#Black phosphorus surges ahead of graphene A Korean team of scientists tune black phosphorus's band gap to form a superior conductor,
The natural successor to Graphene? Credit: Institute for Basic Science To truly understand the significance of the team findings,
a layered form of carbon atoms constructed to resemble honeycomb, called graphene. Graphene was heralded globally as a wonder-material thanks to the work of two British scientists who won the Nobel prize for Physics for their research on it.
Graphene is extremely thin and has remarkable attributes. It is stronger than steel yet many times lighter
more conductive than copper and more flexible than rubber. All these properties combined make it a tremendous conductor of heat and electricity.
graphene has no band gap. Stepping stones to a Unique State A material band gap is fundamental to determining its electrical conductivity.
Graphene has a band gap of zero in its natural state, however, and so acts like a conductor;
Like graphene, BP is a semiconductor and also cheap to mass produce. The one big difference between the two is BP natural band gap
therefore we tuned BP band gap to resemble the natural state of graphene, a unique state of matter that is different from conventional semiconductors.
Their porous properties have led to proposed application in carbon capture, hydrogen storage and toxic gas separations,
This is already an innovation over attempts in the field that use graphene: DNA is a fairly sticky molecule
and Mos2 is considerably less adhesive than graphene. The team then created a nanopore on membrane, almost 3 nm wide.
#New graphene oxide biosensors may accelerate research of HIV and cancer drugs Longing to find a cure for cancer, HIV and other yet incurable diseases,
Researchers from the Laboratory of Nanooptics and Plasmonics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology-MIPT (Russia) have devised a novel type of graphene oxide (GO) based biosensor that could potentially significantly speed up the process of drug development.
The paper is titled"Highly sensitive and selective sensor chips with graphene oxide linking layer"."Valentyn Volkov is the co-lead author, a visiting professor from the University of Southern Denmark.
New GO based biosensor chips exploit the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR. Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves propagating along a metal-dielectric interface (e g.,
novel carbon materials like graphene have attracted much attention due to their large surface area, low-cost fabrication, and interaction with a wide range of biomolecules.
made of GO, a material with more attractive optical and chemical properties than pristine graphene. The GO lakeswere deposited on the 35 nm gold layer.
the commercially available chip with carboxymethylated dextran (CMD) layer and the chip covered by monolayer graphene.
Experiments showed that the proposed GO chip has three times higher sensitivity than the CMD chip and 3. 7 times than the chip with pristine graphene.
#Crucial hurdle overcome in quantum computing: quantum logic gate in silicon built for the first time A team of Australian engineers has built a quantum logic gate in silicon for the first time,
making calculations between two qubits of information possible and thereby clearing the final hurdle to making silicon quantum computers a reality.
The significant advance, by a team at the University of New south wales (UNSW) in Sydney appears today in the international journal Nature. hat we have is a game changer,
Scientia Professor and Director of the Australian National Fabrication Facility at UNSW. ee demonstrated a two-qubit logic gate the central building block of a quantum computer and,
which rely on more exotic technologies. his makes the building of a quantum computer much more feasible,
The advance represents the final physical component needed to realise the promise of super-powerful silicon quantum computers,
0 or 1. However, a quantum bit (or ubit can exist in both of these states at once, a condition known as a superposition.
A qubit operation exploits this quantum weirdness by allowing many computations to be performed in parallel (a two-qubit system performs the operation on 4 values, a three-qubit system on 8, and so on.
f quantum computers are to become a reality, the ability to conduct one-and two-qubit calculations are said essential
Dzurak, who jointly led the team in 2012 that demonstrated the first ever silicon qubit,
also reported in Nature. Until now, it had not been possible to make two quantum bits alkto each other and thereby create a logic gate using silicon.
But the UNSW team working with Professor Kohei M. Itoh of Japan Keio University has done just that for the first time.
The result means that all of the physical building blocks for a silicon-based quantum computer have now been constructed successfully
and building a functioning quantum computer.""Despite this enormous global interest and investment, quantum computing has like Schrödinger cat been simultaneously possible (in theory)
but seemingly impossible (in physical reality), said Professor Mark Hoffman, UNSW's Dean of Engineering. he advance our UNSW team has made could,
tested and patented by our team has the potential to take quantum computing across the threshold from the theoretical to the real.
and turned them into qubits. he silicon chip in your smartphone or tablet already has around one billion transistors on it,
a UNSW Research Fellow and the lead author of the Nature paper. ee morphed those silicon transistors into quantum bits by ensuring that each has only one electron associated with it.
