#Revving up fluorescence for superfast LEDS Duke university researchers have made fluorescent molecules emit photons of light 1000 times faster than normal--setting a speed record
In an LED atoms can be forced to emit roughly 10 million photons in the blink of an eye.
To make future light-based communications using LEDS practical researchers must get photon-emitting materials up to speed.
In a new study engineers from Duke increased the photon emission rate of fluorescent molecules to record levels by sandwiching them between metal nanocubes and a gold film.
which studies the interaction between electromagnetic fields and free electrons in metal. In the experiment her group manufactured 75-nanometer silver nanocubes
When fluorescent molecules are placed near intensified light the molecules emit photons at a faster rate through an effect called Purcell enhancement.
We could also make fast sources of single photons that could be used for quantum cryptography.
Many of his experiments depend on observing light in the form of photons--the particle complement of light waves
--and sometimes only one photon at a time, using"smart"detectors that can count the number of individual photons in a pulse.
when counting the number of photons in a light pulse, can really only count up to zero,
and small-photon-number light detection. The physicists were surprised that they could so easily obtain such a sharp interference effect using standard light detectors.
by considering light as consisting of particles and using the correlations between those particles The JQI experiment starts out with a laser beam,
but it purposely degrades the coherence of the light by sending it through a moving disk of ground glass.
those for which each"click"denoting an arrival tells us only that more than zero photons have arrived?
we can arrange that the probability of more than one photon is very low, so a click tells us that with good accuracy that indeed just one photon has arrived.
But then if we design the light so that its limited coherence time is larger than the recovery time of our stupid detectors,
it is possible for the detector to tell us that a specific number of photons were recorded, perhaps 3 or 10,
This improved counting the number of photons, or equivalently the intensity of the light at various places at the measuring screen, ensures that the set of correlations between the two detectors does result in an interference-like pattern in those correlations.
and electron clouds to create a pressure gauge. Bao foresees many potential applications for this pressure-sensing technology.
In addition to Ghadiri, Leman, Zhao, Curtiss and Maryanoff, other contributors to the study, n vivo efficacy of HDL-like nanolipid particles containing multivalent peptide mimetics of apolipoprotein A-1,
For the very first time a general strategy to manufacture inorganic nanoparticles with user-specified 3d shapes has been achieved to produce particles as small as 25 nanometers or less with remarkable precision (less than 5 nanometers.
Just as any expanding material can be shaped inside a mold to take on a defined 3d form the Wyss team set out to grow inorganic particles within the confined hollow spaces of stiff DNA NANOSTRUCTURES.
and height of the particle able to be controlled independently. Next researchers fabricated varied 3d polygonal shapes spheres and more ambitious structures such as a 3d Y-shaped nanoparticle and another structure comprising a cuboid shape sandwiched between two spheres proving that structurally-diverse
For particles that would better serve their purpose by being as electrically conducive as possible such as in very small nanocomputers
or ripples, of electrons that exist on the surfaces of materials, and in particular metals such as gold.
coveted for their ability to let electrons flow without resistance. While testing his latest candidate the semimetal tungsten ditelluride (WTE2) he noticed a peculiar result.
The research team proposed that WTE2 owes its lack of saturation to the nearly perfect balance of electrons and electron holes
which are empty docks for traveling electrons. Because of its structure WTE2 only exhibits magnetoresistance when the magnetic field is applied in a certain direction This could be very useful in scanners where multiple WTE2 devices could be used to detect the position of magnetic fields Ali said.
#Special chromosomal structures control key genes Within almost every human cell is a nucleus six microns in diameterbout one 300th of a human hair widthhat is filled with roughly three meters of DNA.
As the instructions for all cell processes the DNA must be accessible to the cell transcription machinery yet be compressed tightly enough to fit inside the nucleus. Scientists have theorized long that the way DNA is packaged affects gene expression.
#Discovery of new subatomic particle, type of meson, to transform understanding of fundamental force of nature The discovery of a new particle will transform our understanding of the fundamental force of nature that binds the nuclei of atoms researchers argue.
