Senior study author Bruce Spiegelman of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical school says that the confusion over irisin comes down to disagreement over how irisin protein is made in skeletal muscle cells and the detection limits
#Telltale biomarker detects early breast cancer in NIH-funded study Researchers have shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect the earliest signs of breast cancer recurrence and fast-growing tumors.
breakaway tumor cells with the potential to develop into dangerous secondary breast cancer tumors elsewhere in the body.
CWRU M. Frank Rudy and Margaret Domiter Rudy Professor of biomedical engineering and an expert in molecular imaging for cancer and other diseases. e showed with this technique that we can detect very tiny tumors of just
revealing smaller cancers than can be detected with current clinical imaging modalities. ur imaging technology has the potential to differentiate aggressive tumors from low-risk tumors.
These are two things that potentially can make a big impact on clinical practice and also management of cancer.
Since small, early-stage cancers are the most responsive to drug treatments, screening is an important aspect of follow-up care for breast cancer patients,
they are neither able to detect specific cancer types or early cancer growth. The earliest signs of cancer spread are called micrometastases.
As the name implies, they are often too small to be detected with standard screening. Dr. Lu team used a biochemical approach combined with MRI to detect molecular changes that signal micrometastases.
More importantly, the fibronectin part of the complex is expressed during a cell transition to cancer and plays a role in cell growth
The researchers collected images depicting metastases where breast cancer had spread beyond the original tumors. Metal molecules within the contrast solution are magnetized during the MRI process
and enhance the image wherever the molecules of solution bind with the targeted protein. he primary tumor sends signals to distant tissue
generating enough signal for MRI detection of small, high-risk cancer and micrometastases. The researchers tested the approach in mice into
and tumors compared with normal tissue. Using a microscopic imaging approach, called cryo-imaging, and MRI, the researchers verified that the MRI technique could detect micrometastases,
and the consequence of metastatic cancer make these efforts urgent and important, said Lu, adding that his research team also hopes to advance the approach for prostate cancer detection. e think this targeted approach holds great promise for earlier imaging of high-risk cancers in the clinic.
It could also become useful as a noninvasive way to assess breast cancer treatment progress.
The team plans to complete safety testing of the imaging agent during the next three years.
Cerebrovascular disease often entails complex tangles of vessels in sensitive brain areas. hese children had unique anatomy with deep vessels that were very tricky to operate on,
and whether there any degradation of those structures in diseases. Many diseases are caused either by an invading pathogen or degradation of a cell internal structure.
Alzheimer, for example, may be related to degradation of the cytoskeleton inside neurons. he cytoskeleton system is comprised of a host of interacting subcellular structures and proteins,
#Scientists visualize critical part of basal ganglia pathways Breakthrough could help see pathways that degenerate with Parkinson and Huntingdon disease Certain diseases,
like Parkinson and Huntingdon disease, are associated with damage to the pathways between the brain basal ganglia regions.
which could potentially lead to technologies to help track disease progression for Parkinson and Huntington disease and other neurological disorders. linically,
and completed cutting-edge work in understanding the genetics of autism. Building on its strengths in biology
so that the diagnosis of heart conditions such as coronary heart disease or arrhythmia can be improved greatly. In the future, a special shield room for detecting the bio-magnetic field would be unnecessary
#New synthetic tumor environments make cancer research more realistic Tumors are notoriously difficult to study in their natural habitat body tissues
but a new synthetic tissue environment may give cancer researchers the next-best look at tumor growth and behavior.
and grow into a tumor. They were able to observe how differently cells act in the three-dimensional
and expensive mouse avatars that are created by injecting human tumor cells into mice. his is really the first time that it been demonstrated that you can use a rapid methodology like this to spatially define cancer cells and macrophages,
and finds out theye been diagnosed with some sort of solid tumor, Kilian said. ou take a biopsy of those cells,
the optoclamp could facilitate research into new therapies for epilepsy, Parkinson disease, chronic pain and even depression. ur work establishes a versatile test bed for creating the responsive neurotherapeutic tools of the future,
Potential applications include chronic pain, epilepsy, tinnitus, phantom limb syndrome and other nervous systems disorders where the brain has overreacted to the loss of normal inputs.
That work, recently published in the journal Nature Communications, was a collaboration with Emory University Professor Pete Wenner and former graduate student Ming-fai Fong,
more effective ways to prevent outbreaks of diseases. However, at this moment science is needed lacking knowledge about human immunity.