Dzurak noted that the team had recently atented a design for a full-scale quantum computer chip that would allow for millions of our qubits,
This led us to the idea to exploit similar structures such as the lithium-ion batteries
Researchers grow nanocircuitry with semiconducting graphene nanoribbons In a development that could revolutionize electronic circuitry, a research team from the University of Wisconsin at Madison (UW)
and the U s. Department of energy's Argonne National Laboratory has confirmed a new way to control the growth paths of graphene nanoribbons on the surface of a germainum crystal.
and this method provides a straightforward way to make semiconducting nanoscale circuits from graphene, a form of carbon only one atom thick.
"UW researchers used chemical vapor deposition to grow graphene nanoribbons on germanium crystals. This technique flows a mixture of methane, hydrogen,
At high temperatures, methane decomposes into carbon atoms that settle onto the germanium's surface to form a uniform graphene sheet.
when graphene grows on germanium, it naturally forms nanoribbons with these very smooth, armchair edges,"said Michael Arnold, an associate professor of materials science and engineering at UW-Madison."
so all the desirable features we want in graphene nanoribbons are happening automatically with this technique.""Graphene, a one-atom-thick, two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
This high mobility makes the material an ideal candidate for faster, more energy-efficient electronics. However, the semiconductor industry wants to make circuits start
As a semimetal, graphene naturally has no bandgaps, making it a challenge for widespread industry adoption.
researchers confirmed the presence of graphene nanoribbons growing on the germanium. Data gathered from the electron signatures allowed the researchers to create images of the material's dimensions and orientation.
graphene and it shows some characteristic electronic properties, "said Kiraly.""What's even more interesting is that these nanoribbons can be made to grow in certain directions on one side of the germanium crystal,
0). Previous research shows that graphene sheets can grow on germanium crystal faces (1, 1, 1) and (1, 1,
0). However, this is the first time any study has recorded the growth of graphene nanoribbons on the (1,
researchers can now focus their efforts on exactly why self-directed graphene nanoribbons grow on the (1, 0,
and graphene that may play a role e
#Graphene flakes as an ultra-fast stopwatch Scientists at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), working with colleagues from the USA and Germany, have developed a new optical detector from graphene
which reacts very rapidly to incident light of all different wavelengths and even works at room temperature.
The HZDR scientists are already using the new graphene detector for the exact synchronization of laser systems.
A tiny flake of graphene on silicon carbide and a futuristic-looking antenna and there it is the new graphene detector.
Like no other single detector system which has gone before, this comparatively simple and inexpensive construct can cover the enormous spectral range from visible light all the way to terahertz radiation."
"In contrast to other semiconductors like silicon or gallium arsenide, graphene can pick up light with a very large range of photon energies and convert it into electric signals.
had developed the precursor to the graphene detector. In his present position as a postdoc at the University of Maryland
the graphene flake and antenna assembly absorbs the rays, thereby transferring the energy of the photons to the electrons in the graphene.
These"hot electrons"increase the electrical resistance of the detector and generate rapid electric signals. The detector can register incident light in just 40 picoseconds these are billionths of a second.
So the scientists are using the graphene detector like a stopwatch. It tells them when the laser pulses reach their goal,
The external antenna on the detector captures long-wave infrared and terahertz radiation and funnels it to a graphene flake
#Graphene flakes as an ultra-fast stopwatch Scientists at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), working with colleagues from the USA and Germany, have developed a new optical detector from graphene
The HZDR scientists are already using the new graphene detector for the exact synchronization of laser systems.
A tiny flake of graphene on silicon carbide and a futuristic-looking antenna and there it is the new graphene detector.
Like no other single detector system which has gone before, this comparatively simple and inexpensive construct can cover the enormous spectral range from visible light all the way to terahertz radiation."
"In contrast to other semiconductors like silicon or gallium arsenide, graphene can pick up light with a very large range of photon energies and convert it into electric signals.
had developed the precursor to the graphene detector. In his present position as a postdoc at the University of Maryland
the graphene flake and antenna assembly absorbs the rays, thereby transferring the energy of the photons to the electrons in the graphene.
These"hot electrons"increase the electrical resistance of the detector and generate rapid electric signals. The detector can register incident light in just 40 picoseconds these are billionths of a second.
