With a huge binary brain to draw on and no need for either food or sleep,
as well as mapping out the brain in greater detail than ever before. Parkinson's is just one of the conditions that could be treated in this way,
and stimulated through a small connection to the brain. The team says the next step in the research is to try the same technique with larger meshes and more sensors.
"I think it's great, a very creative new approach to the problem of recording from large number of neurons in the brain,"Rafael Yuste,
Schouenborg is also working on his own gelatin-based'needle'for delivering electrodes into the brain a
#Researchers have worked out how to mind control cockroaches Engineering students in China have worked out how to control live cockroaches using a brain-to-brain interface technique,
and these brain waves were translated then into electrical impulses which were sent wirelessly to an electronic backpack receiver attached to the cockroach.
In a press release the students explain that their research"extended the traditional brain-computer interface technology
and tentatively attempted the avatar brain-brain communication"."The video on their research, which you can see below,
when watching with his son they would be fighting over brain waves to choose the program they could both watch.
that the brain can eventually learn to interpret as an image. The Argus II received limited Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2013,
and even other people's arms, with their brain waves, the new research takes this a step further
#Scientists have built artificial neurons that fully mimic human brain cells Researchers have built the world first artificial neuron that capable of mimicking the function of an organic brain cell-including the ability to translate chemical signals into electrical impulses,
and rat brains in world-first experiment In a provocative study reminiscent of the hive mind network of Star Treksborg villains,
researchers have created shared brain networks for the first time by digitally linking multiple animal brains in two ground-breaking experiments.
Neuroscientists at Duke university in the US linked together the brains of monkeys and rodents in separate experiments to study how they can work together to perform simple computational tasks.
This means they could potentially outperform a regular brain, because they now have access to the resources of a hive mind. ssentially,
we created a super-brain, Miguel Nicolelis, the lead author of the study, told Hannah Devlin at The Guardian. collective brain created from three monkey brains.
Nobody has done ever that before. n the monkeys experiment, the researchers wired together three rhesus macaque monkeys
or better to that of an individual animal. his is the first demonstration of a shared brain-machine interface,
with brain rehabilitation in stroke victims mentioned as one of the opportunities the researchers are interested in exploring.
who was involved not in the research. ut there no guarantee that brain-to-brain interfaces will be a sensible thing in practice.
and paranoia, were triggered by a single pathway in the brain that was separate from the pathway that triggers the drug cancer-killing properties.
the team blocked the activity of a specific type of serotonin receptor-called 5ht2ar-in the brains of mice,
if the same mechanisms are in play in human brains, and then see if they can mimic the same serotonin receptor-blocking effect they achieved in the mice.
The researchers believe that the treatment works by helping to reestablish communication between the brain and spinal cord."
plaques in the brain when the molecule APP is abnormally cut by the enzyme BACE1 producing A?.
A major stumbling block in these efforts however is finding a way to do this without disturbing vital processes in the brain
and Naoyuki Taniguchi at RIKEN in collaboration with Tamao Endo and Shigeo Murayama at the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology showed that much of the BACE1 found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients is modified by the attachment of a particular sugar with the help of the enzyme
Hypothesizing that preventing this process would relieve Alzheimer's symptoms the researchers crossed mice that lacked Gnt-III with others that express human APP in the brain.
While knocking out Gnt-III is feasible in mice a drug that inhibits Gnt-III in the brain has the potential to be an effective treatment for reducing A?
The eyes have served as a window into the brain with disconjugate eye movements--eyes rotating in opposite directions--considered a principal marker for head trauma as early as 3500 years ago.
and thus help the physician make a rapid and accurate diagnosis. By tracking eye movements they have been able to quantitatively assess the function of the brain.
or swelling in the brain as a potential biomarker for assessing brain function and monitoring recovery in people with head injuries.
and MRIS are ineffective in the absence of structural damage to the brain. Two patients who suffer a head injury
and LED strips thin enough to be implanted directly into the brain to illuminate neural pathways. His work in photovoltaics serves as the basis for commercial modules that hold the current world record in conversion efficiency.
Their e-Dura implant is designed specifically for implantation on the surface of the brain or spinal cord.
they cannot be applied long term to the spinal cord or brain, beneath the nervous system's protective envelope,
The implant can also be used to monitor electrical impulses from the brain in real time. When they did this
#Tracking subtle brain mutations systematically Described in the January 7th issue of Neuron, the technique uses"deep,
one of several kinds of so-called somatic mutations that can arise as the brain develops.
