A team member started analysing the data on the drive back from the missile range, and immediately saw evidence of braids in the twists of coronal gas.
The researchers say that their technique could easily be scaled up to store all of the data in the world.
a photo of the researchers'institute and a file that describes how the data were converted.
marks another step towards using nucleic acids as a practical way of storing information#one that is more compact and durable than current media such as hard disks or magnetic tape.#"
For example, CERN, the European particle-physics lab near Geneva, currently stores around 90 petabytes of data on some 100 tape drives.
Goldman s method could fit all of those data into 41 grams of DNA. This information should last for millennia under cold,
Goldman s group developed a more complex cipher in which every byte#a string of eight ones
The system encodes the data in partially overlapping strings, in such a way that any errors on one string can be checked cross against three other strings.
400 to encode every megabyte of data, and $220 to read it back. However, these costs are falling exponentially.
but that will rarely be accessed, such as CERN s data. If costs fall by 100-fold in ten years,
if you want to store data for at least 50 years. And Church says that these estimates may be too pessimistic,
Japan s flagship K#supercomputer project narrowly escaped being shut down after auditors questioned whether Japan needed to host the world s fastest computer.
Fast-forward to 2013, and Shinzo Abe, head of the newly elected Liberal Democratic party-led government,
he told reporters after a tour of the supercomputer facility on 11 january. Science is a big winner in the government s massive#10.3-trillion economic stimulus package, approved by the cabinet on 15 january.
and significant boosts for many big scientific facilities (see Big winners)# including#8. 4#billion for data links between the K supercomputer and Japan s universities.
a satellite that will monitor natural disasters and measure atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The extra cash will keep it on schedule for launch before April next year.
Computer simulations have indicated that a rare crystalline form of boron nitride would resist indentation even better than diamond
The data in the new study only show how the nano-twinned boron nitride responded to indentation loads with up to seven newtons of force."
In that work, published in Applied Physics Letters, Dubrovinskaia and her colleagues presented data from Vickers testing with loads of up to 10 newtons n
Researchers flocked to the field soon after a recipe for deriving the cells from adult mouse cells was announced in 2006
better behaved and backed by an extra decade s worth of data#promise to have an important supporting role.
Massachusetts, would supply Sony Corporation of Tokyo with quantum dots for flat-screen televisions that will transmit more richly coloured images than other TVS on the market.
Demand for quantum dot displays, say industry watchers, could benefit quantum dot companies, bring down the price of these nanomaterials
"Displays are a potential market that could help quantum dot companies find traction, says Jonathan Melnick, an analyst at Lux Research in Boston, Massachusetts.
Near the backlight of a liquid-crystal display (LCD), for example, temperatures can be around 100#C. At this temperature,
The contrast with today s flat screens begins with the light source. Conventional LCDS use a high-intensity blue LED backlight
optoelectronics, including display components, will make up $310#million of a total $666 million in quantum dot revenues.
Its axle would have selective binding sites. Once the amino acids have been stripped off the axle, the axle would'reload,
'with new amino acids binding to those sites in the right order. Leigh s machine will probably never compete with automated methods of making peptides.
which it is exhausting the hydrogen at its core. In this phase, the star's slowly dimming luminosity is a highly sensitive indicator of its age,
Wright puts much of this down to software that has made it easier for watchdogs to detect possible plagiarism or image manipulation in publications."
Researchers stumbled on the grisly cataloguing technique while studying a form of anthrax that kills chimpanzees in C# te d'Ivoire.
#By baiting nets and traps with meat, the team collected carrion flies from Ta#National park in C# te d'Ivoire and Kirindy Reserve in Madagascar,
The researchers sequenced this material to identify 16 mammals in C# te d'Ivoire, including six of the nine local primate species,
but was concerned that much of the data depended on the actions of ZIP. He and his collaborators took a different route,
"I think the future will be to try to find the backup mechanisms for memory. However, Huganir s team also created mice whose PKM?
is the first step towards constructing an organic computer that uses networks of linked animal brains to solve tasks.
from creating organic computers to uniting different parts of the same brain that have been cut off by damage or disease.
