#Pillared graphene gains strength Rice university researchers discovered that putting nanotube pillars between sheets of graphene could create hybrid structures with a unique balance of strength, toughness and ductility throughout all three dimensions.
particularly between carbon nanotubes and graphene, would affect the final hybrid properties in all directions. They found that introducing junctions would add extra flexibility
when compared with materials made of layered graphene. Their results appear this week in the journal Carbon("Junction configuration-induced mechanisms govern elastic and inelastic deformations in hybrid carbon nanomaterials".
graphene is a rolled out sheet of the same. Both are super-strong and excel at transmitting electrons and heat.
the way the atoms are arranged can influence all those properties. ome labs are actively trying to make these materials or measure properties like the strength of single nanotubes and graphene sheets,
and quantitatively predict the properties of hybrid versions of graphene and nanotubes. These hybrid structures impart new properties
and functionality that are absent in their parent structures graphene and nanotubes. To that end the lab assembled three-dimensional computer models of illared graphene nanostructures, akin to the boron nitride structures modeled in a previous study to analyze heat transfer between layers. his time we were interested in a comprehensive understanding of the elastic and inelastic properties
of 3-D carbon materials to test their mechanical strength and deformation mechanisms, Shahsavari said. e compared our 3-D hybrid structures with the properties of 2-D stacked graphene sheets and 1-D carbon nanotubes.
Layered sheets of graphene keep their properties in-plane, but exhibit little stiffness or thermal conductance from sheet to sheet,
he said. But pillared graphene models showed far better strength and stiffness and a 42 percent improvement in out-of-plane ductility,
the ability to deform under stress without breaking. The latter allows pillared graphene to exhibit remarkable toughness along out-of-plane directions, a feature that is not possible in 2-D stacked graphene sheets or 1-D carbon nanotubes,
Shahsavari said. The researchers calculated how the atomsinherent energies force hexagons to take on or lose atoms to neighboring rings,
Turning the nanotubes in a way that forced wrinkles in the graphene sheets added further flexibility and shear compliance,
and as hydrogen storage materials in next generation batteries
#3d bone marrow made from silk biomaterials successfully generates platelets (Nanowerk News) Researchers funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging
made of graphite with additional compounds bonded to the edges of two-dimensional sheets of graphene that make up the material.
#3d printed guide helps regrow complex nerves after injury A team of researchers has developed a first-of-its-kind,
3d printed guide that helps regrow both the sensory and motor functions of complex nerves after injury.
Advanced 3d printing methods may now be the solution. This is a 3-D printed nerve regeneration pathway implanted in a rat helped to improve walking in 10 to 12 weeks after implantation.
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering) In a new study, published today in the journal Advanced Functional Materials("3d printed Anatomical Nerve Regeneration Pathways),
and 3d printing techniques to create a custom silicone guide implanted with biochemical cues to help nerve regeneration.
researchers used a 3d scanner to reverse engineer the structure of a rat's sciatic nerve. They then used a specialized,
custom-built 3d printer to print a guide for regeneration. Incorporated into the guide were 3d printed chemical cues to promote both motor and sensory nerve regeneration.
The guide was implanted then into the rat by surgically grafting it to the cut ends of the nerve.
"This represents an important proof of concept of the 3d printing of custom nerve guides for the regeneration of complex nerve injuries,
"Someday we hope that we could have a 3d scanner and printer right at the hospital to create custom nerve guides right on site to restore nerve function."
or cadavers that hospitals could use to create closely matched 3d printed guides for patients s
Nature exploits complex networks that can execute many tasks in parallel. Moving away from designed circuits The approach of the researchers at the University of Twente is based on methods that resemble those found in Nature.
#New frontiers in 3d printing Three dimensional printing is revolutionizing the production of new devices and structures, including soft robots,
Now, breaching the next frontier in 3d printing, Jennifer A. Lewis, Sc. D.,has designed new systems to actively mix
For example, to print a functional"wearable device including its electronic components, a 3d printer would need to seamlessly transition from the flexible material that moves with the wearer joints to the rigid material that holds the electronic components.
