electrostimulators to change neural signals in the brain; and drug delivery systems to apply medicines directly to affected areas,
because electroceutical approaches would use implantable devices to directly modulate activity in specific brain circuits.
act globally throughout the brain. o make electroceuticals practical, devices must be miniaturized, and ways must be found to power them wirelessly, deep in the brain, many centimeters from the surface,
he says. he Poon lab has solved a significant piece of the puzzle for safely powering implantable microdevices,
we can safely transmit power to tiny implants in organs like the heart or brain,
It paralyzes patients as it kills motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Researchers like Feldman believe stem cell therapiesoth from embryonic and adult varietiesight help patients grow new nerve cells.
The compound, called FRAX486, appears to halt an out-of-control biological runingprocess in the schizophrenic brain that unnecessarily destroys important connections among brain cells,
The scientists were able to see this by peering into the brains of the mice with DISC1 mutations on the 35th and 60th day of their lives, the equivalent of adolescence and young adulthood.
Sawa cautions that it has not yet been shown that PAK is elevated in the brains of people with schizophrenia.
the new findings support the idea that genetic differences expressed early during brain development may have a lot to do with the development of bipolar disorder symptomsnd other mental health conditions that arise later in life, especially in the teen and young adult years.
the neurons made from bipolar disorder patients also differed in how they were ddressedduring development for delivery to certain areas of the brain.
This may have an impact on brain development, too. The researchers also found differences in microrna expression in bipolar cellsiny fragments of RNA that play key roles in the eadingof genes.
For example the Kv2. 1 channel that this probe binds to leads to epilepsy when it s not functioning properly. n addition the ability to better observe electrical signaling could help researchers map the brain at its most basic levels. nderstanding the molecular
mechanisms of neuronal firing is a fundamental problem in unraveling the complexities of brain functioncohen says.
#Light makes mice forget scary memories University of California Davis rightoriginal Studyposted by Andy Fell-UC Davis on October 14 2014to test a longstanding idea about how the brain retrieves memories about specific places
and the data provides the first direct evidence that it is true. hey could also see how the specific cells in the cortex were connected to the amygdala a structure in the brain that is involved in emotion
Autism has also been linked to dysfunction of the amygdala a brain structure involved in processing emotions.
In this study we wanted to figure out how the brain does thatanderson says. Anderson and his colleagues discovered two intermingled
but distinct populations of neurons in the amygdala a part of the brain that is involved in innate social behaviors.
Interestingly these two populations are distinguished according to the most fundamental subdivision of neuron subtypes in the brain:
Then by shining a light on these modified neurons via a tiny fiber optic cable inserted into the brain researchers can control the activity of the cells as well as their associated behaviors.
#Neurons reveal the brain s learning limit Scientists have discovered a fundamental constraint in the brain that may explain why it s easier to learn a skill that s related to an ability you already have.
As reported in Nature the researchers found for the first time that there are limitations on how adaptable the brain is during learning
Understanding how the brain s activity can be lexedduring learning could eventually be used to develop better treatments for stroke and other brain injuries.
and cookies but it would be difficult to make hamburger patties with the existing ingredientssadtler says. e found that the brain works in a similar way during learning.
or the study the research team trained animals (Rhesus macaques) to use a brain-computer interface (BCI) similar to ones that have shown recent promise in clinical trials for assisting quadriplegics
and amputees his evolving technology is a powerful tool for brain researchsays Daofen Chen program director at the National Institute of Neurological disorders
and Stroke (NINDS) part of the National institutes of health. t helps scientists study the dynamics of brain circuits that may explain the neural basis of learning. he researchers recorded neural activity in the subject s motor cortex
whereas the easier-to-learn patterns were combinations of preexisting brain patterns. Because the existing brain patterns likely reflect how the neurons are interconnected the results suggest that the connectivity among neurons shapes learning. e wanted to study how the brain changes its activity
when you learn and also how its activity cannot change. Cognitive flexibility has a limit
Lead researcher Kaye Morgan from Monash University says the imaging method allows doctors to look at soft tissue structures for example the brain airways
The new imaging method which was developed using a synchrotron x-ray source may also open up possibilities in assessing how effective treatments were for other lung heart and brain diseases.