And if it is to build a computer, "the proposition is speculative and the evidence underwhelming.
which paired individuals control virtual avatars and combine their brain activity to play a game together."
when James Van allen first spotted them using satellite data half a century ago, and that s also the structure that NASA s twin Van allen Probes recorded
Baker goes on to say that data collected by the probes on 9 october revealed that"suddenly the whole outer belt was lit up again but with the middle ring gone.
or run cars or mobile devices. Hydrogen has a high energy density and is completely clean, burning to leave behind only water vapour as waste.
a well-known reaction combines hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases using commercial catalysts. Methanol also traps a lot of hydrogen (12.5%by weight.
potentially delivering hydrogen for fuel cells in mobile phones, computers or even cars. Edman Tsang, a chemist at the University of Oxford, UK, who also works on storing hydrogen in liquids including methanol2,
or methanol-hydrogen systems, in cars or mobile phones are"seriously underestimating the engineering complexity of first developing a practical system
And when Rajewsky and his colleagues mined databases for circular RNA molecules, they found thousands in nematode worms, mice and humans."
They found that it contains about 70 binding sites for a microrna called mir-7. Micrornas are short fragments of RNA that can block gene expression by binding to
Some have possible binding sites for viral micrornas, which can subvert immune responses. Rajewsky hypothesizes that circular RNA could even interact with RNA BINDING-PROTEINS proteins.
called ATP IV, has been drawn up by an expert panel of 15#cardiologists appointed by the institute.
US guidelines set by the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) have lowered gradually acceptable levels for LDL bad cholesterol,
The committee drew heavily on clinical data, but also took extrapolations from basic research and post hoc analyses of clinical trials.
and to focus on data from randomized clinical trials, says committee chairman Neil Stone, a cardiologist at Northwestern University School of medicine in Chicago.
But Dylla suggests that the full text of papers could reside on publishers websites, with agencies just providing links.
which they see as deflecting attention from their own web pages. The embargo time before papers are free could vary by discipline and journal
Full-term babies#those born after 37 weeks'gestation#display remarkable linguistic sophistication soon after they are born:
When satellite data suggested that Cape Darnley might be a candidate, the researchers moored instruments on the seabed,
In addition, they relied on data from elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) tagged with instruments that monitor ocean conditions."
Using computer simulations to make sure that the CD47 fragment was folded correctly and was stable, the group designed
After half an hour, the mouse blood had four times as many beads with the peptide fragment than the other bead,
The researchers used NASA s Kepler space telescope to identify the three planets orbiting Kepler 37, a star some 200 light-years away that is somewhat smaller than the sun. The spacecraft monitors more than 150,000 stars in the Milky way
Barclay and his colleagues used computer modeling to identify potential false positives and then rule them out with additional observations from the ground.
The FDA s Ophthalmic Devices Advisory Panel in September 2012 voted unanimously to recommend approval.
using the video processing unit to transform images from the video camera into electronic data that is wirelessly transmitted to the retinal prosthesis.
Stanford university researchers are in the early stages of developing self-powered retinal implants where each pixel in the device is fitted with silicon photodiodes.
Patients would wear goggles that emit near-infrared pulses that transmit both power and data directly to the photodiodes.
having deciphered the neural codes that mouse and monkey retinas use to turn light patterns into patterns of electrical pulses that their brains translate into meaningful images.
#How to turn living cells into computers Synthetic biologists have developed DNA modules that perform logic operations in living cells.
To that end, researchers at the Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT) in Cambridge have devised a set of simple genetic modules that respond to inputs much like the Boolean logic gates used in computers."
He and his colleagues devised 16 plasmids#one for#each of the binary logic functions allowable in computation.
although recombinases have been used similarly in the past#to write data into a DNA memory, for example#the latest work takes the idea a step further by making the DNA part of the computation itself."
"If the DNA that you alter is a regulatory element, like a promoter sequence or a terminator, then that gives you the ability to control something inside the cell.
#When Google got flu wrong When influenza hit early and hard in the United states this year,
A comparison with traditional surveillance data showed that Google Flu Trends, which estimates prevalence from flu-related Internet searches,
had overestimated drastically peak flu levels. The glitch is no more than a temporary setback for a promising strategy,
and Google is sure to refine its algorithms. But as flu-tracking techniques based on mining of web data
and on social media proliferate, the episode is a reminder that they will complement, but not substitute for, traditional epidemiological surveillance networks."