Led by scientists from the University of Warwick the discovery of the new particle will help provide greater understanding of the strong interaction the fundamental force of nature found within the protons of an atom's nucleus. Named Ds3*(2860) the particle
a new type of meson 1 was discovered by analysing data collected with the LHCB detector at CERN's Large hadron collider (LHC) 2. The new particle is bound together in a similar way to protons.
Due to this similarity the Warwick researchers argue that scientists will now be able to study the particle to further understand strong interactions.
and also for holding electrons in orbit around an atom's nucleus. The strong interaction is the force that binds quarks the subatomic particles that form protons within atoms together.
It is so strong that the binding energy of the proton gives a much larger contribution to the mass through Einstein's equation E=mc2 than the quarks themselves. 3 Due in part to the forces'relative simplicity scientists have previously been able to solve the equations behind gravity
The new particle is ideal for this purpose because it is known the first that both contains a charm quark
and has spin 3. There are six quarks known to physicists; Up Down Strange Charm Beauty and Top.
Protons and neutrons are composed of up and down quarks but particles produced in accelerators such as the LHC can contain the unstable heavier quarks.
In addition some of these particles have higher spin values than the naturally occurring stable particles.
Because the Ds3*(2860) particle contains a heavy charm quark it is easier for theorists to calculate its properties.
And because it has spin 3 there can be no ambiguity about what the particle is adds Professor Gershon.
Therefore it provides a benchmark for future theoretical calculations. Improvements in these calculations will transform our understanding of how nuclei are bound together.
Spin is one of the labels used by physicists to distinguish between particles. It is a concept that arises in quantum mechanics that can be thought of as being similar to angular momentum:
in this sense higher spin corresponds to the quarks orbiting each other faster than those with a lower spin.
Warwick Ph d. student Daniel Craik who worked on the study adds Perhaps the most exciting part of this new result is that it could be the first of many similar discoveries with LHC data.
Whether we can use the same technique as employed with our research into Ds3*(2860) to also improve our understanding of the weak interaction is a key question raised by this discovery.
why there is more matter than antimatter in the Universe. Notes 1 The Ds3*(2860) particle is a meson that contains a charm antiquark and a strange quark.
The subscript 3 denotes that it has spin 3 while the number 2860 in parentheses is the mass of the particle in the units of Mev/c2 that are favoured by particle physicists.
The value of 2860 Mev/c2 corresponds to approximately 3 times the mass of the proton. 2 The particle was discovered in the decay chain Bs0#D0k-p+where the Bs0 D0 K
-and p+mesons contain respectively a bottom antiquark and a strange quark a charm antiquark and an up quark an up antiquark and a strange quark and a down antiquark and an up quark.
The Ds3*(2860) particle is observed as a peak in the mass of combinations of the D0 and K-mesons.
The distributions of the angles between the D0 K-and p+particles allow the spin of the Ds3*(2860) meson to be determined unambiguously. 3 Quarks are bound by the strong interaction into one of two types of particles:
baryons such as the proton are composed of three quarks; mesons are composed of one quark and one antiquark where an antiquark is the antimatter version of a quark.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Warwick. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal References l
#Discovery may lead to lower doses of chemotherapy No matter what type of chemotherapy you attack a tumor with,
many cancer cells resort to the same survival tactic: They start eating themselves. Scientists at Brigham Young University discovered the two proteins that pair up
This reveals the nature and concentration of particles suspended in the plasma from which it is possible to derive information on the composition of the steel sample.
"What we have shown in the Science study is that we now have the means to obtain real-time images of processes happening on the surface of intact HIV particles,
Dr. Blanchard adapted an imaging technique that uses fluorescence to measure distance on molecular scale--single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smfret) imaging--to study viral particles.
"There are 10-20 such envelope trimers on the surface of each HIV particle, and they mutate rapidly,
which contained beacons that did not alter the biology of the particles. Then they watched.
They saw that the gp120 proteins'virus particles changed shape constantly and that the timing and nature of their movements were both similar and distinct."
"Many scientists believe that the particles remain in one conformation until they come across a CD4-positive cell.