Our brains are able to judge the trustworthiness of a face even when we cannot consciously see it. he results are consistent with an extensive body of research suggesting that we form spontaneous judgments of other people that can be largely outside awarenessexplains Jonathan Freeman an assistant professor in New york University's psychology department.
The researchers focused on the workings of the brain's amygdala a structure that is important for humans social and emotional behavior.
To gauge this part of the brain's role in making such assessments the study s authors conducted a pair of experiments in which they monitored the activity of subjects amygdala
In the experiments a new set of subjects viewed the same faces inside a brain scanner
which is thought to terminate the brain's ability to further process the face and prevent it from reaching awareness.
#See into living brain with lasers and nanotubes Stanford university rightoriginal Studyposted by Bjorn Carey-Stanford on August 7 2014by injecting carbon nanotubes into the bloodstream scientists can use near-infrared lasers to see blood flow in a living animal s brain.
The new technique which is almost completely noninvasive was developed for mice but could offer insight into human ailments such as strokes migraines and possibly Alzheimer s and Parkinson s diseases.
Some of the most damaging brain diseases can be traced to irregular blood delivery in the brain.
or activity of the brain or even stimulate an immune response. Meanwhile noninvasive techniques such as CT SCANS or MRI visualize function best at the whole-organ level
and skull and penetrate millimeters into the brain allowing us to see vasculature in an almost noninvasive waysays first author Guosong Hong who conducted the research as a graduate student in Dai s lab
First the light penetration depth needs to be increased to pass deep into the human brain. Second injecting carbon nanotubes needs approval for clinical application;
#or be caused in part by#changes in blood flow to certain parts of the brain.
NIR-IIA imaging might offer a means of better understanding the role of healthy vasculature in those diseases Hong says. e could also label different neuron types in the brain with biomarkers
Eventually we might be able to use NIR-IIA to learn how each neuron functions inside of the brain. ther coauthors of the study are from Stanford Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical school.
and her collaborators to create a transparent whole-brain specimen. With the CLARITY method a rodent brain is infused with a solution of lipid-dissolving detergents
and hydrogel#a water-based polymer gel that provides structural support #thus learingthe tissue but leaving its three-dimensional architecture intact for study.
so that it can be used to clear other organs besides the brain and even whole organisms.
a cranial volume reported as only 380 milliliters (23.2 cubic inches) suggesting a brain less than one third the size of an average modern human s and short thighbones
Here too the brain size they estimate is within the range expected for an Australomelanesian human with Down syndrome.
#EEG reveals image in short-term memory Researchers have tapped the rhythm of memories as they occur in near real time in the human brain.
BRAIN STORAGE The findings come from a basic research project led by Awh and coauthor Edward K. Vogel that seeks to understand the limits of storing information. t turns out that it quite restricted,
#eurogrid chips mimic the brain to use less energy Compared to the human brain, today computers are ridiculously slow
the brain is hard to match, says Kwabena Boahen, associate professor of bioengineering at Stanford university. Boahen and his team have developed a circuit board consisting of 16 custom-designed eurocorechips.
and synapses than other brain mimicking devices using only about the power it takes to run a tablet computer.
But it still a power hog compared to the brain. he human brain, with 80,000 times more neurons than Neurogrid, consumes only three times as much power,
Comparison aside, Neurogrid speed and low power characteristics make it ideal for more than just modeling the human brain.
you have to know how the brain works to program one of these, says Boahen, gesturing at the $40,
OTHER ATTEMPTS TO MIMIC THE BRAIN In an article published in the Proceedings of the IEEE,
including the European union Human brain Project, which aims to simulate a human brain on a supercomputer. By contrast
the US BRAIN Projecthort for Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologiesas taken a tool-building approach by challenging scientists to develop new kinds of tools that can read out the activity of thousands
or even millions of neurons in the brain as well as write in complex patterns of activity.
Zooming from the big picture, Boahen article focuses on two projects comparable to Neurogrid that attempt to model brain functions in silicon and/or software.
to emulate the ability of neurons to make a great many synaptic connections feature that helps the brain solve problems on the fly.
HICANN CHIP FOR BRAIN SIMULATORS Heidelberg University Brainscales project has the ambitious goal of developing analog chips to mimic the behaviors of neurons and synapses.
