releasing as much energy in a few seconds as the Sun does over its 10 billion year lifetime.
and more efficient displays. ince screens consume large amounts of energy in devices like laptops, phones,
and tablets, our approach could have a huge impact on energy consumption and battery life, she noted. f you start with polarized light,
then the battery will last much longer because the display would only draw half as much power as conventional displays.
and power plants into the atmosphere and instead turns it into a useful product. One possible end product is methanol,
and convert carbon dioxide in a way that ultimately saves energy. They call it a copper tetramer. It consists of small clusters of four copper atoms each, supported on a thin film of aluminum oxide.
But compressing gas into a high-pressure mixture takes a lot of energy. The benefit of enhanced binding is that the new catalyst requires lower pressure
and less energy to produce the same amount of methanol. Carbon dioxide emissions are an ongoing environmental problem,
especially in terms of saving energy,"said Larry Curtiss, an Argonne Distinguished Fellow who co-authored this paper.
focusing their energy into a tight spot. When the material is a metal, that spot also becomes very hot.
or the development of silicon computing chips that process data communicated by photons of light instead of electricity.
"However the characteristics of metals that make them good at conducting electricity also lead to the undesirable heating effect,
They also conduct electricity well, so can also pass electronic information back to the equipment."
which can conduct electricity but their electrons absorb fewer passing photons.""While this extremely localised
which requires 100 times less energy than present devices, has the potential to hit all the marks."
"When planets coalesce, material falling into the planet releases energy and heats it up. Over the next hundred millions years they radiate that energy away,
mostly as infrared light,"says Macintosh. Once the astronomers zeroed in on the star, they blocked its light
and optimization of electronic and optoelectronic devices like solar panels and telecommunication lasers. black phosphorus To truly understand the significance of the team's findings,
All these properties combined make it a tremendous conductor of heat and electricity. A defect-free layer is also impermeable to all atoms and molecules.
because a jump between two tightly-packed stones requires less energy. A band gap is much the same;
This shift of electric charge occurs as the manganese atomic layers form atomically charged capacitors leading to the build up of an electric field, known as polar catastrophe
because it represents a new way of combining elemental materials to form the building blocks of energy storage technology--such as batteries, capacitors and supercapacitors,
"Due to their structure and electric charge, certain elements just don t'like'to be combined, "Anasori said.""It's like trying to stack magnets with the poles facing the same direction--you're not going to be very successful
was the first two-dimensional material to be touted for its potential energy storage capabilities. But, as it was made up of only one element, carbon,
The new MXENES have surfaces that can store more energy. An Elemental Impasse Four years later, the researchers have worked their way through the section of the Periodic table with elements called"transition metals"
We see possible applications in thermoelectrics, batteries, catalysis, solar cells, electronic devices, structural composites and many other fields, enabling a new level of engineering on the atomic scale
#A new material for transparent electronics he performance of solar cells, flat panel displays, and other electronics are limited by today's materials.
The new perovskite film, with the formula Srxla1-xcro3,(x up to 0. 25), conducts electricity more effectively than the unmodified oxide and yet retains much of the transparency to visible light exhibited by the pure material.
and optically transparent are needed for more efficient solar cells, light detectors, and several kinds of electronic devices that are by nature transparent to visible light.
Of particular importance are new materials that conduct electricity by using missing electrons, otherwise known as"holes."
The development of high-performance transparent conducting oxides (TCOS) is critical to many technologies ranging from flat panel displays to solar cells.
which blocks electricity from flowing through all of its bulk but whose surface is, by contrast, a very good electrical conductor.
require little energy and their small footprint offers large storage capacity all these attributes make them well suited to new data storage applications or high-resolution displays.
Superconductors conduct electricity with zero resistance, and hence they could potentially revolutionize electric motors, generators and utility grids.
However, scientists have yet to discover a material that becomes superconducting at ambient temperature-all known superconductors operate only at cryogenic temperatures,
we've been able to create prototype systems with power converters that have a combination of energy efficiency
And to maximize energy efficiency the system should be designed to operate using the best voltage possible.
But batteries usually put out power at a voltage level that makes the system operate inefficiently;
often, the battery puts out more voltage than the system needs. To change the voltage to the best level,
or changes in the flow of energy from the power source, or even provide protection against extreme temperatures and device failures.