These large complex molecules form slimy biofilms and bind waterborne organic matter into larger particles in which disease-causing microorganisms can become embedded
First the polymers act like glue binding together waterborne organic material into larger particles in
size, cell stiffness and nucleus deformation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCS), a type of cell that resides in the bone marrow,
as many complex interactions occur in the cloudlike plume of laser-generated vapor particles. Guan and her team designed a new experimental setup that can quantify
they saw clear evidence of a phase explosion--a mixture of liquid and vaporized particles thrown out by the laser impact.
and showed that the majority of particles had a diameter of approximately 2. 36 micrometers--small enough to be breathed in.
Maggert explains that chromosomes are located in the nuclei of all human cells and the DNA material in these chromosomes is made up of coding and non-coding regions.
Compared with cells that have committed already to their final fate immature cells have genetic material that moves around inside the nucleus producing more fluctuations of the nuclear cell membrane.
was conducted by Dr. Eran Perlson and Shani Gluska of TAU's Sackler Faculty of medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience,
and used live cell imaging to track the path taken by the virus particles. The researchers"saw"the virus hijack the"train"transporting cell components along a neuron and drove it straight into the spinal cord.
In this so-called low battery, the electrodes are suspensions of tiny particles carried by a liquid
it is composed of a similar semisolid, colloidal suspension of particles. Chiang and Carter refer to this as a emisolid battery. impler manufacturing processthis approach greatly simplifies manufacturing,
Having the electrode in the form of tiny suspended particles instead of consolidated slabs greatly reduces the path length for charged particles as they move through the material a property known as ortuosity.
Mass-Selected Photoelectron Circular Dichroism (MS-PECD) uses circularly polarised light produced by a laser to ionise the molecules using a couple of photons to knock an electron out of the chiral molecule to leave a positively charged ion behind.
By tracking the direction that the electrons take when they travel out of the molecule
which a small electrical potential is applied to the negatively charged electron and positively charged ion which draws them out in opposite directions.
and electron those reaching the detectors simultaneously are very likely to have come from the same molecule.
and matched with its partner electron. By combining these methods, it is possible to identify both the handedness of individual molecules and the proportion of left-and right-handed molecules in a mixture.
The research, Enantiomer Specific Analysis of Multi-Component Mixtures by Correlated Electron Imaging-Ion Mass Spectrometry
which rely on the dotsability to convert light into electrons. However, this phenomenon is understood not well,
The researchers created an algorithm that analyzes the percentage of photons absorbed by each filter,
#CERN Reports Observation of Pentaquark Particles Physicists at CERN Large hadron collider have reported the discovery of a class of particles known as pentaquarks. he pentaquark is not just any new particle,
said LHCB spokesperson Guy Wilkinson. t represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
the protons and neutrons from which wee all made, is constituted. Our understanding of the structure of matter was revolutionized in 1964 when American physicist
Murray Gell-Mann, proposed that a category of particles known as baryons, which includes protons and neutrons, are comprised of three fractionally charged objects called quarks,
and that another category, mesons, are formed of quark-antiquark pairs. Gell-Mann was awarded the Nobel prize in physics for this work in 1969.
This quark model also allows the existence of other quark composite states, such as pentaquarks composed of four quarks and an antiquark.
Until now, however, no conclusive evidence for pentaquarks had been seen. LHCB researchers looked for pentaquark states by examining the decay of a baryon known as?
b (Lambda b) into three other particles, A j/?(/-J-psi), a proton and a charged kaon.
Studying the spectrum of masses of the J/?/and the proton revealed that intermediate states were involved sometimes in their production.
These have been named Pc (4450)+ and Pc (4380), +the former being clearly visible as a peak in the data,
with the latter being required to describe the data fully. enefiting from the large data set provided by the LHC,
and the excellent precision of our detector, we have examined all possibilities for these signals, and conclude that they can only be explained by pentaquark states says LHCB physicist Tomasz Skwarnicki of Syracuse University. ore precisely the states must be formed of two up quarks,
one down quark, one charm quark and one anti-charm quark. Earlier experiments that have searched for pentaquarks have proved inconclusive.
Where the LHCB experiment differs is that it has been able to look for pentaquarks from many perspectives,
The next step in the analysis will be to study how the quarks are bound together within the pentaquarks. he quarks could be tightly bound
which the meson and baryon feel a residual strong force similar to the one binding protons and neutrons to form nuclei.
plants that are exposed to sunlight use carefully organized nanoscale structures within their cells to rapidly separate charges pulling electrons away from the positively charged molecule that is left behind,
The polymer donor absorbs sunlight and passes electrons to the fullerene acceptor; the process generates electrical energy.
because the electrons sometimes hop back to the polymer spaghetti and are lost. The UCLA technology arranges the elements more neatly like small bundles of uncooked spaghetti with precisely placed meatballs.