It would also need to embed electrical circuitry with multiple inks of varying conductivity and resistivity,
Finally, they showed that conductive and resistive inks could be mixed on demand to embed electrical circuitry inside 3d printed objects."
yet could not be integrated seamlessly into a single unitary object with 3d printing in the past, "said Wyss Institute Founding Director Donald Ingber, M d.,Ph d,
"Her creativity and leadership have transformed already the realm of 3d printing, and once again, she and her team have opened another new path for this emerging field to explore."
these active mixing and switching printheads provide an important advance for multimaterial 3d printing, "said Lewis."They allow one to programmably control both materials composition and structure at the microscale,
Miao and his team plan to build on their results by studying how atoms are arranged in materials that possess magnetism or energy storage functions,
#New graphene oxide biosensors may accelerate research of HIV and cancer drugs Longing to find a cure for cancer, HIV and other yet incurable diseases,
Researchers from the Laboratory of Nanooptics and Plasmonics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology-MIPT (Russia) have devised a novel type of graphene oxide (GO) based biosensor that could potentially significantly speed up the process of drug development.
& Interfaces("Highly sensitive and Selective Sensor Chips with Graphene oxide Linking Layer")."Valentyn Volkov is the co-lead author, a visiting professor from the University of Southern Denmark.
New GO based biosensor chips exploit the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR. This is a photo of the state-of-art biosensor.
Photo: Victor Anaskin) Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves propagating along a metal-dielectric interface (e g.,, gold/air) and having the amplitudes exponentially decaying in the neighbor media.
novel carbon materials like graphene have attracted much attention due to their large surface area, low-cost fabrication, and interaction with a wide range of biomolecules.
made of GO, a material with more attractive optical and chemical properties than pristine graphene. The GO"flakes"were deposited on the 35 nm gold layer.
the commercially available chip with carboxymethylated dextran (CMD) layer and the chip covered by monolayer graphene.
Experiments showed that the proposed GO chip has three times higher sensitivity than the CMD chip and 3. 7 times than the chip with pristine graphene.
a nanoscale integrated optical memory that could open up the route towards ultra-fast data processing and storage.
The all-optical memory devices we have developed provide opportunities that go far beyond any of the approaches to optical data processing available today.
#3d printed scaffolds could enable the release biomolecules into the body with exceptional control (w/video) Tissue development is guided by gradients of biomolecules that direct the growth, migration,
Now, researchers are one step closer to this goal thanks to the creation of new 3d printed scaffolds that enable researchers to release biomolecules into the body with exceptional control.
The work is described in the August 12, 2015 issue of Nano Letters("3d printed Programmable Release Capsules".
Because the capsules are 3d printed, they can be arranged within the gel in practically any design that can be created on a computer.
including blood vessels and even the heart. particularly far-reaching example would be the ability to guide the vascularization of artificial tissue by 3d printing capsules alongside stem cells,
#Ultrathin graphene oxide lens could revolutionise next-gen devices Researchers at Swinburne University of Technology, collaborating with Monash University,
have developed an ultrathin, flat, ultra-lightweight graphene oxide optical lens with unprecedented flexibility. The ultrathin lens enables potential applications in on-chip nanophotonics
The researchers produced a film that is 300 times thinner than a sheet of paper by converting graphene oxide film to reduced graphene oxide through a photoreduction process. hese flexible graphene oxide lenses are mechanically robust
he newly demonstrated laser nano-patterning method in graphene oxides holds the key to fast processing and programming of high capacity information for big data sectors.
which provided the graphene oxide film for this research said this work opens up a new high-tech application for graphene oxide
The research is published in Nature Communications("Highly efficient and ultra-broadband graphene oxide ultrathin lenses with three-dimensional subwavelength focusing)
and uses non-corrosive, nontoxic 2d nanomaterial suspension in liquid form, such as graphene oxide, as the pressure sensing element to recognise force-induced changes.