The technique picks up somatic mutations that affect just a fraction of the brain's cells, in a"mosaic"pattern.
"showing when during brain development the mutations arise and how they spread through brain tissue as the mutated cells grow,
and this work gets at how somatic mutations are distributed in the brain, "says Christopher Walsh, MD, Phd, chief of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's and co-senior author on the paper."
"Some mutations may occur on one side of the brain and not the other. Some may be clumped,'affecting just one gyrus fold of the brain,
disrupting just a little part of the cortex at a time.""The study examined brain tissue from a deceased 17-year-old who had been neurologically normal,
sampling in more than 30 brain locations. It builds on work published by the Walsh lab in 2012,
Somatic brain mutations, affecting just pockets of cells can be harmful, and have been suggested as a possible cause of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism,
because they suggest that every normal brain may in fact be a mosaic patchwork of focal somatic mutations,
"These same technologies can now be used to study the brains of people who died from unexplained neuropsychiatric diseases to determine
The study found that these mutations can occur in both normal and neurologically diseased brains s
#Study pinpoints autism-linked protein for sculpting brain connections A new study by Duke researchers provides a close up of synapse refinement
and suicide but the molecule's role in the developing brain was mostly unknown until now.
But this study which appeared early online last month in the open access journal elife shows that in the brains of newborn mice some of the spines initially receive two or more inputs.
As the brain matures the spines then receive one. A technique known as three-dimensional electron microscopy made this observation possible.
As the developing brain prunes away synapses to become more efficient this could present problems.
In the cortex an area of the brain important for complex thought and awareness hevin encourages inputs from the thalamus--a part of the brain that acts as a relay center for sensory and motor information
--while it discourages inputs from local neurons within the cortex the group found. The spines that receive multiple synapses tend to be occupied by both cortical and thalamic connections at the same time suggesting that these spines are sites for synaptic competition.
and other structures of the limbic system located in the temporal lobe when a cascade of molecular and cellular events results in aberrant brain wiring.
The limbic system is the region of the brain associated with memory and emotions. Seizures reflect uncontrolled electrical brain activity.
because this brain abnormality cannot be detected by current neurological exams or electroencephalography (EEG). Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) or limbic epilepsy is a common adult epileptic disorder characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures that may also spread to other brain regions triggering secondary severe generalized seizures.
When they systemically administered Neuroprotectin D-1 (NPD1) the researchers discovered that NPD1 regulated these bursts of brain electrical activity that not only reduced the aberrant brain cell signaling leading to severe generalized seizures but also spontaneous recurrent seizures.
which DHA is released in the brain at the onset of seizures notes Dr. Bazan. Called the Bazan Effect in the literature with the discovery of NDP1 another piece of the puzzle fell into place.
These observations will contribute to our ability to predict epileptic events define key modulators of brain circuits especially after a brain injury
and the brain might hold the key to creating therapeutic solutions for blindness stroke and other seemingly unrelated conditions associated with the central nervous system notes Dr. Bazan.
The eye is a window to the brain. Dr. Bazan and his research team discovered Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1)
and transferring light signals to the brain for decoding. The causal mechanisms of this disease remain elusive.
The researchers found that the powerful messenger NPD1 is produced on-demand in the brain and retina and that it elicits a network of positive signals essential for the well-being of vision and cognition.
and brain,"said Himanshu J. Patel, MD, from the University of Michigan Health System in Ann arbor.
which prevented the entry of blood cells carrying the parasites into the brain. As rapamycin is approved already FDA for use in humans,
#Brain secrets unlocked by international imaging effort NUI Galway professor of psychology Professor Gary Donohoe led The irish contribution to the study
For years scientists have been fascinated by the development of different brain structures and how this changes in brain-based disorders.
We have found for example one gene variant that affects the size of the Putamen a region near the centre of the brain
Knowledge about the genetic basis of these structures provides important insights into how the brain develops said Professor Donohoe.
ENIGMA's scientists screen brain scans and genomes worldwide for factors that help or harm the brain said ENGIMA cofounder Professor Paul Thompson from University of Southern California.
This crowdsourcing and sheer wealth of data gives us the power to crack the brain's genetic code.
By working together in large collaborative projects we can tackle these types of problems and further our understanding of the biology of the brain.
The study identified five genetic variants that influence the size of structures within the brain.
The article published in Nature today is'Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures
#Neuroscientists lead global consortium to crack brain's genetic code In the largest collaborative study of the brain to date,
researchers from the Keck School of medicine of the University of Southern California (USC) led a global consortium of 190 institutions to identify eight common genetic mutations that appear to age the brain an average of three years.