"It is hard to think today that one can provide disease surveillance without existing systems, says Alain-Jacques Valleron, an epidemiologist at the Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris,
But the near-global coverage of the Internet and burgeoning social media platforms such as Twitter have raised hopes that these technologies could open the way to easier
The mother of these new systems is launched Google s in 2008. Based on research by Google and the CDC, it relies on data mining records of flu-related search terms entered in Google s search engine,
combined with computer modelling. Its estimates have matched almost exactly the CDC s own surveillance data over time
###and it delivers them several days faster than the CDC can. The system has since been rolled out to 29 countries worldwide,
and has been extended to include surveillance for a second disease, dengue. Sources: Google Flu Trends (www. google. org/flutrends;
CDC; Flu Near Yougoogle Flu Trends has continued to perform remarkably well, and researchers in many countries have confirmed that its ILI estimates are accurate.
But the latest US flu season seems to have confounded its algorithms. Its estimate for the Christmas national peak of flu is almost double the CDC s (see Fever peaks),
and some of its state data show even larger discrepancies. It is not the first time that a flu season has tripped Google up.
In 2009, Flu Trends had to tweak its algorithms after its models badly underestimated ILI in the United states at the start of the H1n1 (swine flu) pandemic###a glitch attributed to changes in people s search behaviour as a result of the exceptional nature of the pandemic (S. Cook et al.
PLOS ONE 6, e23610; 2011). ) Google would not comment on thisyear s difficulties. But several researchers suggest that the problems may be due to widespread media coverage of this year s severe US flu season,
including the declaration of a public-health emergency by New york state last month. The press reports may have triggered many flu-related searches by people who were not ill.
Few doubt that Google Flu will bounce back after its models are refined, however.""You need to be constantly adapting these models,
Brownstein is one of many researchers trying to harness the power of the web to establish sentinel networks made up not of physicians,
#Computer program roots out ancestors of modern tongues In Fiji, a star is a kalokalo. For the Pazeh people of Taiwan, it is mintol,
An algorithm devised by researchers in Canada and California now offers an answer#in this case, bituqen.
Statistician Alexandre Bouchard-C# t#of the University of British columbia in Vancouver, Canada, and his co-workers say that by making the reconstruction of ancestral languages much simpler,
but the authors say that earlier algorithms tended to be rather intractable and prescriptive. Bouchard-C# t#and colleagues'method can factor in a large number of languages to improve the quality of reconstruction,
and it uses rules that handle possible sound changes in flexible, probabilistic ways. The program requires researchers to input a list of words in each language, together with their meanings,
The algorithm can automatically identify cognate words (ones with the same root) in the languages. It then applies rules known to govern sound changes to deduce the probable root of each set of cognates.
Bouchard-C# t#and his colleagues found that their predictions matched those of the manual method in about 85%of cases (including bituqen."
admits Bouchard-C# t#."It looks as though this method could be a very useful laboursaving device,
Bouchard-C# t#and his colleagues used the method to test a hypothesis about language evolution first proposed in 1955 (ref. 2),
but it emerged clearly from the data set of 637 languages. This functional load'hypothesis had been viewed with some scepticism,
#Europe bets on drug discovery Two sites shuttered by the pharmaceutical giant Merck, one in Scotland and one in The netherlands, will soon be humming again with the work of drug discovery.
the pharmaceutical partners will be able to use the library#including molecules from their competitors#in their own drug screens.
but all data are publicly available. Keeping data open and focusing on specific drug mechanisms makes his consortium s approach much simpler."
"Intellectual-property deals, assays coming from everywhere, multi-institutional agreements. Wow, that s hard, he says."
#Scientists use 3-D printer to speed human embryonic stem cell research A blog by Scientific American.