#Small-scale nuclear fusion may be a new energy source Fusion energy may soon be used in small-scale power stations. This means producing environmentally friendly heating
Nuclear fusion is a process whereby atomic nuclei melt together and release energy. Because of the low binding energy of the tiny atomic nuclei, energy can be released by combining two small nuclei with a heavier one.
A collaboration between researchers at the University of Gothenburg and the University of Iceland has been to study a new type of nuclear fusion process.
This produces almost no neutrons but instead fast, heavy electrons (muons), since it is based on nuclear reactions in ultra-dense heavy hydrogen (deuterium)."
"This is a considerable advantage compared to other nuclear fusion processes which are under development at other research facilities,
The energy in the neutrons which accumulate in large quantities in other types of nuclear fusion is difficult to handle
In order to increase Japan use of renewable energy at a substantial fraction in the total energy demand, it is vital to develop technologies for the high efficiency
and low cost production of hydrogen using solar energy. Conventional approaches to solar hydrogen production using photocatalysts achieved a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of less than 10,
#A quantum logic gate in silicon built for the for the first time (w/video) The significant advance, by a team at the University of New south wales (UNSW) in Sydney appears today in the international journal Nature("A two-qubit logic gate in silicon"."
"We've demonstrated a two-qubit logic gate-the central building block of a quantum computer-and, significantly, done it in silicon.
"This makes the building of a quantum computer much more feasible, since it is based on the same manufacturing technology as today's computer industry,
The advance represents the final physical component needed to realise the promise of super-powerful silicon quantum computers,
0 or 1. However, a quantum bit (or'qubit')can exist in both of these states at once, a condition known as a superposition.
A qubit operation exploits this quantum weirdness by allowing many computations to be performed in parallel (a two-qubit system performs the operation on 4 values, a three-qubit system on 8, and so on."
"If quantum computers are to become a reality, the ability to conduct one-and two-qubit calculations are said essential
Dzurak, who jointly led the team in 2012 who demonstrated the first ever silicon qubit,
also reported in Nature. Until now, it had not been possible to make two quantum bits'talk'to each other
-and thereby create a logic gate-using silicon. But the UNSW team-working with Professor Kohei M. Itoh of Japan's Keio University-has done just that for the first time.
The result means that all of the physical building blocks for a silicon-based quantum computer have now been constructed successfully
and building a functioning quantum computer. A key advantage of the UNSW approach is that they have reconfigured the'transistors'that are used to define the bits in existing silicon chips,
and turned them into qubits.""The silicon chip in your smartphone or tablet already has around one billion transistors on it,
"We've morphed those silicon transistors into quantum bits by ensuring that each has only one electron associated with it.
Dzurak noted that that the team had patented recently a design for a full-scale quantum computer chip that would allow for millions of our qubits,
#Big range of behaviors for tiny graphene pores The surface of a single cell contains hundreds of tiny pores,
Now researchers at MIT have created tiny pores in single sheets of graphene that have an array of preferences and characteristics similar to those of ion channels in living cells.
Each graphene pore is less than 2 nanometers wide, making them among the smallest pores through
preferring to transport certain ions over others through the graphene layer. hat we see is that there is a lot of diversity in the transport properties of these pores,
Karnik says graphene nanopores could be useful as sensors for instance, detecting ions of mercury, potassium, or fluoride in solution.
In the future, it may be possible to make graphene nanopores capable of sifting out trace amounts of gold ions from other metal ions, like silver and aluminum.
and Sean Oern from MIT and Juan-carlos Idrobo from Oak ridge National Laboratory, publish their results today in the journal Nature Nanotechnology("Heterogeneous sub-continuum ionic transport in statistically isolated graphene nanopores").
Karnik reasoned that graphene would be a suitable material in which to create artificial ion channels:
A sheet of graphene is an ultrathin lattice of carbon atoms that is one atom thick, so pores in graphene are defined at the atomic scale.