Furthermore, scientists observed that herpes virus infection increases the resistance against bacteria in vertebrates, which suggests that innate immunity also has memory,
It turns out there are epigenomic changes induced by pathogen infections mediated by a transcription factor called ATF7.
macrophages appear similar to wild-type macrophages that have been activated by exposure to molecules that occur commonly in infections.
or psychological stress induced epigenomic changes were mediated by ATF7-related transcription factors. After exposure to that stress, changes remained for a long duration of time.
This made researchers think that pathogen infections could induce epigenomic changes in macrophages via ATF7.
Scientists found that ATF7 transcription factor simply binds itself to a group of innate immune genes and silences their expression
which makes cells less responsive to infections. Scientists managed to make ATF7 inactive, by using a molecule found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria,
First of all, it may increase our understanding of the ygiene hypothesis It is the concept saying that pathogen infection
and unhygienic environment during infancy reduces the risk of allergy later in life. ygiene hypothesisis used to explain why in more developed countries with better hygiene habits the incidence of allergies
and asthma is increasing. Now scientists say that since they can explain that the pathogen-induced epigenomic changes mediated by ATF7 maintain for a long period of time,
they have a better explanation about how the changes are induced. Secondly, these new findings may be very helpful developing vaccines with more effective adjuvants.
this new research provides better understanding about how our immune system remembers appropriate reactions to stress.
even though there will always be a hole in your visual field. he neuroscientists at UQ School of Psychology may have opened the way to new treatments for the developed world leading cause of blindness,
but this has proved sufficient to bring about a 10 per cent reduction in functional blindness,
suggesting that the improvement wasn simply a matter of practising the task. e did not confidently expect to see much reduction in functional blindness,
it might prove similarly effective in other cases of blindness or be used to assist developing technologies,
or go awry in cancer. They could be used for therapeutic drug screening and to help teach researchers how to grow whole human organs.
we could be taking samples of different components of a cancer patient mammary gland and building a model of their tissue to use as a personalized drug screening platform.
But in diseases such as breast cancer, the breakdown of this order has been associated with the rapid growth and spread of tumors. ells aren lonely little automatons,
Gartner said. hey communicate through networks to make group decisions. As in any complex organization, you really need to get the group structure right to be failed successful,
it sets the stage for cancer. ut studying how the cells of complex tissues like the mammary gland self-organize,
and break down in disease has been a challenge to researchers. The living organism is often too complex to identify the specific causes of a particular cellular behavior.
but also to experiment with specifically adding in a single cell with a known cancer mutation to different parts of the organoid to observe its effects.
or more cells expressing low levels of the cancer gene Rasg12v affected the cells around them.
or structural changes in mammary glands can lead to the breakdown of tissue architecture associated with tumors that metastasize,
or stress levels in soldiers and pilots. In this study, engineers focused on uric acid, which is a marker related to diabetes and to gout.
Currently the only way to monitor the levels of uric acid in a patient is to draw blood.
Next, they collected saliva from a patient who suffers from hyperuricemia, a condition characterized by an excess of uric acid in the blood.
Staphylococcus epidermis is increasingly emerging as a cause of multi-resistant hospital-acquired infections. The ability to quickly judge whether a bacteria is resistant to antibiotics could make a major difference in a patient's treatment.
Shannon Hilton and Paul Jones Staphylococcus epidermis is increasingly emerging as a cause of multi-resistant hospital-acquired infections.
Mark Hayes National summary data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicate that each year in the United states,
at least 2 million people acquire serious infections with antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. At least 23,000 people die as a direct result of these infections,
and many more die from related complications. It is not just humans that are threatened by this growing adaptation.
however, Staphylococcus epidermidis has emerged increasingly as a cause of multi-resistant hospital-acquired infections. Immunocompromised patients
lycopene and beta-carotene, are produced by genes taken from Pantoea anantis, a plant pathogen. The purple color, violacein, came from a soil bacterium.
and could have implications that go far beyond basic neuroscience from informing education policy to developing new therapies for neurological disorders such as epilepsy.
and the constraints that disease and ageing impose to this multi-modal plasticity has important implications that go beyond fundamental neuroscience, from education policies to brain repair.
when we age, has enormous implications that go beyond fundamental neuroscience, from informing education policies to developing new therapies for neurological disorders such as epilepsy
and function correctly at the site of injury to be useful for clinical regenerative therapies.