So the scientists are using the graphene detector like a stopwatch. It tells them when the laser pulses reach their goal,
and aid research to manufacture advanced technologies such as quantum computers and ultra-high-resolution displays. The device, fabricated at Purdue University's Birck Nanotechnology Center, uses a cylindrical gold"nanoantenna"with a diameter of 320 nanometers,
then you could store solar energy by generating hydrogen gas. This is because hydrogen is a versatile medium of storing
"But anyway, we demonstrate the feasibility of such future-oriented chemical robust photoelectrocatalytic systems that have the potential to convert solar energy to hydrogen,
Graphene-nanotube hybrid switches But together, these two materials make a workable digital switch, which is the basis for controlling electrons in computers, phones, medical equipment and other electronics.
Yoke Khin Yap, a professor of physics at Michigan Technological University, has worked with a research team that created these digital switches by combining graphene and boron nitride nanotubes.
Nanoscale Tweaks Graphene is a molecule-thick sheet of carbon atoms; the nanotubes are made like straws of boron and nitrogen.
Yap and his team exfoliate graphene and modify the material's surface with tiny pinholes.
graphene's flat sheet conducts electricity quickly, and the atomic structure in the nanotubes halts electric currents.
and off is several orders of magnitude greater than current graphene switches. In turn, this speed could eventually quicken the pace of electronics and computing.
the use of graphene and nanotubes bypasses those problems. In addition, the graphene and boron nitride nanotubes have the same atomic arrangement pattern,
or lattice matching. With their aligned atoms, the graphene-nanotube digital switches could avoid the issues of electron scattering."
"You want to control the direction of the electrons, "Yap explains, comparing the challenge to a pinball machine that traps,
or change the pinball setup of graphene to minimize electron scattering. And one day, all their tweaks could make for faster computers--and digital pinball games--for the rest of us s
Applying voltage to a 250-nanometer-thick sandwich of graphene, tantalum, nanoporous tantalum oxide and platinum creates addressable bits where the layers meet.
"The layered structure consists of tantalum, nanoporous tantalum oxide and multilayer graphene between two platinum electrodes.
The voltage-controlled movement of oxygen vacancies shifts the boundary from the tantalum/tantalum oxide interface to the tantalum oxide/graphene interface."
The graphene does double duty as a barrier that keeps platinum from migrating into the tantalum oxide and causing a short circuit.
provided imaging of poplar cell wall structures that yielded unprecedented topological information, advancing fundamental research in sustainable biofuels.
#Discovery in growing graphene nanoribbons could enable faster, more efficient electronics Abstract: Graphene, an atom-thick material with extraordinary properties, is a promising candidate for the next generation of dramatically faster, more energy-efficient electronics.
However, scientists have struggled to fabricate the material into ultra-narrow strips, called nanoribbons, that could enable the use of graphene in high-performance semiconductor electronics.
Now, University of Wisconsin-Madison engineers have discovered a way to grow graphene nanoribbons with desirable semiconducting properties directly on a conventional germanium semiconductor wafer.
This advance could allow manufacturers to easily use graphene nanoribbons in hybrid integrated circuits, which promise to significantly boost the performance of next-generation electronic devices.
The technology could also have specific uses in industrial and military applications such as sensors that detect specific chemical and biological species
and their collaborators describe their new approach to producing graphene nanoribbons. Importantly, their technique can easily be scaled for mass production
"Graphene nanoribbons that can be grown directly on the surface of a semiconductor like germanium are more compatible with planar processing that's used in the semiconductor industry,
Graphene, a sheet of carbon atoms that is only one atom in thickness, conducts electricity and dissipates heat much more efficiently than silicon,
But to exploit graphene's remarkable electronic properties in semiconductor applications where current must be switched on and off
graphene nanoribbons need to be less than 10 nanometers wide, which is phenomenally narrow. In addition, the nanoribbons must have smooth,
Researchers have fabricated typically nanoribbons by using lithographic techniques to cut larger sheets of graphene into ribbons.
where they form graphene. Arnold's team made its discovery when it explored dramatically slowing the growth rate of the graphene crystals by decreasing the amount of methane in the chemical vapor deposition chamber.
They found that at a very slow growth rate, the graphene crystals naturally grow into long nanoribbons on a specific crystal facet of germanium.
By simply controlling the growth rate and growth time, the researchers can easily tune the nanoribbon width be to less than 10 nanometers."
when graphene grows on germanium, it naturally forms nanoribbons with these very smooth, armchair edges,
so all the desirable features we want in graphene nanoribbons are happening automatically with this technique.""The nanoribbons produced with this technique start nucleating,
#New optical chip lights up the race for quantum computer The microprocessor inside a computer is a single multipurpose chip that has revolutionised people's life,
It's a major step forward in creating a quantum computer to solve problems such as designing new drugs
A major barrier in testing new theories for quantum science and quantum computing is the time and resources needed to build new experiments,
if we are to realise our vision for a quantum computer.""The University of Bristol's pioneering'Quantum in the Cloud'is the first and only service to make a quantum processor publicly accessible
By combining thinned devices based on inorganic semiconductors with components & interconnects that are manufactured 3d printed/additively on nontraditional substrates,
This involves a biosensor system that can measure heartbeat, hydration levels, sweat, temperature and other vital signs through miniature circuitry.
and storing renewable energy, such as solar or wind power, is a key barrier to a clean energy economy.