To create pores in graphene, the group used chemical vapor deposition, a process typically used to produce thin films.
In graphene, the process naturally creates tiny defects. The researchers used the process to generate nanometer-sized pores in various sheets of graphene,
which bore a resemblance to ultrathin Swiss cheese. The researchers then isolated individual pores by placing each graphene sheet over a layer of silicon nitride that had been punctured by an ion beam
the diameter of which is slightly smaller than the spacing between graphene pores. The group reasoned that any ions flowing through the two-layer setup would have passed likely first through a single graphene pore,
and then through the larger silicon nitride hole. The group measured flows of five different salt ions through several graphene sheet setups by applying a voltage and measuring the current flowing through the pores.
The current-voltage measurements varied widely from pore to pore, and from ion to ion, with some pores remaining stable,
while others swung back and forth in conductance an indication that the pores were diverse in their preferences for allowing certain ions through. he picture that emerges is that each pore is different
and that the pores are dynamic, Karnik says. ach pore starts developing its own personality.
which given the single-atom thickness of graphene makes them among the smallest pores through
Meni Wanunu, an assistant professor of physics at Northeastern University, says the group work with graphene membranes may significantly improve on commercial membranes used for water purification,
which require large amounts of pressure to push water through. f these were replaced with graphene,
it is only through a fundamental understanding of ion transport that the overall anticipated behaviors of bulk graphene membranes can be drawn.
and will surely guide current and future graphene membrane design principles in years to come. e
and for the wider use of renewable energy y
#Detecting HIV diagnostic antibodies with DNA nanomachines Detecting HIV diagnostic antibodies with DNA nanomachines (Nanowerk News) New research may revolutionize the slow,
DNP-enhanced sensitivity Traditional NMR uses the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to reveal the structures of the molecules containing those nuclei.
next-generation health monitoring devices such as electronic stick-on tattoos (see for instance"wearing single-walled carbon nanotube electronics on your skin",a"temporary tattoo to monitor glucose levels"or"graphene nanosensor tattoo
Rapid pattern recognition and a low energy consumption in connection with enormous parallel data processing would enable revolutionary computer architectures."
#Graphene-coated'e textile'detects noxious gases Scientists in Korea have developed wearable, graphene-coated fabrics that can detect dangerous gases present in the air,
alerting the wearer by turning on an LED light("Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Graphene-Based Single Yarn for Use in Wearable Gas Sensor").
"The researchers, from the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute and Konkuk University in the Republic of korea, coated cotton and polyester yarn with a nanoglue called bovine serum albumin (BSA.
The yarns were wrapped then in graphene oxide sheets. Graphene is an incredibly strong one-atom-thick layer of carbon,
and is known for its excellent conductive properties of heat and electricity. The graphene sheets stuck very well to the nanoglueo much
so that further testing showed the fabrics retained their electrical conducting properties after 1, 000 consecutive cycles of bending
Finally, the graphene oxide yarns were exposed to a chemical reduction process, which involves the gaining of electrons.
The reduced-graphene oxide-coated materials were found to be particularly sensitive to detecting nitrogen dioxide a pollutant gas commonly found in vehicle exhaust that also results from fossil fuel combustion.
Exposure of these specially-treated fabrics to nitrogen dioxide led to a change in the electrical resistance of the reduced graphene oxide.
The fabrics were three times as sensitive to nitrogen dioxide in air compared to another reduced graphene oxide sensor previously prepared on a flat material.
#Researchers grow nanocircuitry with semiconducting graphene nanoribbons In a development that could revolutionize electronic ciruitry, a research team from the University of Wisconsin at Madison (UW)
and the U s. Department of energy's Argonne National Laboratory has confirmed a new way to control the growth paths of graphene nanoribbons on the surface of a germainum crystal (Nature Communications,"Direct oriented growth of armchair graphene nanoribbons on germanium").
and this method provides a straightforward way to make semiconducting nanoscale circuits from graphene, a form of carbon only one atom thick.