"Our second-best prototype had 90 percent efficiency-less than 10 percent of the energy was wasted, "Dean says."
will be presented at the IEEE Energy conversion Congress & Expo being held Sept. 20-24 in Montreal, Canada a
Light is an electromagnetic field, and the field of single-color, or monochromatic light oscillates at all points in space with the same frequency but varying relative delays, or phases.
Polarization refers to the trajectory of the oscillations of the electromagnetic field at each point in space.
#Quantum dot solar cell exhibits 30-fold concentration We've achieved a luminescent concentration ratio greater than 30 with an optical efficiency of 82-percent for blue photons,
and director of the Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute (ENSI), was the co-leader of this research.
The solar energy industry in the United states is soaring with the number of photovoltaic installations having grown from generating 1. 2 gigawatts of electricity in 2008 to generating 20-plus gigawatts today, according to the U s. Department of energy (DOE). Still,
nearly 70-percent of the electricity generated in this country continues to come from fossil fuels. Low-cost alternatives to todays photovoltaic solar panels are needed for the immense advantages of solar power to be realized fully.
One promising alternative has been luminescent solar concentrators (LSCS. Unlike conventional solar cells that directly absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity,
an LSC absorbs the light on a plate embedded with highly efficient light-emitters called lumophores that then re-emit the absorbed light at longer wavelengths, a process known as the Stokes shift.
This re-emitted light is directed to a micro-solar cell for conversion to electricity. Because the plate is much larger than the micro-solar cell,
the solar energy hitting the cell is concentrated highly. With a sufficient concentration factor, only small amounts of expensive III-V photovoltaic materials are needed to collect light from an inexpensive luminescent waveguide.
The Cdse/Cds nanoparticles enabled us to decouple absorption from emission energy and volume, which in turn allowed us to balance absorption
At the recent Clean energy Summit held in Las vegas President Obama and Energy secretary Ernest Moniz announced this partnership will receive a $3 million grant for the development of a micro-optical tandem LCS under MOSAIC,
The LCS work reported in this story was carried out through the U s. Department of energys Energy Frontier Research center program and the National Science Foundation n
The researchers calculated how the atomsinherent energies force hexagons to take on or lose atoms to neighboring rings,
and as hydrogen storage materials in next generation batteries
#3d bone marrow made from silk biomaterials successfully generates platelets (Nanowerk News) Researchers funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging
potentially enabling the replacement of expensive and rare metals in fuel cells. The new catalyst is based carbon,
which are crucial for enabling reactions in devices such as fuel cells or electrolyzers. Molecular electrocatalysts have the advantage of being relatively easy to tune by chemical treatment
which is he universal electrode materialin batteries and fuel cells, Surendranath says. By finding a way to make this material tunable in the same ways as molecular catalysts
In addition to their possible uses in fuel cells, such new catalysts could also be useful for enhancing chemical reactions,
director of Berkeley Lab's Materials sciences Division and a world authority on metamaterials-artificial nanostructures engineered with electromagnetic properties not found in nature."
and is a member of the Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley (Kavli ENSI), is the corresponding author of a paper describing this research in Science("An ultrathin invisibility skin cloak for visible light").
The rules that govern these interactions in natural materials can be circumvented in metamaterials whose optical properties arise from their physical structure rather than their chemical composition.
For the past ten years, Zhang and his research group have been pushing the boundaries of how light interacts with metamaterials,
In the past, their metamaterial-based optical carpet cloaks were bulky and hard to scale up and entailed a phase difference between the cloaked region
and metamaterials offers tantalizing future prospects for technologies such as high resolution optical microscopes and superfast optical computers.
Another drawback is that their energy consumption is reaching unacceptable levels. It is obvious that one has to look for alternative directions
"Another important advantage may be that this type of circuitry uses much less energy, both in the production,
and specially fabricated acoustic metamaterials can hide an object from sound waves, a recently developed thermal cloak can render an object thermally invisible by actively redirecting incident heat.
Zhang and colleagues had been experimenting with metamaterials, artificial composites that exhibit properties not found in naturally occurring substances.