An international team of roughly 300 scientists known as the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis (ENIGMA) Network pooled brain scans
"ENIGMA's scientists screen brain scans and genomes worldwide for factors that help or harm the brain--this crowdsourcing and sheer wealth of data gives us the power to crack the brain's genetic code,
or brain reserve by 2 or 3 percent. The discovery will guide research into more personalized medical treatments for Alzheimer's, autism, depression and other disorders."
The ENIGMA researchers screened millions of"spelling differences"in the genetic code to see which ones affected the size of key parts of the brain in magnetic resonance images (MRIS) from 30,717 individuals.
The MRI analysis focused on genetic data from seven regions of the brain that coordinate movement, learning, memory and motivation.
The group identified eight genetic variants associated with decreased brain volume several found in over one-fifth of the world's population.
People who carry one of those eight mutations had, on average, smaller brain regions than brains without a mutation but of comparable age;
it shows how each individual's genetic blueprint shapes the human brain, "said Philip Bourne, Ph d.,associate director for data science at the NIH."
it can affect brain development. In order to prevent this, the babies'blood sugar levels need to be measured at regular intervals,
Professor Mahiran said in pharmaceuticals an innovation has produced successfully a drugs delivery method to penetrate the'blood brain barrier'especially for diseases that are associated with the brain such as Alzheimer Parkinson epilepsy and meningitis.
and neuroscience research says Hillman who is also a member of Columbia's Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute.
With SCAPE we can now image complex living things such as neurons firing in the rodent brain crawling fruit fly larvae
The emergence of fluorescent proteins and transgenic techniques over the past 20 years has transformed biomedical research even delivering neurons that flash as they fire in the living brain.
and her collaborators have used already the system to observe firing in 3d neuronal dendritic trees in superficial layers of the mouse brain.
Deciphering the functions of brain and mind demands improved methods for visualizing monitoring and manipulating the activity of neural circuits in natural settings says Thomas M. Jessell co-director of the Zuckerman Institute and Claire Tow Professor of Motor neuron Disorders the Department of Neuroscience and the Department
#Team enlarges brain samples making them easier to image A team of researchers from MIT has taken now a novel approach to gaining such high-resolution images:
You physically make the sample bigger rather than trying to magnify the rays of light that are emitted by the sample says Ed Boyden an associate professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at MIT.
Unfortunately in biology that's right where things get interesting says Boyden who is a member of MIT's Media Lab and Mcgovern Institute for Brain Research.
If you want to map the brain or understand how cancer cells are organized in a metastasizing tumor
Especially for the brain you have to be able to image a large volume of tissue
While Boyden's team is focused on the brain other possible applications for this technique include studying tumor metastasis
and millions worldwide The retina converts images into electrical signals that can be processed by the brain.
They found most already had roles in other organ and tissue systems such as the brain, digestive and circulatory systems.
#Missing link found between brain, immune system; major disease implications"Instead of asking,'How do we study the immune response of the brain?''
''Why do multiple sclerosis patients have the immune attacks?''now we can approach this mechanistically. Because the brain is like every other tissue connected to the peripheral immune system through meningeal lymphatic vessels,
"said Jonathan Kipnis, Phd, professor in the UVA Department of Neuroscience and director of UVA's Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG)."
"It changes entirely the way we perceive the neuro-immune interaction. We always perceived it before as something esoteric that can't be studied.
a postdoctoral fellow in Kipnis'lab. The vessels were detected after Louveau developed a method to mount a mouse's meninges--the membranes covering the brain--on a single slide
'"As to how the brain's lymphatic vessels managed to escape notice all this time, Kipnis described them as"very well hidden
Arraythe unexpected presence of the lymphatic vessels raises a tremendous number of questions that now need answers, both about the workings of the brain and the diseases that plague it.
"In Alzheimer's, there are accumulations of big protein chunks in the brain, "Kipnis said.""We think they may be accumulating in the brain
because they're not being removed efficiently by these vessels.""He noted that the vessels look different with age,
#Epicenter of brain's predictive ability pinpointed by scientists Now, Uni ver sity Dis tin guished Pro fessor Lisa Feldman Bar rett at North eastern has reported finding the epi center of those predictions.
Bar rett explained that limbic parts of the brain send pre dic tions to visual neu rons
but really the brain is built for things to work the other way around: you see (and hear and smell and taste) what you believe.
In her paper, Bar rett shows that your brain is wired not to be a reac tive organ.