#X-ray vision new method to examine Alzheimer disease brain samples Superman has an x-ray vision we all know that.
and treating such diseases as Alzheimer. It is hard to overrate discoveries like this although it is not easy to explain it to a common public.
and collected data that may resolve several current issues regarding the pathology of Alzheimer disease He also jokingly added hile Superman x-ray vision is only the stuff of comics, our method,
from a genetic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Then scientists put new technology to its practical application.
There are mysterious iffuseplaques seen in the postmortem brains of Alzheimer disease patients that are typically undetectable using 2d imaging.
but not in later stages of the disease after the plaques have accumulated already. Scientists are certain that Scales have many advantages over current 2d imaging technologies.
it can be used to research other brain diseases as well, not only Alzheimer. It provides that kind of x-ray vision we really needed,
seeking to reach a breakthrough in treating major brain diseases t
#New method for modifying natural polymers could help bring lifesaving medications to market In drug-delivery research,
Using exosomes to hijack cell-to-cell communication Regenerative medicine using stem cells is an increasingly promising approach to treat many types of injury.
and repair paralysis. A variety of agents have been shown to induce transplanted stem cells to differentiate into neurons.
funding research into a new way to deliver protein-based cancer-fighting drugs and other therapeutics directly into cells.
#ab-on-a-Chiptechnology to cut costs of sophisticated tests for diseases and disorders Rutgers engineers have developed a breakthrough device that can significantly reduce the cost of sophisticated lab tests for medical disorders and diseases, such as HIV,
Lyme disease and syphilis. The new device uses miniaturized channels and valves to replace enchtopassays tests that require large samples of blood
Until now, animal research on central nervous system disorders, such as spinal cord injury and Parkinson disease, has been limited because researchers could not extract sufficient cerebrospinal fluid to perform conventional assays. ith our technology,
The discovery could also lead to more comprehensive research on autoimmune joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis through animal studies.
#Researchers find biomarker for autism that may aid diagnostics By identifying a key signaling defect within a specific membrane structure in all cells, University of California,
they have found both a possible reliable biomarker for diagnosing certain forms of autism and a potential therapeutic target.
Dr. J. Jay Gargus, Ian Parker and colleagues at the UCI Center for Autism Research & Translation examined skin biopsies of patients with three very different genetic types
of the disorder (fragile X syndrome and tuberous sclerosis 1 and 2). They discovered that a cellular calcium signaling process involving the inositol trisphosphate receptor was altered very much.
This IP3R functional defect was located in the endoplasmic reticulum which is specialized among the membrane compartments in cells called organelles,
and possibly digestive and immune problems associated with autism. e believe this finding will be another arrow in the quiver for early and accurate diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders,
said Gargus, director of the Center for Autism Research & Translation and professor of pediatrics and physiology & biophysics. qually exciting,
Autism spectrum disorder is a range of complex neurodevelopmental disorders affecting 2 percent of U s. children.
According to Gargus, diseases of the organelles, such as the ER, are an emerging field in medicine,
To see if IP3R function is altered across the autism spectrum, clinical researchers at The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders
which is affiliated with the Center for Autism Research & Translation are currently expanding the study
and have begun to examine children with and without typical ASD for the same signaling abnormalities.
In the area of drug discovery, scientists at the Center for Autism Research & Translation continue to probe the IP3R channel,
The brains of people who have autism show signs of hyperexcitability, which is seen also in epilepsy,
a disorder increasingly found to be associated with ASD. Cells from individuals who have depressed autism exhibit levels of calcium signaling
and this might explain why these patients experience this hyperexcitability. By restoring the release of calcium from the IP3R,
More Precise Cancer Therapies UCSFUC San francisco researchers have engineered a molecular n switchthat allows tight control over the actions of T cells,
immune system cells that have shown great potential as therapies for cancer. The innovation lays the groundwork for sharply reducing severe,
one branch of the burgeoning field of cancer immunotherapy, have been refining cell-surface sensors known as chimeric antigen receptors, or CARS.
CARS prompt these cells to home in on particular proteins found primarily in tumors, where they launch a series of cancer-killing immune responses.