They had designed previously a metamaterial thermal cloak that passively guided conductive heat around a hidden object.
whether we can control thermal cloaking electrically, not by guiding heat around the hidden object passively with traditional metamaterials,
thanks to the electron beam energy being kept below the radiation damage threshold of tungsten. Miao and his team showed that the atoms in the tip of the tungsten sample were arranged in nine layers, the sixth
and reduce their energy consumption. Together with all-optical connections, they might reduce latencies. Energy-intensive conversion of optical signals into electronic signals and vice versa would no longer be required
#Pushing the limits of lensless imaging Using ultrafast beams of extreme ultraviolet light streaming at a 100,000 times a second, researchers from the Friedrich Schiller University Jena,
Victor Anaskin) Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves propagating along a metal-dielectric interface (e g.,, gold/air) and having the amplitudes exponentially decaying in the neighbor media.
and improves the conversion process of solar cells. It also opens up new avenues in: noninvasive 3d biomedical imaging photonic chips aerospace photonics micromachines laser tweezing the process of using lasers to trap tiny particles.
Exciting quantum dot applications are also emerging in the fields of green energy, optical sensing, and bio-imaging.
#Small-scale nuclear fusion may be a new energy source Fusion energy may soon be used in small-scale power stations. This means producing environmentally friendly heating
and electricity at a low cost from fuel found in water. Both heating generators and generators for electricity could be developed within a few years,
according to research that has primarily been conducted at the University of Gothenburg. Nuclear fusion is a process
whereby atomic nuclei melt together and release energy. Because of the low binding energy of the tiny atomic nuclei, energy can be released by combining two small nuclei with a heavier one.
A collaboration between researchers at the University of Gothenburg and the University of Iceland has been to study a new type of nuclear fusion process.
No radiation The new fusion process can take place in relatively small laser-fired fusion reactors fuelled by heavy hydrogen (deuterium.
It has already been shown to produce more energy than that needed to start it. Heavy hydrogen is found in large quantities in ordinary water
The dangerous handling of radioactive heavy hydrogen (tritium) which would most likely be needed for operating large-scale fusion reactors with a magnetic enclosure in the future is therefore unnecessary."
and can therefore produce electrical energy instantly. The energy in the neutrons which accumulate in large quantities in other types of nuclear fusion is difficult to handle
because the neutrons are charged not. These neutrons are high-energy and very damaging to living organisms,
whereas the fast, heavy electrons are considerably less dangerous.""Neutrons are difficult to slow down or stop and require reactor enclosures that are several metres thick.
Muons-fast, heavy electrons-decay very quickly into ordinary electrons and similar particles. Research shows that far smaller and simpler fusion reactors can be built.
The next step is to create a generator that produces instant electrical energy y
#A new single-molecule tool to observe enzymes at work A team of scientists at the University of Washington
and the biotechnology company Illumina have created an innovative tool to directly detect the delicate, single-molecule interactions between DNA and enzymatic proteins.
#Highest efficiency hydrogen production under natural sunlight Researchers at the University of Tokyo and Miyazaki University have produced hydrogen under natural sunlight at an energy conversion efficiency of 24.4,
using high efficiency solar cells to power water electrolysis("A 24.4%solar to hydrogen energy conversion efficiency by combining concentrator photovoltaic modules and electrochemical cells").
In order to increase Japan use of renewable energy at a substantial fraction in the total energy demand, it is vital to develop technologies for the high efficiency
which includes a photovoltaic cell using a high-quality semiconductor crystal similar to the ones for lasers
The solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency of this CPV module is as high as 31%.
%The researchers also reduced energy loss by improving the connection between the CPV modules and electrolyzers, resulting in a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency above 24%.
but if operated in countries with high solar irradiance it would be possible to generate solar electricity at low cost owing to the high energy conversion efficiency.
As a consequence, even total darkness is filled with finite fluctuations of the electromagnetic field, representing the quantum ground state of light and radio waves.
The scientists developed a nanoscale photodetector that uses the common material molybdenum disulfide to detect optical plasmons--travelling oscillations of electrons below the diffraction limit
The device expands on previous work demonstrating that light could be transmitted along a silver nanowire as a plasmon
rather than solely to the laser's wavelength, demonstrating that the plasmons effectively nudged the electrons in Mos2 into a different energy state."
the energy was converted into plasmons, a form of electromagnetic wave that travels through oscillations in electron density.
This energy electronically excited an electron once it reached the molybdenum disulfide-covered end effectively generating a current.
and performance was limited at shorter wavelengths due to ineffective plasmon propagation and at longer wavelengths due to the band gap of molybdenum disulfide."
