloid-beta from being cleared out of the brain across a region known as the blood-brain barrier. here have been many new genes discovered to be associated with Alzheimer disease,
and its variants associated with increased risk for the disease inactivate amyloid-beta clearance from the brain,
Autopsies from Alzheimer patients and recent research in experimental models have shown the importance of brain blood vessels in the disease initiation and progression.
Zlokovic and his research team have studied the cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain blood vessels that maintain normal cognition with hopes of developing new treatments for Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases.
the group found that low levels of PICALM in brain endothelial cells lead to amyloid-beta accumulation in the brain.
and Age Related Neurodegeneration The process that allows our brains to learn and generate new memories also leads to degeneration as we age, according to a new study by researchers at MIT.
our brain cells break their DNA, creating damage that the neurons must immediately repair, according to Li-Huei Tsai, the Picower Professor of Neuroscience and director of the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at MIT.
This process is essential to learning and memory. ells physiologically break their DNA to allow certain important genes to be expressed,
Tsai says. n the case of neurons, they need to break their DNA to enable the expression of early response genes,
our brains create DNA breaks as we learn new things, but our cells are absolutely on top of this
neurons in the hippocampal region of the brain contain a large number of DNA lesions, known as double strand breaks.
if they created such damage in neurons. They applied a toxic agent to the neurons known to induce double strand breaks
and then harvested the RNA from the cells for sequencing. They discovered that of the 700 genes that showed changes as a result of this damage,
the researchers then treated the neurons with a substance that causes synapses to strengthen in a similar way to exposure to a new experience. ure enough,
They discovered that protein called MIM bends the plasma membrane to aid the formation of dendritic spines from the surface of the neuronal dendrite.
as most of the neuronal connections, called synapses, are build to dendritic spines. In many central nervous system diseases, the dendritic spine density is altered. nderstanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation process of dendritic spines enables us to manipulate their initiation rate and density.
In future this knowledge can be helpful in the development of therapeutic interventions for neurological diseases underlined by altered dendritic spine density, such as autism spectrum disorder, Schizophrenia or Alzheimer's disease.
says project leader Pirta Hotulainen from the Neuroscience Center of the University of Helsinki. This research has been collaboration between many distinct research groups combining cell biology to neuroscience. o sole research group could have achieved such a comprehensive view of the dendritic spine initiation mechanism and show its importance for the brain function
says Pirta Hotulainen
#Planarian Regeneration Model Discovered by Artificial intelligence An artificial intelligence system has for the first time reverse-engineered the regeneration mechanism of planariahe small worms
#Injectable Device Delivers a Nano-View of the Brain Promise against disease in electronic scaffolds.
It a notion that might have come from the pages of a science-fiction novel an electronic device that can be injected directly into the brain,
and used to monitor neural activity, stimulate tissues, or even promote regeneration of neurons. The research is described in a June 8 paper in Nature Nanotechnology.
Contributors to the work include Jia Liu, Tian-Ming Fu, Zengguang Cheng, Guosong Hong, Tao Zhou, Lihua Jin, Madhavi Duvvuri, Zhe Jiang, Peter
or nerve cells grown with embedded scaffolds could be used to create yborgtissue. Researchers were then able to record electrical signals generated by the tissue,
-or neuro-stimulating drugs. e were able to demonstrate that we could make this scaffold and culture cells within it,
if you want to study the brain or develop the tools to explore the brain-machine interface,
you need to stick something into the body. When releasing the electronic scaffold completely from the fabrication substrate,
Though not the first attempt at implanting electronics into the brain deep brain stimulation has been used to treat a variety of disorders for decades the nanofabricated scaffolds operate on a completely different scale. xisting techniques are crude relative to the way the brain is wired,
Theye what I call euro-philicthey actually like to interact with neurons. The process for fabricating the scaffolds is similar to that used to etch microchips,
or record neural activity. hese type of things have never been done before, from both a fundamental neuroscience and medical perspective,
or even from specific neurons over an extended period of time this could, I think, make a huge impact on neuroscience,
Lieber said
#Immune system Linked to Motor neuron Death in ALS A previously unknown link between the immune system and the death of motor neurons in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),
also known as Lou Gehrig disease, has been discovered by scientists at the CHUM Research Centre and the University of Montreal.
a tiny 1 mm-long roundworm, plays a critical role in the development of ALS. n imbalance of the immune system can contribute to the destruction of motor neurons
and trigger the disease, said Alex Parker, CRCHUM researcher and associate professor in the Department of Neuroscience at the University of Montreal.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neuromuscular disease that attacks neurons and the spinal cord. Those affected gradually become paralyzed and typically die less than five years after the onset of symptoms.
that system triggers a misguided attack against the worm own neurons. he worm thinks it has a viral or bacterial infection and launches an immune response.
and destroys the animal motor neurons, Alex Parker explained. Is the same scenario at work with people?