""What your brain is trying to do is guess what the sen sa tion means and what's causing the sen sa tions
"Your brain is trying to put together thoughts, feel ings, and per cep tions so they arrive as needed, not a second afterwards. a
A master clock in the brain, tuned to the daily cycle of light and dark, sends out signals that synchronize the molecular clocks ticking away in almost every cell and tissue of the body.
located between the skin and the brain. The image obtained is analysed then by image-processing algorithms to determine the presence of cells indicating infection
'Glucose transporter type 1, called GLUT1, transports glucose across the cell membrane of most cells in the body and is especially important in the uptake of glucose by the brain and blood vessels,
and developmental delays as infants because insufficient glucose is transported to the brain.''With our ongoing studies on the regulation of GLUT1 by phosphorylation, we hope to identify pathways that may improve the diagnosis
For some brain diseases this phenomenon is linked to a protein known as alpha-synuclein. The exact function of this protein remains unclear,
We injected these fibres separately into the brain and blood stream of rats. We noticed that the rats developed different symptoms:
A drug that counteracts the development of aggregates could be used to treat a whole range of brain diseases
#Scientists grow multiple brain structures and make connections between them Human stem cells can be differentiated to produce other cell types, such as organ cells, skin cells, or brain cells.
or connectors, between cells and between regions of the brain. In a new study published in Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience,
researchers report successfully growing multiple brain structures and forming connections between them in vitro, in a single culture vessel, for the first time."
Mesencephalic dopaminergic (mda) neurons and their connections to other neurons in the brain are believed to be related to disorders including drug abuse, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease,
Even in the brain, where it is most common, 5fc is only present at around 10 parts per million or less.
Through the device, patients with retinitis pigmentosa are able to see patterns of light that the brain learns to interpret as an image.
"This study was made possible by funding from Carl Bennet AB, VINNOVA, Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Research Council, Swedish Brain Power, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Royal
and cause a stroke if it lodges in a blood vessel in the brain. As such, understanding what controls the stability of plaques is extremely important."
#New information on brain development, fertility discovered The protein CEP63 is crucial for the correct division of brain stem cells.
This defect in brain growth is present in several neurodevelopmental diseases, including Seckel syndrome.""There are diagnostic tests for some of these kinds of pathologies that can be performed during pregnancy,
"Cell death due to mutations in CEP63 is the main cause of the brain defects. When we prevent cell death by removing p53 from developing embryos,
the brain develops to its normal size, "explains Jens Lüders, head of the Microtubule Organization Lab. This finding paves the way to study
Also, a normal sized brain does not imply a functional brain, "warn the researchers.""Our next goal is to test the p53 inhibitors currently available in the same mouse models
helping convert sound into electrical signals that travel to the brain. The researchers tested gene therapy in two types of mutant mice.
In the dominant deafness model, gene therapy with a related gene, TMC2, was successful at the cellular and brain level,
generating an electrical signal that travels to the brain and ultimately translates to hearing. Although the channel is made up of either TMC1 or TMC2
#Gene therapy advance thwarts brain cancer in rats Researchers funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging
and Bioengineering have designed a nanoparticle transport system for gene delivery that destroys deadly brain gliomas in a rat model,
--which by itself has no effect on cancer cells--into a compound that is toxic to actively dividing brain cancer cells.
Next, the gene therapy system was tested in live rats with brain gliomas. Because it is important that the nanoparticles spread throughout the entire tumor,
"The results provide the first demonstration of a successful non-viral nanomedicine method for HSVTK/ganciclovir treatment of brain cancer,"stated Green."
and evaluating the technology in additional brain cancer animal models.""In the future, the investigators envision that doctors would administer this therapy during the surgery commonly used to treat glioma in humans.
"Currently, most people with depression take medications that increase levels of the neurochemical serotonin in the brain.
they work only in the parts of the brain that are essential for mood. The researchers tested the compounds in rats that were subjected to chronic mild stress that caused the animals to act in ways that resemble human depression.
"In tests on the rats'brains, the researchers found that the compounds rapidly increased the strength of excitatory communication in regions that were weakened by stress
which are areas of the brain known to be involved in processing speed as well as in the developing brain."
#Discovery about brain protein causes rethink on development of Alzheimer's disease Researchers at the University of Melbourne have discovered that a protein involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease also has properties that could be helpful for human health.
This is because clumps of the protein are formed in brains of people with the illness. In the late 1990s, high levels of copper were discovered within these clumps.
"We know that the shorter form of beta amyloid is present in the diseased brain,
but we now know that it is abundant in healthy brains as well.""The small change in length makes a huge difference to its copper binding properties.