About the Presentation The presentation,"Detection of Optical Plasmons Using an Atomically-Thin Semiconductor, "by Kenneth Goodfellow, will take place from 15:30-17:00, Thursday, 22 october 2015,
leading to increased dissipation of energy and the need to develop new design principles. In the model microscopic system developed by scientists from Bristol
a liquid-like scenario in which much of the energy input is lost to friction and an intermediate slipping scenario unique to soft materials
The possibility to use arbitrary metallic electrodes significantly simplifies the fabrication and operation of such novel storage devices
#Discovery about new battery overturns decades of false assumptions New findings at Oregon State university have overturned a scientific dogma that stood for decades,
by showing that potassium can work with graphite in a potassium-ion battery-a discovery that could pose a challenge and sustainable alternative to the widely-used lithium-ion battery.
Lithium-ion batteries are ubiquitous in devices all over the world, ranging from cell phones to laptop computers and electric cars.
But there may soon be a new type of battery based on materials that are far more abundant and less costly.
A potassium-ion battery has been shown to be possible. And the last time this possibility was explored was
or other bulk carbon anodes in a battery,"said Xiulei (David) Ji, the lead author of the study and an assistant professor of chemistry in the College of Science at Oregon State university."
"The Journal of the American Chemical Society published the findings from this discovery("Carbon Electrodes for K-Ion Batteries),
because they open some new alternatives to batteries that can work with well-established and inexpensive graphite as the anode,
or high-energy reservoir of electrons. Lithium can do that, as the charge carrier whose ions migrate into the graphite
The new findings show that it can work effectively with graphite or soft carbon in the anode of an electrochemical battery.
Right now, batteries based on this approach don't have performance that equals those of lithium-ion batteries,
"It's safe to say that the energy density of a potassium-ion battery may never exceed that of lithium-ion batteries,
"Electrical energy storage in batteries is essential not only for consumer products such as cell phones and computers,
but also in transportation industry power backup, micro grid storage, and for the wider use of renewable energy y
The human navigation function is operated by two types of brain cells-place cells and grid cells.
while grid cells provide us with an absolute reference system, so we can determine exactly where we are on a map.
The human brain uses grid cells, which provide a virtual reference frame for spatial awareness to handle this type of relative navigation.
and pass one of the virtual grid points that the brain has set up, the respective grid cell becomes active,
and we know our relative movement in relation to those coordinates. By using both place and grid cells for navigation,
humans and animals are able to accurately move through the environment. Yuan and the team have implemented the same neural scheme for robots,
using computer programs that simulate the activity of place and grid cells in the brain. Crucial to the computational algorithm is the strength of the feedback mechanism between the grid cells and place cells,
and the calibration of the visual signals is integral to the map building process of the computer algorithm.
They used the high-performance computing resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC),
a high-frequency microwave oscillator developed in collaboration with Richard Temkin of MIT Department of physics and Plasma Science and Fusion Center.
The development of ever smaller and more energy-efficient storage devices according to this principle, however, is increasingly approaching its limits:
because there is not just one storage device in our computers, but several optimised ones, depending on the task."
"Moving data between individual storage devices has begun now to take a not inconsiderable amount of time. Put simply:
That is why industrial companies and research institutes around the world are working on a more efficient, universal storage device that combines the advantages of all storage devices and moves as little data as possible back and forth.
"The tunnel effect enables us to move electrons through the ultra-thin layer with very little energy,
The new resistance-based storage devices could even simulate brain structures. Rapid pattern recognition and a low energy consumption in connection with enormous parallel data processing would enable revolutionary computer architectures."
and is known for its excellent conductive properties of heat and electricity. The graphene sheets stuck very well to the nanoglueo much
where single atoms connect to each other in a diamond-like grid structure, each face of a crystal (1, 1,
Organisms such as barnacles and algae create drag and increased energy expenditure, not to mention the costs of cleaning
This qubit layer is sandwiched"in a three-dimensional architecture, between two layers of wires arranged in a grid.
They have modelled also the required voltages applied to the grid wires, needed to address individual qubits,
#Buildings producing their own energy prepared for tomorrow's cities An innovative façade, able to turn solar energy into heat for residentsuse,
and will prove its capabilities in real-life conditions The worldwide energy consumption of buildings is expected to grow by 45%from 2002 to 2025,
To reduce energy demand in old buildings across Europe, a consortium of researchers has designed an industrialised façade system for use in retrofitting works.
and façade orientations his system provides the tools for producing energy as well as insulating the building better:
A particular unit of the façade, called Advanced Passive solar Collector and Ventilation Unit, was required to pass special tests, like acoustic and permeability tests.
already used by energy service companies (ESCOS), explains Galant. ESCOS are more often companies that belong to large energy utility groups.