Depositing human embryonic stem cells in cultures using a 3-D printer offers some advantages.
so the Heriot-Watt and Roslin Cellab scientists developed a printing system driven by pneumatic pressure and controlled by the opening and closing of a microvalve.
any tissue formed would yield better models of human biology than those formed from mouse cells.
and the shapes of thousands of other molecules is getting an upgrade. A method described in Nature this week1 makes X-ray crystallography of small molecules simpler, faster and more sensitive,
and his colleagues used computer simulations to create a model of the protein shell of the virus that causes the disease,
who has worked on data from Planck and the WMAP.""Instead, we ve got new evidence that this expansion did happen.
as the Conservative government of Prime minister Stephen Harper tries to eliminate the deficit by 2015 amid a dreary economic outlook.
Those data have enabled cosmologists to work out when the Big bang happened, estimate the amount of unseen dark matter in the cosmos
These precise measurements show that the Universe is expanding slightly slower than estimated from WMAP's data.
The Planck data also implies that dark energy makes up 68.3%of the energy density of the Universe,
a slightly smaller proportion than estimated from WMAP data. The contribution of dark matter swells from 22.7%to 26.8%
however, raise tantalizing hints that there may yet be new physics to be discovered in Planck s data.
So far, the team has analysed about 15.5 months of data, and"we have about as much again to look at,
The team expects to release the next tranche of data in early 2014 a
#Serotonin receptors offer clues to new antidepressants Researchers have deciphered the molecular structures of two of the brain's crucial lock-and-key mechanisms.
#'Hologram-lite'idea for 3d phone displays Now physicist David Fattal and his colleagues at Hewlett-packard Laboratories in Palo alto have developed a sort of'hologram-lite'approach.
the display beams different images in different directions, so that a person's left and right eyes see slightly different images#a requirement for the brain to process an image as 3d.
Moving the display screen around also produces different images, so that it appears as if the object were being viewed from up to 64 different vantage points over a field of view spanning 90 degrees.
as in an ordinary LCD screen#the display can also produce moving images. Figuring out how to modulate the LCD screen to produce the views is orders of magnitude easier than working out the complicated interference patterns needed to make a moving hologram visible from any direction,
says Fattal. And because each circular diffraction grating is just 12 micrometres across, the system is suited ideally to mobile technologies,
Existing 3d-display technologies tend to have larger pixel sizes and therefore operate better at distances of a few metres,
But the pixels in that case tend to be larger he explains, because it is difficult to produce small lenses of high optical quality.
Nick Holliman, a computer scientist at Durham University, UK, describes the work from Fattal's team as a very nice idea and a great technology demonstrator.
But it would be dauntingly expensive to maintain servers and staff to analyse the data
and identify mutations that might be causing the undiagnosed diseases that afflict his clients families.
So Jalas, the centre s director of genetics resources and services, has outsourced parts of the analysis. He uploads his clients sequencing data to cloud-computing software platforms
And the cloud-based interfaces let him collaborate with doctors in Israel without worrying about repeatedly transferring data on slow Internet connections."
) Doctors will increasingly want to use sequen#cing data to guide decisions about patient care, but might not necessarily want to invest in staff
and software to make sense of those data.""It s a huge unmet need, says David Ferreiro, a biotechnology analyst with investment bank Oppenheimer & Company in New york,
and analysis software that by 2016 could top $4#billion per year, according to BCC Research, a market-research company in Wellesley,
which provides genetic analysis software on its cloud-based platform and allows users to upload and run their own algorithms.
Source: BCC Researchother firms offer a range of approaches. Seven Bridges Genomics, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts,
aims to be accessible to people with no expertise in bioinformatics, and provides access to free tools for designing custom-made analysis pipelines.
Ingenuity Systems in Redwood City, California, allows users to upload a list of mutations in a person s genome,
He says that they will have to prove that their products are better than freely available software
Last year, Illumina opened Basespace Apps, a marketplace for online analysis tools to be used on data uploaded to the company s own cloud-computing platform.
and hospitals to analyse data. But one of the biggest questions will be how deeply analysis companies can reach into medical settings,
and clinical geneticists may be uneasy about uploading data to the cloud.""It s your licence and your lab that go on the line
says Elizabeth Worthey, director of genomic informatics at the Human and Molecular genetics Center at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee.
Bina Technologies in Redwood City sells a server that can sit in a customer s own data centre
and is optimized to run genome-analysis software. Knome of Cambridge Massachusetts, announced last year that it plans to sell $125, 000 genome-analysis machines for use in customers labs (see Nature 490,157;
the range of customers who need to interpret sequence data is growing, and each has their own needs."