The fullerenes inside the structure take electrons from the polymers and toss them to the outside fullerene
which can effectively keep the electrons away from the polymer for weeks. hen the charges never come back together,
UCLA Electron Imaging Center for Nanomachines imaged the assembled structure in a lab led by Hong Zhou.
maybe they could use our particles as well, Brandl says. hen we came up with the idea to use our particles to remove toxic chemicals, pollutants,
or hormones from water, because we saw that the particles aggregate once you irradiate them with UV light. trap for ater-fearingpollutionthe researchers synthesized polymers from polyethylene glycol,
a widely used compound found in laxatives, toothpaste, and eye drops and approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive,
the stabilizing outer shell of the particles is shed, and now nrichedby the pollutants they form larger aggregates that can then be removed through filtration, sedimentation,
During the program launch, Johannesburg Mayor Parks Tau said"This program will go a long way in improving IT skills and expertise in Johannesburg.
including molten salt reactors, thorium, fast neutron reactors, pebble bed reactors and fusion. Some of these could be potentially safer and more effective than conventional designs e
#Knitted Supercapacitors to Power Smart Shirts Researchers from Drexel University in collaboration with the U s. Naval academy, have invented a way to embed activated carbon particles into different types of yarn to form a knitted textile that can store
the ionic liquid was mixed with carbon particles, and when the yarn was swelled partially, pressure was applied to it
The aim of creating integrated circuits that use photons rather than electrons sometimes called integrated photonic circuits,
The cloak is very thinnly about a tenth the size of the wavelength of the photons it scatteringnd lossless
The key was to use a photocathodehe electrode that supplies electrons when illuminated by sunlightade from an array of gallium phosphide nanowires.
By adding platinum particles, its catalytic properties improved hydrogen production even more, report the researchers. At the same time, the nanowires allowed a drastic reduction in the use of Gap material
because electrons can travel over such a hierarchically buckled sheath as easily as they can traverse a straight sheath.
The hope of spintronics stems from its use of the spin of electrons to encode information rather than the transport of electrical charge of electrons.
To date, to be able read the spin of the electrons, which is either por own,
electrons have had to be held in place in a ferromagnetic insulator material, like yttrium iron garnet (YIG.
With the electrons held up momentarily, a heat gradient is applied to the material to set the spin of the electrons in motion again.
In this way, just like an electrical current is a stream of electrons moving through a conductor,
and provide greater control over the thermal gradients that needed to be applied to the material to start the current spin of the electrons.
and organic materials convert low energy photons into visible light that a solar cell can capture. Cadmium selenide nanocrystals with one kind of organic coating left produced violet light,
or pconvertedinto a higher energy photon that is readily absorbed by photovoltaic cells, generating electricity from light that would normally be wasted.
which capture the infrared photons, and organic molecules, which help combine the energy from these photons together into an upconverted photon.
In experiments lead selenide nanocrystals captured near-infrared photons, and the organic compound rubrene emitted visible yellow-orange photons.
The researchers noted that lead selenide nanocrystals and rubrene were relatively inefficient at upconversion. However, in experiments with a hybrid material made of cadmium selenide nanocrystals and the organic compound diphenylanthracene,
which absorbs green light and emits violet light, the investigators could boost upconversion up to a thousandfold by coating the nanocrystals with anthracene, a component of coal tar.
The scientists added that the ability to upconvert two low energy photons into one high-energy photon has potential applications in biological imaging, high-density data storage,
and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDS) L
#Google s Unified Privacy Policy Draws Threat Of $15m Fine In The netherlands The national data protection authority in The netherlands has warned Google that it could be fined up to $15 million
When a constant current is applied to an LED light bulb a constant stream of photons are emitted from the bulb
which the hydrogen nuclei fuse together at levels that release a useful amount of energy.