They offer long-term contracts, of 20 years or more, where they cover the risk of a full refurbishment against the payment by the owners of a fixed yearly energy bill
which corresponds to the reduced energy needs of the refurbished buildings. The project researchers admit that their system is neither simple, nor cheap.
Yet Julen Astudillo is optimistic about the possibilities of the façade having a good return on investment.
and potentially creates a sustainable energy source. In The Journal of Physical chemistry("Birnessite: A Layered Manganese Oxide To Capture Sunlight for Water-Splitting Catalysis"),Assistant professor of Chemical engineering Jose L. Mendoza-Cortes details how this new material efficiently captures sunlight and then,
how the energy can be used to break down water into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2). This process is known as oxidation,
which are the main energy sources for the plant. His discovery generates exciting new prospects for how this process could be used to forge new energy sources in a carbon neutral way.
Potentially, hydrogen could be transported to other locations and burned as fuel.""In theory, this should be a self-sustaining energy source,
"Mendoza-Cortes said.""Perhaps in the future, you could put this material on your roof and it could turn rain water into energy with the help of the sun."But, unlike many other energy sources,
this won't have a negative effect on the environment.""You won't generate carbon dioxide or waste, "he said.
Mendoza-Cortes, a computational and theoretical chemist, said the challenge he faced was designing something that didn't rust from the process of breaking down water that also trapped the energy
Light with photo energy can penetrate indirect band gap materials much more easily without getting absorbed
silicon solar cells are stacked typically and thus hundreds of micrometers thick. If they were any thinner, light would simply pass through them.
theoretical work indicates that boron-doped graphene could lead to improved lithium-ion batteries and field-effect transistors, the authors report t
'and has done that to focus its energies on being able to germinate and grow quickly, rapidly flower,
#New low-cost battery could help store renewable energy Wind and solar energy projects are growing at a respectable clip.
But storing electric power for days when the air is still or when the sun goes down remains a challenge, largely due to cost.
Now researchers are developing a new battery that could bring the price of storage to more affordable levels.
They report their new battery that uses low-cost materials sodium and magnesium in ACS journal Chemistry of Materials("Efficient and Inexpensive Sodiummagnesium Hybrid Battery".
"A hybrid intercalation battery based on a sodium/magnesium (Na/Mg) dual salt electrolyte, metallic magnesium anode,
ACS) Today, lithium-ion batteries are the storage technology of choice for many applications, from electric cars to smartphones.
The researchers started with magnesium as the batterys safe inexpensive and high-energy density anode material and paired it with pyrite,
which is made of iron and sulfur, as the cathode. The electrolyte the electrically conducting component contains sodium and magnesium ions.
Testing showed that the resulting devices energy density was close to that of lithium-ion batteries. It could get an additional two-to threefold boost with further development of magnesium electrolytes.
And because its made with low-cost materials, it could one day help support grid-scale energy storage,
the researchers say a
#Novel'crumpling'of hybrid nanostructures increases SERS sensitivity By"crumpling"to increase the surface area of graphene-gold nanostructures,
researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have improved the sensitivity of these materials,
the researchers unveil how one of a battery of chemical warfare agents used by the immune system to fight off infection can itself create DNA mutations that lead to cancer.
The new approach combines a battery-powered wearable bionic suit that enables people to move their legs in a step-like fashion,
A protein embedded in the surface of mitochondria the energy-producing batteries of living cells opens the door to cell death,
which normally sustains energy production, it results in a catastrophic drop in cellular energy levels. In the absence of disease, precisely how the PTP helps to mediate normal cellular physiology remains unclear.
According to Dr. Madesh, nder physiological conditions, SPG7 may function through transient pore openings to release toxic metabolites that have accumulated in mitochondria.
which was understood already to help convert fat into energy, and to be involved in brain formation,
which allows plasma components including brain-reactive autoantibodies into the brain. There, the autoantibodies can bind to neurons
For instance, at a certain frequency, the signal may be detectable first at a strength of 20 microamps of electricity.
In natural perception, a principle known as Weber Law states that the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli is proportional to the size of the stimulus. For example, with a 100-watt light bulb,
if you double the power of the light bulb to 200 watts, the JND would also be doubled to 20 watts.
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