Dangers of CAR T cell Therapy CAR-equipped T cells have proven to be remarkably successful in the treatment of various forms of chemotherapy-resistant leukemia
But CAR T cell therapy can cause side effects so serious that they may require monitoring in an Intensive care unit several patients have died after receiving CAR T cells
when leukemia cells were implanted into mice. These cancer cells were powerfully and selectively eliminated by the Lim group new CAR T cells,
genetically engineered to carry CARS that target the patient tumor, then reinserted into the bloodstream to exert their effects.
in addition to attacking tumors directly, CAR T cells, like all T cells, release signaling molecules called cytokines, some
of which recruit additional T cells to fight the tumor. Sometimes normal cells express small amounts of a cancer-associated protein targeted by a CAR T cell.
Because CAR T cells placed in the bloodstream pass immediately through the heart and lungs, these tissues can be damaged before the CAR T cells reach their intended target elsewhere in the body.
In tumor lysis syndrome, the body is overwhelmed by toxic substances released when many tumor cells die in rapid succession.
which released cytokines summon numerous T cells to the tumor, then these newly arrived T cells release their own cytokines, and so on.
While successful against blood cancers such as leukemia, CAR T cells have shown so far less efficacy against solid tumors that effect the colon, breast, prostrate, brain and other tissues.
The remote control strategy developed by Lim group may permit researchers to develop more powerful versions of CAR T cells that could attack these solid tumors,
so that the cells will respond to multiple characteristics that are distinctive to an individual patient tumor,
quite powerful effects even if for a subset of patients or for certain types of cancer is really remarkable,
Certain diseases, including cancer, involves changes in DNA methylation patterns, and the ability to document these alterations aid in the development of novel therapies. ethylation is really key in development,
in disease, and in cancer, says Whitehead Founding Member Rudolf Jaenisch, who is also a professor of biology at MIT. his reporter is a very important tool.
We believe it will allow us to look in a very detailed way at issues like imprinting during development
and screening for the activation of genes silenced in diseases like cancer. This method will allow us to see which drug will activate a given gene.
Stelzer and Shivalila describe their work in this week issue of the journal Cell. harmaceutical companies have been interested in manipulating methylation in disease
For example, they could look for a drug that could change the hypermethylation that has been associated with a specific cancer.
Their findings in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, may aid efforts to build point-of-care devices for quick medical diagnosis of various diseases ranging from cancer, allergies, autoimmune diseases, sexually transmitted diseases (STDS),
when atoms are brought too close together to detect a wide array of protein markers that are linked to various diseases.
explains that this novel signaling mechanism produces sufficient change in current to be measured using inexpensive electronics similar to those in the home glucose test meter used by diabetics to check their blood sugar.
allowing us to build inexpensive devices that could detect dozens of disease markers in less than five minutes in the doctor office
and easily multiplexed biosensor could significantly improve patient health by providing new point-of-care diagnostics for a wide variety of diseases said Patricia Escoffier, Project Manager at Univalor.
including pathogen detection in food or water and therapeutic drug monitoring at home, a feature which could drastically improve the efficient of various class of drugs and treatments v
and for the production of advanced therapeutics to combat the disease. Human cells express Interferon Induced Transmembranes (IFITM) proteins that possess antiviral characteristics.
These proteins have been shown to inhibit a number of viruses including influenza A West Nile, Dengue fever and Ebola.
Our research discovered that IFITM proteins can help inhibit the viral cell-to-cell infection
given our previous finding in PLOS Pathogens where we found that this family of proteins generally affects the lipid property of cell membrane
scientists are constantly learning more about virus transmission and host response to viral infections. By understanding and visualizing how some IFITM proteins can inhibit
The study, FITM Proteins Restrict HIV-1 Infection by Antagonizing the Envelope Glycoprotein, recently was published in Cell Reports.
Eric O. Freed, director and a senior investigator of the HIV Dynamics and Replication Program within the National Cancer Institute, Chen Liang, an associate professor at Mcgill University and Benjamin Chen
, an associate professor of infectious diseases at the Icahn School of medicine at Mount sinai, New york contributed to the study o
including in cancer research, says Levi Garraway, an institute member of the Broad Institute, and the inaugural director of the Joint Center for Cancer Precision Medicine at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women Hospital,
and the Broad Institute. Garraway was involved not in the research. An open approach to empower research Zhang,
Their findings may aid efforts to build point-of-care devices for quick medical diagnosis of various diseases ranging from cancer, allergies, autoimmune diseases, sexually transmitted diseases (STDS),
when atoms are brought too close together to detect a wide array of protein markers that are linked to various diseases.