Their HICANN chiphort for High Input Count Analog Neural Networkould be the core of a system designed to accelerate brain simulations
For instance, a chip as fast and efficient as the human brain could drive prosthetic limbs with the speed
Approximate computing could endow computers with a capability similar to the human brain s ability to scale the degree of accuracy needed for a given task.
#Dendrites are like minicomputers in your brain University of North carolina at Chapel hill rightoriginal Studyposted by Mark Derewicz-UNC on October 30 2013the branch-like projections of neurons called dendrites are not just passive wiring
but act more like tiny computers multiplying the brain s processing power. uddenly it s
as if the processing power of the brain is much greater than we had originally thoughtsays Spencer Smith an assistant professor in the University of North carolina at Chapel hill s School of medicine.
His team s findings published in the journal Nature could change the way scientists think about longstanding scientific models of how neural circuitry functions in the brain
They used patch-clamp electrophysiology to attach a microscopic glass pipette electrode filled with a physiological solution to a neuronal dendrite in the brain of a mouse.
Once the pipette was attached to a dendrite Smith s team took electrical recordings from individual dendrites within the brains of anesthetized and awake mice.
they seem to be a computational unit as well. is team plans to explore what this newly discovered dendritic role may play in brain circuitry and particularly in conditions like Timothy syndrome in
and connections as our brain processes new information. In order to do this individual neurons use an internal gauge to maintain a delicate balance that keeps our brains from becoming too excitable.
Scientists have theorized long a larger internal system monitors these individual gauges like a neural thermostat regulating average firing rates across the whole brain.
Without this thermostat they reasoned our flexible neurons would fire out of control making bad connections or none at all.
which the brain is excited too and autism in which the brain is excited not enough. f we can figure out how these set points are built we may be able to adjust them
and bring the brains of people suffering from such disorders back into balancesays Gina Turrigiano a professor at Brandeis University who led the study.
Turrigiano and colleagues observed in vivo that neocortical neurons cells that control higher functions such as sight language
when the brain does most of its wiring affected largely by the environment in which the animal is being raised.
and wakefulnesshengen says. he other rules in the brain have to play out in the context of this tightly regulated system of locked-in average firing rates. ource:
#Shortcut lets brain make memories in a flash Mcgill University rightoriginal Studyposted by Anita Kar-Mcgill U. on October 16 2013nerve cells have a special re-assemblytechnique that enables the brain to quickly form memories.
when it s the wrong timesays Wayne Sossin a neuroscientist at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital at Mcgill University and senior investigator on the paper. his is especially important with nerve cells in the brain as you only want the brain to make precise
#We were trying to figure out which part of the brain is doing what during sleep independent of
In part because it employed three different kinds of brain scans the research is the first to precisely quantify changes among certain brainwaves
and accuracy volunteers showed on the task after a few hours sleep was associated significantly with changes in fast-sigma and delta brainwave oscillations in their supplementary motor area (SMA) a region on the top-middle of the brain.
It s an intensive activity for the brain to consolidate learning and so the brain may benefit from sleep perhaps
because more energy is available or because distractions and new inputs are fewer says corresponding author Yuka Sasaki a research associate professor in the department of cognitive linguistic & psychological sciences.#
The extent of reorganization that the brain accomplishes during sleep is suggested by the distinct roles the two brainwave oscillations appear to play.
while their brains were scanned both with magnetoencephalography (MEG) which measures the oscillations with precise timing and polysomnography
On day five the researchers scanned each volunteer with an magnetic resonance imaging machine which maps brain anatomy
so that they could later see where the MEG oscillations they had observed were located in each subject s brain.
In all the experimenters tracked five different oscillation frequencies in eight brain regions (four distinct regions on each of the brain s two sides.
since a project to further study how the brain consolidates learning. In this case they re looking at visual learning tasks.#
#Computer picks emotion based on brain scan CARNEGIE MELLON (US) For the first time, scientists have identified which emotion a person is experiencing based on brain activity.
The findings illustrate how the brain categorizes feelings, giving researchers the first reliable process to analyze emotions.