"The work also demonstrates hydrogen storage at cryogenic temperatures, and the researchers are now keen to develop hydrogen storage in the activated coffee grounds at less extreme temperatures.
Activated carbon derived from waste coffee grounds for stable methane storage About Institute of Physics The Institute of Physics is a leading scientific society.
A recent U s. Department of energy report identified one of the fundamental bottlenecks to improved solar power technologies as"determining the mechanisms by
and as hydrogen storage materials in next generation batteries
#Targeted drug delivery with these nanoparticles can make medicines more effective: Nanoparticles wrapped inside human platelet membranes serve as new vehicles for targeted drug delivery The research,
and release their drug payloads specifically to these sites in the body. Enclosed within the platelet membranes are made nanoparticle cores of a biodegradable polymer that can be metabolized safely by the body.
"because it shunted thermal energy directly into the deep, cold void of space. In their new paper, the researchers applied that work to improve solar array performance
This is already an innovation over attempts in the field that use graphene: DNA is a fairly sticky molecule
and Mos2 is considerably less adhesive than graphene. The team then created a nanopore on membrane, almost 3 nm wide.
a nanoscale integrated optical memory that could open up the route towards ultra-fast data processing and storage.
"The all-optical memory devices we have developed provide opportunities that go far beyond any of the approaches to optical data processing available today.""
it is possible to image individual tobacco mosaic virions deposited on ultraclean freestanding graphene, "said Jean-Nicolas Longchamp, the primary author and a postdoctoral fellow of the Physics department at the University of Zurich, Switzerland."
In Longchamp's experiment, the tobacco mosaic virions were deposited on a freestanding, ultraclean graphene, an atomically thin layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice.
The graphene substrate is similar to a glass slide in optical microscopy which is conductive, robust and transparent for low energy electrons.
#Graphene teams up with two-dimensional crystals for faster data communications Ultra-fast detection of light lies at the heart of optical communication systems nowadays.
Driven by the internet of things and 5g, data communication bandwidth is growing exponentially, thus requiring even faster optical detectors that can be integrated into photonic circuits.
combined with graphene, has the capability to detect optical pulses with a response faster than ten picoseconds,
An important advantage of these devices based on graphene and other two-dimensional materials is that they can be integrated monolithically with silicon photonics enabling a new class of photonic integrated circuits.
"ICFO researcher Mathieu Massicotte and first author of this study states that"Everyone knew graphene could make ultrafast photodetectors,
"The results obtained from this study have shown that the stacking of semiconducting 2d materials with graphene in heterostructures could lead to new, fast and efficient optoelectronic applications,
and for the wider use of renewable energy. OSU officials say they are seeking support for further research
This finding is likely to spawn new developments in emerging technologies such as low-power electronics based on the spin of electrons or ultrafast quantum computers.
"The electrons in topological insulators have unique quantum properties that many scientists believe will be useful for developing spin-based electronics and quantum computers.
"In a way, the most exciting aspect of this work is that it should be applicable to a wide range of nanoscale materials such as complex oxides, graphene,
Rapid pattern recognition and a low energy consumption in connection with enormous parallel data processing would enable revolutionary computer architectures."
-which brings us a step closer towards the long-awaited quantum computers. The results were published in Nature Physics this week.
and can then be used as elements in quantum computers of the future,""says Vasily Stolyarov, a co-author of the study and the head of the Laboratory of Topological Quantum Phenomena in Superconducting Systems at MIPT.
A number of potential"candidate"systems to be used as a base to build the components of a quantum computer are currently being investigated.
"We embedded biosensors in it to measure several different substances in the blood or blood serum along with an array of electronics to transmit the results in real time to a tablet via Bluetooth,
which was made with a 3d printer, has been tested successfully on rodents. Discussions are now under way for tests to be carried out at the University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV.
"We embedded biosensors in it to measure several different substances in the blood or blood serum along with an array of electronics to transmit the results in real time to a tablet via Bluetooth,
which was made with a 3d printer, has been tested successfully on rodents. Discussions are now under way for tests to be carried out at the University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV.