"UW researchers used chemical vapor deposition to grow graphene nanoribbons on germanium crystals. This technique flows a mixture of methane, hydrogen and argon gases into a tube furnace.
At high temperatures, methane decomposes into carbon atoms that settle onto the germanium's surface to form a uniform graphene sheet.
when graphene grows on germanium, it naturally forms nanoribbons with these very smooth, armchair edges,"said Michael Arnold, an associate professor of materials science and engineering at UW-Madison."
so all the desirable features we want in graphene nanoribbons are happening automatically with this technique.""Graphene, a one-atom-thick, two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
This high mobility makes the material an ideal candidate for faster, more energy-efficient electronics. However, the semiconductor industry wants to make circuits start
As a semimetal, graphene naturally has no bandgaps, making it a challenge for widespread industry adoption.
researchers confirmed the presence of graphene nanoribbons growing on the germanium. Data gathered from the electron signatures allowed the researchers to create images of the material's dimensions and orientation.
graphene and it shows some characteristic electronic properties, "said Kiraly.""What's even more interesting is that these nanoribbons can be made to grow in certain directions on one side of the germanium crystal,
0). Previous research shows that graphene sheets can grow on germanium crystal faces (1, 1, 1) and (1, 1,
0). However, this is the first time any study has recorded the growth of graphene nanoribbons on the (1,
researchers can now focus their efforts on exactly why self-directed graphene nanoribbons grow on the (1, 0,
and graphene that may play a role e
#Experimental treatment regimen effective against HIV PROTEASE inhibitors are a class of antiviral drugs that are used commonly to treat HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
and avenues for commercialization, including non-fouling medical tools and devices, such as implants and scalpels, nozzles for 3d printing and, potentially, larger-scale applications for buildings and marine vessels.
Another avenue for application is functional 3d printing and microarray devices, especially in printing highly viscous and sticky biological and polymeric materials where friction and contamination are major obstacles.
#Scientists design a full-scale architecture for a quantum computer in silicon Australian scientists have designed a 3d silicon chip architecture based on single atom quantum bits,
which is compatible with atomic-scale fabrication techniques-providing a blueprint to build a large-scale quantum computer.
are leading the world in the race to develop a scalable quantum computer in silicon-a material well-understood
and have developed the world's most efficient quantum bits in silicon using either the electron or nuclear spins of single phosphorus atoms.
Quantum bits-or qubits-are the fundamental data components of quantum computers. One of the final hurdles to scaling up to an operational quantum computer is the architecture.
Here it is necessary to figure out how to precisely control multiple qubits in parallel, across an array of many thousands of qubits,
and constantly correct for'quantum'errors in calculations. Now, the CQC2T collaboration, involving theoretical and experimental researchers from the University of Melbourne
In a study published today in Science Advances("A surface code quantum computer in silicon""the CQC2T team describes a new silicon architecture,
which uses atomic-scale qubits aligned to control lines -which are essentially very narrow wires-inside a 3d design."
and have been working towards a full-scale architecture where we can perform error correction protocols-providing a practical system that can be scaled up to larger numbers of qubits,
"In the team's conceptual design, they have moved from a one-dimensional array of qubits, positioned along a single line,
This qubit layer is sandwiched"in a three-dimensional architecture, between two layers of wires arranged in a grid.
multiple qubits can be controlled in parallel, performing a series of operations using far fewer controls. Importantly, with their design, they can perform the 2d surface code error correction protocols in which any computational errors that creep into the calculation can be corrected faster than they occur."
"Our Australian team has developed the world's best qubits in silicon, "says University of Melbourne Professor Lloyd Hollenberg,
"However, to scale up to a full operational quantum computer we need more than just many of these qubits-we need to be able to control
""In our work, we've developed a blueprint that is unique to our system of qubits in silicon,
for building a full-scale quantum computer.""In their paper, the team proposes a strategy to build the device,
needed to address individual qubits, and make the processor work.""This architecture gives us the dense packing
"Ultimately, the structure is scalable to millions of qubits, required for a full-scale quantum processor."