For the study, 10 actors were scanned at the Scientific Imaging & Brain Research center while viewing the words of nine emotions:
To identify emotions within the brain, the researchers first used the participantsneural activation patterns in early scans to identify the emotions experienced by the same participants in later scans.
when the computer model made use of activation patterns in only one of a number of different subsections of the human brain. his suggests that emotion signatures aren limited to specific brain regions,
This is how emotions are organized in the brain. In the future, the researchers plan to apply this new identification method to a number of challenging problems in emotion research,
and the brain scientists say. A team of researchers introduced a robot designed to replicate the color pattern
#Tiny new sensor could simplify brain wave research Two years ago, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the U s. developed a tiny magnetic sensor that could detect the human heartbeat without touching the subject's skin.
making it capable of measuring human brain activity and becoming almost as sensitive-but much cheaper and easier to operate-than the best magnetometers available today.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a noninvasive procedure that measures the magnetic fields generated by the brain. This helps neuroscientists understand perceptual and cognitive processes
or even create better brain-computer interfaces. Today, the gold standard in MEG technology are superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDS.
The NIST sensor was used to measure alpha waves in the brain associated with a person opening
After a period of training however the rats learned to activate the electrical impulses with their brains allowing them to walk
Eventually they even started forming new neuronal connections between the brain and the lower spine circumventing the cut in the spinal cord.
Those electrodes deliver a current plus they can detect electrical impulses (such as those that would be used to move the legs) in the brain.
#Gelatin Nanoparticles could Deliver Drugs to your Brain Stroke victims could have more time to seek treatment that could reduce harmful effects on the brain thanks to tiny blobs of gelatin that could deliver the medication to the brain non-invasively.
The researchers found that gelatin nanoparticles could be laced with medications for delivery to the brain
Illinois professor Kyekyoon#Kevin#Kim graduate student Elizabeth Joachim and researchscientist Hyungsoo Choi developed tiny gelatin nanoparticles that can carry medicationto the brain which could lead to longer
They can be administered nasally a noninvasive and direct route to the brain. This allows the drug to bypass the blood-brain barrier a biological fence that prevents the vast majority of drugs from entering the brain through the bloodstream.#
#Overcoming the difficulty of delivering therapeutic agents to specific regions of the brain presents a major challenge to treatment of most neurological disorders#said Choi.#
#However if drug substances can be transferred along the olfactory nerve cells they can bypass the blood-brain barrier
and enter the brain directly.##To test gelatin nanoparticles as a drug-delivery system the researchers used the drug osteopontin (OPN)
so that treating a rat with nanoparticles six hours after a stroke showed the same efficacy rate as giving them OPN alone after one hour#70 percent recovery of dead volume in the brain.
#Gelatin nanoparticles are a delivery vehicle that could be used to deliver many therapeutics to the brain#Choi said.#
#How Scientists Can Turn off Pain Receptors In research published in the medical journal Brain, Saint louis University researcher Daniela Salvemini, Ph d. and colleagues within SLU,
demonstrated that turning on a receptor in the brain and spinal cord counteracts chronic nerve pain in male and female rodents.
disease of knowledge and the brain which makes adults become babies. But South korea low birth rate will make family caregiving tougher. feel
like the brain, he said, letting it crash down. Now, he brain is destroyed. ementia is very bad for you,
so protect your brain, he said, with exercise, ot drinking too much sugar, and saying, addy, don drink so much because it not good for dementia.
At a Dementia March outside the World cup Soccer Stadium, children carried signs promoting Dr. Yang Mapo district center:
ake the Brain Smile! and ow is Your Memory? Free diagnosis center in Mapo. The Mapo Center for Dementia perches at a busy crossroads of old and new, near a university and a shop selling naturopathic goat extracts.
and my brain is processing it, but I cannot say it out loud, he said about the questions. ow can my brilliant brain remember everything?
Jeez, it so headachy. Checking his ability to categorize items, Dr. Yang asked, hat do you call dog and tiger?