Lockheed has proven technologies and the most nodule-bed data. Polymetallic nodules form over thousands of years on the sea floor, through processes that are still not fully understood;
Data are so far sparse on the degree to which the operations would threaten deep-sea life such as sediment-dwelling sea cucumbers, worms and small crustaceans,
) Craig Smith, a deep-sea biologist at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, will lead an initial assessment of seafloor life for Lockheed s project, gathering baseline data for the potential harvest zone
or enter their nesting sites, or take off from the pavement, Brown explains. And that in turn would enable them to survive
and a detector captures the signals like a viewer watching a cinema screen. The system records activity from the full brain every 1. 3 seconds.
In a series of hour-long experiments, each of which generated 1 terabyte (1 million megabytes) of data,
Lever now plans to analyse fragments of crust collected from other sites in the Pacific ocean and the North atlantic."
#Wireless brain-computer interface streams thought commands with the speed of an Internet connection Following more than a decade of engineering work,
a wireless brain-computer interface could finally give paralyzed people the ability to control everyday devices like TVS, computers,
The researchers say that the wireless BCI is able to stream thought commands via its radio at a rate of 48 megabits per second, about the speed of a home Internet connection.
The amount of data transmitted daily by the device equals about the amount of data stored on 200 DVDS.
Blackrock is already selling the wireless processor to research labs under the product name ereplex-W for about $15, 000.
The processor inside the device amplifies the electrical signals emitted by neurons, then translates the information into digital codes,
and the built-in radio beams this info to the receiver placed within a few meters. From this point the original thought command becomes available as a control signal for computers.
The device was developed by the Braingate consortium based at Brown University. Braingate was among the first to place implants in the brains of paralyzed people
which is a platform for visualization, simulation, analysis and interaction of large data, that combines computational power with human intuition in representing
As is often the case with complex data, one might not always have a specific hypothesis to start with.
Users can interact with Brainx3 in real-time by perturbing brain regions with transient stimulations to observe reverberating network activity,
Within the immersive mixed/virtual reality space of Brainx3 users can explore and analysis dynamical activity patterns of brain networks
This is the first time throughout the world that the spinal-cord activation patterns for walking have been decoded Paraplegics still have neural connections (so-called locomotion centers) below the site of the injury
In previous studies using mouse models of fragile X, Bear and others discovered that the loss of this gene results in exaggerated protein synthesis at synapses, the specialized sites of communication between neurons.
Of particular interest, they found that this protein synthesis was stimulated by the neurotransmitter glutamate, downstream of a glutamate receptor called mglur5.
the researchers used a mouse model of 16p11.2 microdeletion, created by Alea Mills at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
biochemical, and behavioral analyses, the MIT team compared this 16p11.2 mouse with what they already had established in the fragile X mouse.
Synaptic protein synthesis was disrupted indeed in the hippocampus, a part of the brain important for memory formation.
which collectively occupy an area smaller than a millimeter in the mouse brain, are organized functionally in a seesaw-like fashion:
when he began experiments using newly developed fiber optic devices that allowed him to record Agrp-POMC activity in real time as mice were given food after a period of fasting. o one had recorded actually the activity of these neurons in a behaving mouse,
if we gave a hungry mouse some food, then slowly, over many minutes, it would become satiated
If you simply give food to the mouse, almost immediately the neurons reversed their activation state.
This happens when the mouse first sees and smells the food, before they even take a bite.
Searching through the enormous database generated in the ALS study, Dr. Goldstein and his colleagues found several genes that appear to contribute to ALS,
and mouse models with mutations in TBK1 or OPTN to study ALS disease mechanisms and to screen for drug candidates.
we hope to be able to use the genetic data from each ALS patient to direct that person to the most appropriate clinical trials and,
ultimately, use the data to prescribe treatment. d
#New Brain Mapping Reveals Unknown Cell Types Using a process known as single cell sequencing, scientists at Karolinska Institutet have produced a detailed map of cortical cell types and the genes active within them.
There are estimated to be 100 million cells in a mouse brain and 65 billion in a human brain.
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