0 or 1. However, a qubit can exist in both of these states at once, a condition known as a superposition.
A qubit operation exploits this quantum weirdness by allowing many computations to be performed in parallel (a two-qubit system performs the operation on 4 values, a three-qubit system on 8, and so on.
As a result, quantum computers will exceed far today's most powerful super computers, and offer enormous advantages for a range of complex problems,
able to turn solar energy into heat for residentsuse, will be installed next year in a building in Merida, Spain.
The images and implications are described in a paper published online by the journal Nature Structural & Molecular biology("The architecture of a eukaryotic replisome"."
#Ultrasensitive sensors made from boron-doped graphene Ultrasensitive gas sensors based on the infusion of boron atoms into graphene--a tightly bound matrix of carbon atoms--may soon be possible, according to an international team of researchers
Graphene is known for its remarkable strength and ability to transport electrons at high speed, but it is also a highly sensitive gas sensor.
With the addition of boron atoms, the boron graphene sensors were able to detect noxious gas molecules at extremely low concentrations, parts per billion in the case of nitrogen oxides and parts per million for ammonia
and 10,000 times greater sensitivity to ammonia compared to pristine graphene. The researchers believe these results,
reported today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences("Ultrasensitive gas detection of large-area boron-doped graphene),
"We were previously able to dope graphene with atoms of nitrogen, but boron proved to be much more difficult.
Once we were able to synthesize what we believed to be boron graphene, we collaborated with experts in the United states
The result was large-area, high-quality boron-doped graphene sheets. Once fabricated, the researchers sent boron graphene samples to researchers at the Honda Research Institute USA Inc.,Columbus, Ohio, who tested the samples against their own highly sensitive gas sensors.
Konstantin Novoselov's lab at the University of Manchester UK, studied the transport mechanism of the sensors.
confirmed the presence of the boron atoms in the graphene lattice and their effect when interacting with ammonia or nitrogen oxide molecules.
theoretical work indicates that boron-doped graphene could lead to improved lithium-ion batteries and field-effect transistors, the authors report t
and nutrients to all cells in an artificial organ or tissue implant that takes days or weeks to grow in the lab prior to surgery.
#New low-cost battery could help store renewable energy Wind and solar energy projects are growing at a respectable clip.
But storing electric power for days when the air is still or when the sun goes down remains a challenge, largely due to cost.
To make larger-scale energy storage more accessible, Maksym V. Kovalenko and colleagues wanted to develop an affordable alternative to lithium-ion.
it could one day help support grid-scale energy storage, the researchers say a
#Novel'crumpling'of hybrid nanostructures increases SERS sensitivity By"crumpling"to increase the surface area of graphene-gold nanostructures,
researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have improved the sensitivity of these materials,
an assistant professor of mechanical science and engineering at Illinois."This mechanical self-assembly strategy will enable a new class of 3d crumpled graphene-gold (Au) nanostructures.
"This work demonstrates the unique capability of micro-to-nanoscale topographies of the crumpled graphene-Au nanoparticles--higher density,
""We achieve a 3d crumpled graphene-Au hybrid structure by the delamination and buckling of graphene on a thermally activated, shrinking polymer substrate.
This process enables precise control and optimization of the size and spacing of integrated Au nanoparticles on crumpled graphene for higher SERS enhancement."
"According to Nam, the 3d crumpled graphene-Au nanostructure exhibits at least one order of magnitude higher SERS detection sensitivity than that of conventional, flat graphene-Au nanoparticles.
The hybrid structure is adapted further to arbitrary curvilinear structures for advanced, in situ, nonconventional, nanoplasmonic sensing applications."
An earlier study by Nam's research group was the first to demonstrate graphene integration onto a variety of different microstructured geometries,
and the 3d integration of gold nanoparticle/graphene hybrid structures r
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