#Biosensors; New Option to Diagnose Leukemia Iranian researchers from Tarbiat Modarres University designed a biosensor that enables the early diagnosis of leukemia in the test sample by using naked eyes.
The biosensors have been produced at low cost, and they enjoy high sensitivity, selectivity and speed. The aim of the research was to design an effective system to diagnose blood cancer (leukemia) by using gold nanobars.
To this end, samples of a nanobiosensor have been designed and their application has been evaluated in the diagnosis of the disease.
#Upgrading the quantum computer: New quantum computer architecture Abstract: Within the last several years, considerable progress has been made in developing a quantum computer,
which holds the promise of solving problems a lot more efficiently than a classical computer. Physicists are now able to realize the basic building blocks,
the quantum bits (qubits) in a laboratory, control them and use them for simple computations. For practical application, a particular class of quantum computers, the so-called adiabatic quantum computer, has generated recently a lot of interest among researchers and industry.
It is designed to solve real-world optimization problems conventional computers are not able to tackle. All current approaches for adiabatic quantum computation face the same challenge:
The problem is encoded in the interaction between qubits; to encode a generic problem, an all-to-all connectivity is necessary,
but the locality of the physical quantum bits limits the available interactions.""The programming language of these systems is the individual interaction between each physical qubit.
The possible input is determined by the hardware. This means that all these approaches face a fundamental challenge
when trying to build a fully programmable quantum computer, "explains Wolfgang Lechner from the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Innsbruck.
Theoretical physicists Wolfang Lechner, Philipp Hauke and Peter Zoller have proposed now a completely new approach. The trio, working at the University of Innsbruck and the IQOQI, suggest overcoming the challenges by detaching the logical qubit from the physical implementation.
Each physical qubit corresponds to one pair of logical qubits and can be tuned by local fields.
These could be electrical fields when dealing with atoms and ions or magnetic fields in superconducting qubits."
"Any generic optimization problem can be programmed fully via the fields, "explains co-author Philipp Hauke from the Institute for Theoretical physics at the University of Innsbruck, Austria."
the physicists arrange the qubits in a way that four physical qubits interact locally.""In this way we guarantee that only physical solutions are possible,
The solution of the problem is encoded redundantly in the qubits.""With this redundancy our model has also a high fault tolerance,
"A patent for the new quantum computer architecture has been submitted this year. The scientists are supported financially by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) and the European Research Council (ERC) among others s
because they have low yield in the conversion of solar energy to electrical one. The aim of the research was to produce
To improve the energy storage, manufacturers are looking for an alternative material to replace graphite. Cao team wanted to see
#Chameleon-like artificial'skin'shifts color on demand Borrowing a trick from nature, engineers from the University of California at Berkeley have created an incredibly thin,
this chameleon-like artificial skin"changes color as a minute amount of force is applied. The Optical Society) By precisely etching tiny features--smaller than a wavelength of light--onto a silicon film one thousand times thinner than a human hair, the researchers were able to select the range of colors the material would reflect,
#3d printer for small molecules opens access to customized chemistry Howard hughes medical institute scientists have simplified the chemical synthesis of small molecules,
he says. 3d printer for molecules could allow us to harness all the creativity, innovation, and outside-the-box thinking that comes
"In the era of Big data, the current frequency spectrum crisis is one of the biggest challenges researchers are grappling with
energy efficiency and size of future data centers, supercomputers and cloud systems. Photonic devices, which use photons instead of electrons to transport
Optical interconnect technology is incorporated currently into data centers by attaching discrete transceivers or active optical cables,
"Such systems will be key for future applications in the field of cloud-computing, big data analytics and cognitive computing.
because they can carry relatively heavy payloads, "said Sato, who began the work while he was a postdoctoral researcher at UC Berkeley
to key tools in quantum computer networks. Since the particles currently used in quantum experiments are tiny,
#Revolutionary 3-D printing technology uses continuous liquid interface production (w/video) A 3d printing technology developed by Silicon valley startup,
representing a fundamentally new approach to 3d printing. The technology, to appear as the cover article in the March 20 print issue of Science("Continuous liquid interface production of 3d objects),
creating the first 3d printing process that uses tunable photochemistry instead of the layer-by-layer approach that has defined the technology for decades.
"By rethinking the whole approach to 3d printing, and the chemistry and physics behind the process, we have developed a new technology that can create parts radically faster than traditional technologies by essentially'growing'them in a pool of liquid,
dental implants or prosthetics to be 3d printed on-demand in a medical setting.""CLIP's debut coincides with the United Nation designating 2015 as the International Year of Light and Light-Based Technologies,
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