He suggested that Mr. Cha get a government-subsidized brain M. R i. to confirm the diagnosis,
gesturing toward his brain, hat something wrong with this, just a little bit. Students as Helpers Schools offer community service credit, encouraging work with dementia patients,
The edible battery could also be used in medical devices like pacemakers and#implants#that treat Alzheimers and other brain conditions.
rather than just tolerating brain-numbing work to fund enjoyment elsewhere.####According to the Kaufman Index of Entrepreneurial Activity (KIEA), the entrepreneurial rate in the U s. is already well above the dot com bubble of 15 years ago,
#What happens when we put computers in our brains? This may seem like a wild idea,
Of course, duplicating synapse firings in nanotube circuits does not mean that scientists are ready to replace the human brain,
The#MIT#researchers hope to gain a better understanding of how the brain gives rise to intelligence,
Reverse-engineering the brain. This massive#Blue Brain#effort with completion expected by mid-to-late-2020s will enable scientists to simulate the brain in a machine.
This is the first step in creating computers more powerful than human brains, says futurist Ray Kurzweil, in#The Singularity is Near.##
##The key lies in decoding and simulating the cerebral cortex, the seat of cognition, ##Kurzweil continues;##
predicts in his#blogthat expected advances in molecular nanotechnology will one day enable us to replace brain cells with damage-resistant nanomaterials that process thoughts faster than today s biological brains.##
##The new brain would include an exact copy of the structure and personality that existed before the conversion,
We could even control thought speeds, shifting from 100 milliseconds, the response time of todays brains, to 50 nanoseconds, millions of times faster.
Burch describes how we would switch to this new brain. A daily pill would supply nanomaterials
but in six months, we would sport the new brain. Our artificial brain will allow wireless interface with computers and other digital technologies.
The most important benefit of our new brain could be its ability to survive disaster.
nanobots would quickly repair our brain, if damaged. Information is transmitted then to a processing center where a new body is cloned,
ready for transfer of our brain. The accident victim would wake up, not even realizing they had died.
Biological brains die within minutes after the heart stops, but our new brain will simply turn itself off and wait for a new power supply.
Experts predict these technologies could be in place by mid-century, but some wonder, will this make us less human;
Personally, once I get over the##yuck##factor of replacing my brain I see this as an incredible lifesaving medical procedure.
##Everyone knows that gaming is actually good for neurology and the brain, ##Stubb says.####Long gone are the days where parents tell you to stop.
Because once disgust shows up the brain of the disgust-feeler starts processing the other person (i e. the disgust trigger) as a toxin.
the brain's pattern recognition has a hair-trigger mechanism for recognizing signs of low-fertility and ill-health.
Something that acts almost human but not quite, reads to our brain's pattern recognition systemas illness.
When the brain detects humanlike features that is, when we recognize a member of our own species we tend to pay more attention.
Futurist Marshall Brain in his#Robotic Freedom Blog#agrees with the idea. America should create a $25, 000 annual stipend for every U s. adult,
Brain says, which would be phased in over two-to-three decades. Arrival of human level automated systems marks a transformative time in history.
Researchers found that over-expression of the gene was associated actually with a physically larger brain,
The bulk of the brain s development happens before birth, and there are periods largely in childhood
and young adulthood when the brain experiences bursts of new growth. In the past couple of decades,
the region of the brain associated with learning and memory. Abstract of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences paper The role of the nuclear receptor TLX in hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition has begun just to be explored.
Transgenic TLX expression led to mice with enlarged brains with an elongated hippocampal dentate gyrus and increased numbers of newborn neurons.
and predictably reactivate it by stimulating nerves in the brain. The University of California, San diego School of medicine researchers have erased
and predictably reactivate it by stimulating nerves in the brain at frequencies that are known to weaken
Scientists optically stimulated a group of nerves in a rat s brain that had been modified genetically to make them sensitive to light
noted that the beta amyloid peptide that accumulates in the brains of people with Alzheimer s disease weakens synaptic connections in much the same way that low-frequency stimulation erased memories in the rats.
while wearing a motorized exoskeleton controlled by his or her brain. Colorado State university in particular recently published a video of its portion of the Walk Again Project,
The project started by partnering with some of the best brain and heart experts in the industry to brainstorm and develop ideas.
#Longevity gene may enhance brain power For the first time ever, scientists have shown that people who have a variant of a gene called KLOTHO also have improved cognitive abilities,
If we could boost the brain ability to function, we may be able to counter dementias.
or the brain capacity to perform everyday intellectual tasks. The gene takes its name from the entity in Greek mythology called lotho who was one of the ateswho were supposed to control the thread of people lives.
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