The human equivalent of the tir-1 gene SARM1 has proved crucial to the nervous system integrity.
This research was supported financially by an ALS Canada-Brain Canada Discovery Grant, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
Here we show that the expression of mutant proteins causative for ALS in Caenorhabditis elegans motor neurons induces an innate immune response via TIR-1/Sarm1.
and the transcription factor atf-7 all suppress motor neuron degeneration. The neurosecretory proteins UNC-13 and UNC-31 are required for induction of the immune response as well as the degeneration of motor neurons.
The human orthologue of UNC-13 UNC13A, has been identified as a genetic modifier of survival in ALS,
and we provide functional evidence of UNC-13/UNC13A in regulating motor neuron degeneration. We propose that the innate immune system reacts to the presence of mutant proteins as a contagion,
#Imaging Technique Provides Color Coded Map Showing Cancerous Brain areas New imaging technique could make brain tumor removal safer and more effective,
Brain surgery is famously difficult for good reason: When removing a tumor, for example, neurosurgeons walk a tightrope as they try to take out as much of the cancer as possible
while keeping crucial brain tissue intact and visually distinguishing the two is often impossible. Now Johns Hopkins researchers report they have developed an imaging technology that could provide surgeons with a color-coded map of a patient brain showing
which areas are and are not cancer. A summary of the research appears June 17 in Science Translational Medicine. s a neurosurgeon,
neuroscience and oncology at the Johns hopkins university School of medicine and the clinical leader of the research team. e think optical coherence tomography has strong potential for helping surgeons know exactly where to cut.
thought OCT might provide a solution to the problem of separating brain cancers from other tissue during surgery.
Eventually, the researchers figured out that a second special property of brain cancer cells that they lack the so-called myelin sheaths that coat healthy brain cells had a greater effect on the OCT readings than did density.
Once they had found the characteristic OCT ignatureof brain cancer, the team devised a computer algorithm to process OCT data and,
the team has tested the system on fresh human brain tissue removed during surgeries and in surgeries to remove brain tumors from mice.
In a recent study, scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain sciences in Leipzig, the University of Amsterdam and INSERM Caen have pinpointed the location of musical memory for the first time
and shown that this area of the brain remains largely intact despite progressive degeneration of the brain in Alzheimer patients.
the researchers first located the seat of long-term musical memory in the brain with the help of functional ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging.
The scientists were able to conclude from the various active brain areas which of the three categories (long-known, recently heard,
They identified a region in the supplementary motor cerebral cortex that is responsible for long-term musical memory an area that is involved in movement. ur study shows that the temporal lobes are not essential for musical memory,
loss of neurons, reduced metabolism and deposition of amyloid protein in the affected brain areas. They found that the brain area that had been identified as the seat of long-term musical memory does in fact lose fewer neurons than the rest of the brain.
Also, metabolism in this area does not decline as much. The extent of amyloid deposits is similar to that in other areas of the brain
but does not lead to the deficits otherwise associated with advanced stages of the disease.
The brain areas responsible for long-term musical memory are affected therefore often least by neuron loss and typical metabolic disorders in Alzheimer patients.
The results of the study indicate that long-term musical memory is preserved better in Alzheimer patients than short-term memory, autobiographical long-term memory and speech.
This suggests that this area of the brain also provides specific compensatory functions as the disease progresses,
A team of researchers at the Defitech Foundation Chair in Brain-Machine Interface (CNBI), headed by José del R. Millán,
has however been working on a revolutionary brain-machine approach in order to restore a sense of independence to the disabled.
dedicated to brain-machine interfaces. 19 people tested, 100%success rate Nine disabled people and ten healthy people in Italy,
For several weeks, each of the subjects put on an electrode-studded hat capable of analysing their brain signals.
Shared control between human and machine The brain-machine interface developed by the researchers goes even further.