This will enable them to screen how much copper it holds in the brain, whether it safely escorts the copper from one place to another,
"As the amount of beta amyloid in the brain increases during Alzheimer's disease, the shorter form can also clump together
Other deadly cancers, including brain, pancreatic, ovarian, and colonic cancers also can have high levels of IL13RA2
#Injectable Brain Implant Spies on Individual Neurons A simple injection is now all it takes to wire up a brain.
A diverse team of physicists, neuroscientists and chemists has implanted mouse brains with a rolled-up, silky mesh studded with tiny electronic devices,
The implant has the potential to unravel the workings of the mammalian brain in unprecedented detail. think it great,
a very creative new approach to the problem of recording from large number of neurons in the brain, says Rafael Yuste, director of the Neuro technology Center at Columbia University in New york,
but the use of brain implants is limited currently by several disadvantages. So far, even the best technologies have been composed of relatively rigid electronics that act like sandpaper on delicate neurons.
how do you get that into an existing brain? says Lieber. The team answer was to tightly roll up a 2d mesh a few centimetres wide
and mingles with the tissue (see ugging the brain. Nanowires that poke out can be connected to a computer to take recordings
The team would also like to inject the device into the brains of newborn mice where it would unfold further as the brain grew,
and to add hairpin-shaped nanowire probes to the mesh to record electrical activity inside and outside cells.
who has developed a gelatin-based eedlefor delivering electrodes to the brain. But he remains sceptical of this technique:
in order to understand how the brain worksthis article is reproduced with permission and was published first on June 8, 2015 s
what brains are doing, Zemel says, particularly in terms of representing the outside world and in devoting ttentionto specific parts of a scene. t getting toward
#Important Link between the Brain and Immune system Found When the ancient Egyptians prepared a mummy they would scoop out the brain through the nostrils and throw it away.
While other organs were preserved and entombed, the brain was considered separately from the rest of the body,
and unnecessary for life or afterlife. Eventually, of course, healers and scientists realized that the three pounds of entangled neurons beneath our crania serve some rather critical functions.
Yet even now the brain is viewed often as somewhat divorced from the rest of the body;
and brain concerns the immune system. When exposed to foreign bacteria, viruses, tumors, and transplant tissue, the body stirs up a torrent of immune activity:
Except, that is, in the brain. Thought to be too vulnerable to host an onslaught of angry defensive cells,
the brain was assumed to be protected from this immune cascade. However research published last month reported a previously unknown line of communication between our brains
and immune systems, adding to a fast-growing body of research suggesting that the brain and body are connected more than previously thought.
The new work could have important implications for understanding and treating disorders of the brain.
As early as 1921 scientists recognized that the brain is different immunologically speaking. Outside tissue grafted into most parts of the body often results in immunologic attack;
tissue grafted into the central nervous system on the other hand sparks a far less hostile response. Thanks in part to the blood-brain barrier tightly packed cells lining the brain's vessels that let nutrients slip by,
but, for the most part, keep out unwanted invaders like bacteria and viruses the brain was considered long"immunologically privileged,
meaning it can tolerate the introduction of outside pathogens and tissues. The central nervous system was seen as existing separately from the peripheral immune system,
The brain privilege was considered also to be due to its lack of lymphatic drainage. The lymphatic system is our body's third and perhaps least considered set of vessels
But it was assumed that this doesn occur in the brain given its lack of a lymphatic network,
which is why the new findings represent a dogmatic shift in understanding how the brain interacts with the immune system.
and his group identified a previously undetected network of lymphatic vessels in the meninges the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord that shuttle fluid and immune cells from the cerebrospinal fluid to a group of lymph nodes in the neck, the deep cervical lymph nodes.
confirming that the brain does in fact have a lymphatic system linking it directly the peripheral immune system. e stumbled upon these vessels completely by serendipity,
and transmission of a protein called amyloid in the brain. It could be that the amyloid isn't being cleared properly via these lymphatic vessels,
and that somehow improving their patency might help rid the brain of the pathologic protein.
that too much or too little drainage from the central nervous system to the immune system might contribute to brain disease.
and perhaps worsening of autoimmune disorders that affect the brain; and also that in light of the new findings the textbooks might need some revising t has become increasingly clear that the central nervous system is immune different rather than immune privileged,
It been clear for decades that there is some kind of relationship between the brain and the immune system.
anatomical structure facilitating this relationship suggests that the brain and body are intertwined intimately, and that the brain is not the citadel it was thought once to be. s
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011