explains that this novel signaling mechanism produces sufficient change in current to be measured using inexpensive electronics similar to those in the home glucose test meter used by diabetics to check their blood sugar.
allowing us to build inexpensive devices that could detect dozens of disease markers in less than five minutes in the doctor office
and easily multiplexed biosensor could significantly improve patient health by providing new point-of-care diagnostics for a wide variety of diseases said Patricia Escoffier, Project Manager at Univalor.
including pathogen detection in food or water and therapeutic drug monitoring at home, a feature which could drastically improve the efficient of various class of drugs and treatments v
which would allow scientists to study diseases such as Alzheimer with a high level of similarity to the real tissue,
and Other Acute Infections A group of scientists, led by colleagues from the University of California,
and many other known pathogens present in a blood sample from an infected individual. The portable metagenomic test developed by Charles Chiu
and his team can detect the Ebola virus and many other known pathogens in less than an hour.
While most other commercially available diagnostic tests target specific pathogens, the method used in the study,
regardless of the setup. o our knowledge, this is the first time that nanopore sequencing has been used for real-time metagenomic detection of pathogens in complex clinical samples in the setting of human infections,
claims Chiu. nbiased point-of-care testing for pathogens by rapid metagenomic sequencing has the potential to radically transform infectious disease diagnosis in both clinical and public health settings.
the researchers successfully used their sequencing kit to detect Hepatitis C in the blood of an infected UCSF patient,
but eventually reported having a fever and joint pains a
#First Optical Rectenna Combined Rectifier and Antenna Converts Light to DC Current Using nanometer scale components,
and diabetes in major new study High blood pressure sufferers have an almost 60%greater chance of developing diabetes, according to a major global study.
and diabetes and it could lead to new insights and strategies for treating and reducing the chances of developing diabetes. his is potentially a game changer in the understanding and treatment of diabetes,
Prof Rahimi said. iabetes affects more than 400 million people worldwide, including one million in Australia, and we know that diabetics are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease such as heart attacks,
stroke and heart failure. igh blood pressure affects even more people at least 4. 6 million Australians. onfirming this connection reliably provides new hope for those people
and new avenues for research. e can say for certain that one causes the other, but this study helps to connect the dots,
showing that if you have high blood pressure there is a significantly greater chance of developing diabetes. nderstanding the link will help us better communicate risks to patients
Professor Rahimi said that the link between hypertension and fatal heart issues had been documented well, but the connection to diabetes had been less clear. revious smaller studies have varied significantly
or even found no link, but now we have something clear to go on, he said.
looked at the health records of 4. 1 million adults in the UK who were initially free of diabetes and cardiovascular disease and found:
For every 20 mm mercury increase on the measurement gauge, in systolic blood pressure there was a 58%higher risk of developing diabetes.
For every 10 mm mercury increase in systolic blood pressure there was a 52%higher risk of developing diabetes Higher blood pressure was associated also with a higher risk of new onset diabetes in a wide
overweight and obese individuals The relative association between blood pressure and diabetes decreased as body mass index (BMI)
Professor Rahimi said the research also pooled together 30 prior studies that examined risk factors for diabetes. here were similar results in this section of the research with a 77%higher chance of getting diabetes for every 20 mm
and diabetes. t a minimum we know for certain that the link exists, but is high blood pressure a cause of diabetes or just a risk factor?
We still don know, he said. n particular researchers can now look at whether lowering blood pressure is an effective treatment
or reduces the risk of getting diabetes. hese are exciting results and I look forward to seeing further developments because of this research. t
#Researchers disguise drugs as platelets to target cancer Researchers have developed for the first time a technique that coats anticancer drugs in membranes made from a patient own platelets,
and attack both primary cancer tumors and the circulating tumor cells that can cause a cancer to metastasize.
not only attack the main tumor site, but are more likely to find and attach themselves to tumor cells circulating in the bloodstream essentially attacking new tumors before they start,
says Quanyin Hu, lead author of the paper and a Ph d. student in the joint biomedical engineering program.
When one of the pseudo-platelets comes into contact with a tumor, three things happen more or less at the same time.
and TRAIL in the pseudo-platelet drug delivery system was significantly more effective against large tumors
and circulating tumor cells than using Dox and TRAIL in a nanogel delivery system without the platelet membrane. e like to do additional preclinical testing on this technique,
such as those targeting cardiovascular disease, in which the platelet membrane could help us target relevant sites in the body
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