The TOBI project, funded by the European commission, aims at developing brain-machine interfaces for people with disabilities to control telepresence robots or a wheelchair using only mental commands.
project called TOBI (Tools for Brain-Computer Interaction which began in 2008. Will robots soon become a fact of daily life for people suffering from a disability?
#Artificial Neurons Can Communicate in the Same Way as Human Neurons Scientists at Karolinska Institutet have managed to build a fully functional neuron by using organic bioelectronics.
This artificial neuron contain no ivingparts, but is capable of mimicking the function of a human nerve cell
and communicate in the same way as our own neurons do. Neurons are isolated from each other
and communicate with the help of chemical signals, commonly called neurotransmitters or signal substances. Inside a neuron, these chemical signals are converted to an electrical action potential,
which travels along the axon of the neuron until it reaches the end. Here at the synapse
the electrical signal is converted to the release of chemical signals, which via diffusion can relay the signal to the next nerve cell.
To date, the primary technique for neuronal stimulation in human cells is based on electrical stimulation. However, scientists at the Swedish Medical Nanoscience Centre (SMNC) at Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience in collaboration with colleagues at Linköping University, have created now an organic bioelectronic device that is capable of receiving chemical signals,
which it can then relay to human cells. ur artificial neuron is made of conductive polymers
and it functions like a human neuron says lead investigator Agneta Richter-Dahlfors, professor of cellular microbiology. he sensing component of the artificial neuron senses a change in chemical signals in one dish,
and translates this into an electrical signal. This electrical signal is translated next into the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in a second dish,
whose effect on living human cells can be monitored. eurologial disorders The research team hope that their innovation,
presented in the journal Biosensors & Bioelectronics, will improve treatments for neurologial disorders which currently rely on traditional electrical stimulation.
The new technique makes it possible to stimulate neurons based on specific chemical signals received from different parts of the body.
In the future this may help physicians to bypass damaged nerve cells and restore neural function. Artifical neuron mimicks function of human cellsext, we would like to miniaturize this device to enable implantation into the human body says Agneta Richer-Dahlfors. e foresee that in the future,
by adding the concept of wireless communication, the biosensor could be placed in one part of the body,
and trigger release of neurotransmitters at distant locations. Using such auto-regulated sensing and delivery,
or possibly a remote control, new and exciting opportunities for future research and treatment of neurological disorders can be envisaged. unding This study was made possible by funding from Carl Bennet AB,
VINNOVA, Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Research Council, Swedish Brain Power, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
and Önnesjö Foundation. Source: KI Press Office Karolinska Instituteimage Credit: Image is adapted from the Karolinska Institute video
and is credited to the researchersvideo Source: The video is available at the karolinskainstitutet Youtube pageoriginal Research:
Abstract for n organic electronic biomimetic neuron enables auto-regulated neuromodulationby Daniel T. Simon, Karin C. Larsson, David Nilsson, Gustav Burström, Dagmar
10.1016/j. bios. 2015.04. 058abstractan organic electronic biomimetic neuron enables auto-regulated neuromodulationcurrent therapies for neurological disorders are based on traditional medication and electric stimulation.
Here, we present an organic electronic biomimetic neuron, with the capacity to precisely intervene with the underlying malfunctioning signalling pathway using endogenous substances.
The fundamental function of neurons, defined as chemical-to-electrical-to-chemical signal transduction, is achieved by connecting enzyme-based amperometric biosensors and organic electronic ion pumps.
Biosensors detected neurotransmitters in physiologically relevant ranges of 50 M showing linear response above 20 m with approx. 0. 1 na/M slope.
activated local or distant neurotransmitter delivery from the organic electronic ion pump. Changes of 20 M glutamate or acetylcholine triggered diffusive delivery of acetylcholine,
which activated cells via receptor-mediated signalling. This was observed in real-time by single-cell ratiometric Ca2+imaging.
The results demonstrate the potential of the organic electronic biomimetic neuron in therapies involving long-range neuronal signalling by mimicking the function of projection neurons.
Alternatively, conversion of glutamate-induced descending neuromuscular signals into acetylcholine-mediated muscular activation signals may be obtained
and active prosthetics. se of Brain MRI Atlases to Determine Boundaries Of age-Related Pathology: The Importance of Statistical Methodby David Alexander Dickie, Dominic E. Job, David Rodriguez Gonzalez, Susan D. Shenkin,
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