This approach tries to contain plasma by reflecting particles from high-density magnetic fields to low-density ones.
nanometre scale particles mixed in water. These particles can be engineered chemically to bind together to form specific structures.
But as the building blocks become bigger, it takes longer for Brownian motion to jiggle the blocks into the appropriate locations.
The new approach is to place the particles in a fluid flow and see whether this helps them assemble.
The particles they want to assemble are tiny droplets of fluorinated oil placed in water. These droplets are 50 micrometres in diameter
they begin to assemble into specific shapes that depend on the number and types of particles involved but not on the detail of the initial conditions.
To make the ceramic nano-trusses Greer s lab uses a technique called two-photon interference lithography.
Earlier this year Siemens broke ground in Mainz Germany on what it says will be the world s largest proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer.
Thermoelectric materials can turn a temperature difference into electricity by exploiting the flow of electrons from a warmer area to a cooler one.
The water is pretreated to remove oil and grease residue and solid particles. The company heats the saline water
when sunlight strikes a solar cell it produces some very high-energy electrons but within a few trillionths of a second those electrons shed most of their energy as waste heat.
The Sharp team found a way to extract these electrons before they give up that energy thereby increasing the voltage output of their prototype solar cell.
It s far from a practical device it s too thin to absorb much sunlight
and for now it works only with a single wavelength of light but it s the first time that anyone has been able to generate electrical current using these high-energy electrons.
which create a shortcut for high-energy electrons to move out of the solar cell. Another way to achieve ultra-high efficiencies now is by stacking up different kinds of solar cells (see Exotic Highly Efficient Solar cells May Soon Get Cheaper)
Meanwhile MIT researchers are studying the transient behavior of electrons in organic materials to find inexpensive ways to make ultra-efficient solar cells.
which increase efficiency by helping electrons flow more freely out of the material, and they use copper rather than silver electrodes to save costs.
or virus-like particles onto each coupon, and then tested survival of virus at various time points,"said Manuel.
Virus-like particles are the shells of viruses, which have the same surface properties as infectious virus,
Ten minutes'exposure was sufficient to virtually abolish the receptor-binding ability of human norovirus virus-like particles,
configured to detect different particles or molecules, researchers said. The device, described in a study published in the journal Scientific Reports,
configured to detect different particles or molecules, researchers said. The device, described in a study published in the journal Scientific Reports,
configured to detect different particles or molecules, researchers said. The device, described in a study published in the journal Scientific Reports,
#Cern experts discover new particle pentaquark Scientists at Cern's Large hadron collider on Tuesday announced the discovery of a new class of exotic subatomic particles called the pentaquarks.
Pentaquark was predicted first to exist in the 1960s but, much like the Higgs boson particle before it,
the particle eluded science for decades until its detection at the LHC.""The pentaquark is not just any new particle,
"said LHCB spokesperson Guy Wilkinson.""It represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
in a pattern that has never been observed before in over 50 years of experiments, "said Wilkinson."
the protons and neutrons from which we're all made, is constituted,"he said. Understanding of the structure of matter was revolutionized in 1964
when United states physicist Murray Gell-Mann proposed that a category of particles known as baryons, which includes protons
and neutrons, are comprised of three fractionally charged objects called quarks, and that another category, mesons, are formed of quark-antiquark pairs.
Gell-Mann was awarded the Nobel prize in physics for this work in 1969. This quark model also allows the existence of other quark composite states
such as pentaquarks composed of four quarks and an antiquark k
#Sugar trail may lead to early cancer detection NEW DELHI: In a breakthrough that could lead to a new protocol for cancer detection and treatment,
scientists have identified a glucose delivery mechanism which helps cancer cells to survive and grow. The discovery can help in early detection of not only pancreatic and prostrate cancer but many others like cancer of the breast and colon.
Announcing the findings, scientists from the University of California, Los angeles (UCLA) also suggested the use of certain antidiabetic drugs to reduce the growth of tumours.
Their version of the device, the Nanofrazor, has been able to outperform conventional electron-beam lithography equipment used in the semiconductor manufacturing process and costs just $500
After trialing multiple technologies, the team has decided to build off of Particle. io cloud-based platform that enables users of Dustin Words to be able to update the functions of the buttons using a variety of online services including IFTTT, Twilio
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011