Skin adipocytes help protect against infections Richard Gallo MD Phd professor and chief of dermatology at UC San diego School of medicine and colleagues have uncovered a previously unknown role for dermal fat cells known as adipocytes:
and macrophages to protect us from getting sepsis said Gallo the study's principal investigator. But it takes time to recruit these cells (to the wound site.
The human body's defense against microbial infection is tiered complex multi and involves numerous cell types culminating in the arrival of neutrophils
and leukocytes residing in the area of infection. Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium and major cause of skin and soft tissue infections in humans.
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of S. aureus is a significant problem worldwide in clinical medicine.
if the subcutaneous fat played a role in preventing skin infections. Ling Zhang Phd the first author of the paper exposed mice to S. aureus and within hours detected a major increase in both the number and size of fat cells at the site of infection.
More importantly these fat cells produced high levels of an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) called cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide or CAMP.
AMPS are our natural first line defense against infection. They are evolutionarily ancient and used by all living organisms to protect themselves said Gallo.
Too little CAMP and people experience frequent infections. The best example is atopic eczema (a type of recurring itchy skin disorder.
These patients can experience frequent Staph and viral infections. But too much CAMP is also bad.
The scientists confirmed their findings by analyzing S. aureus infections in mice unable to either effectively produce adipocytes or
In all cases they found the mice suffered more frequent and severe infections. Further tests confirmed that human adipocytes also produce cathelicidin suggesting the immune response is similar in both rodents and humans.
or insulin resistance resulting in greater susceptibility to infection but too much cathelicidin may provoke an unhealthy inflammatory response.
They discovered a novel link between food intake during the early stages of infection and the outcome of the disease, identifying two molecular pathways that could serve as new targets for treatment."
Cerebral malaria--a severe form of the disease--is the most serious consequence of infection by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum,
but also in activating adaptive immune and inflammatory responses--is increased upon infection in a mouse model of cerebral malaria,
or nutritionally by reducing food intake during the first two days of infection, protected against cerebral malaria.
The findings come weeks after a report commissioned by British Prime minister David cameron concluded that failure to battle drug-resistant infections
#Erectile dysfunction drugs could protect liver from sepsis-induced damage Infection can lead to the release of chemicals that cause whole-body inflammation
Sepsis is a leading cause of death in the intensive care unit. Sepsis is a very challenging problem so the possibility that we might be able to repurpose a drug that is in use and well understood is very exciting Dr. Billiar said.
Sepsis triggers production of a protein called tumor necrosis factor or TNF which helps fight infection but is sustained harmful at high levels.
The researchers found in a mouse model of sepsis that sildenafil more commonly known as Viagra induced the liver to produce greater amounts of a protein called CYCLIC GMP
which in turn led cells to shed surface proteins called TNF receptor reducing TNF signaling in the cells and preventing liver damage.
Our study suggests that increasing the bioavailability of CYCLIC GMP might be beneficial in ameliorating the inflammation associated with sepsis Dr. Billiar said.
The research team plans to verify their findings in a large animal model of sepsis s
if you sequence someone's genome you can tell what diseases they're going have 50 years later said Mark Davis Phd professor of microbiology and immunology and director of Stanford's Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection.
in order to cope with unpredictable episodes of infection injury and tumor formation. The immune system has to think on its feet said Davis senior author of the new study which will be published Jan 15 in Cell.
or absence of a single chronic viral infection could have a massive effect on the system's composition and responsiveness.
Researchers at the University of Bonn and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) have discovered two new groups of viruses within the Bunyavirus family in the tropical forest of Ivory coast.
also affiliated with the German Center for Infection Research. In 2011, the"Schmallenberg virus"gained much attention:
They performed infection trials in a large number of cell cultures at different temperature levels. While pathogenic bunyaviruses can multiply at temperatures that include the human body temperature,
Simplified test to test novel viruses for risk of human infection Triggered by epidemics such as SARS and Ebola,
"We hope our temperature test for estimating the risk of vertebrate infection can be useful for assessing other viruses that keep being discovered,
and tissue, preventing disease and fighting infection by distinguishing between what is the body's own healthy tissue and
#Your viral infection history in a single drop of blood With Virscan, scientists can run a single test to determine which viruses have infected an individual,
and compare viral infections in large populations. The comprehensive analysis can be performed for about $25 per blood sample.
or decades after it clears an infection. That means Virscan not only identifies viral infections that the immune system is actively fighting,
but also provides a history of an individual's past infections. To develop the new test,
Elledge and his colleagues synthesized more than 93,000 short pieces of DNA encoding different segments of viral proteins.
either through infection or through vaccination. Elledge estimates it would take about 2-3 days to process 100 samples,
may change the way doctors approach treatment for patients who develop potentially deadly infections and may also help the food industry screen against contamination with harmful pathogens, according to researchers.
may change the way doctors approach treatment for patients who develop potentially deadly infections and may also help the food industry screen against contamination with harmful pathogens,
"Why Speed Matters in Infection Control In hospitals and clinics worldwide, bacterial infections are a major source of illness,
In the most severe cases, bacterial poisoning causes severe disease and syndromes like sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia,
The true challenge of fighting those infections is time. In order to best treat their patients, doctors would like to know exactly which bacteria they are infected with,
Sepsis, for instance, can develop so rapidly that mortality has been seen to increase by 9 percent per hour until treatment is given.
For that reason, many hospital-acquired infections are treated presumptively, before they are identified definitively, using broad-spectrum antibiotics.
allowing doctors to prescribe the best drugs available to treat an infection and improving outcomes for people with hospital-acquired infections--though the effectiveness of the approach remains to be proven in future clinical trials.
In their initial experiments, Park and his colleagues showed as a proof of principle that they could identify bacteria with high accuracy.
The first three are known all pathogens to infect humans through the food chain or via hospital-acquired infections.
which tell whether there is an infection in the fluid, can take between 24 and 48 hours"says Castro.
which would indicate the cellularity in CSF in a simple, economical and noninvasive way for newborns and babies on suspicion of infection.
The image obtained is analysed then by image-processing algorithms to determine the presence of cells indicating infection
In the body, inflammation is normally a natural healing response to infection or injury.""You get a recruitment of white blood cells that fight off the infection
or work to heal the injury, "explained first author Emma Borgeson, Phd, a postdoctoral fellow at UC San diego and UCD."
#How a gut feeling for infection programs our immune response An unexpected finding by an international team of scientists based at The University of Manchester
These cells are called rapidly to sites of infection and injury and have an amazing ability to change
This either involves them protecting the body from an attacking infection or acting as a repair agent to aid wound healing.
or infection but this has not been investigated well. Using mouse models Dr Grainger and his team looked at how
an infection caused by a common parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite infects the gut
Pregnant women are advised also to avoid cat faeces due to the risk of infection. Dr Grainger, a Wellcome Trust and Royal Society Fellow, explains
Your initial gut feeling about the infection is literally telling the rest of the system what to do."
At the moment a lot of therapies are focused on the site of infection or injury itself but this data suggests that it's the signals that are being sent out from the gut that are impacting the whole immune system.
not only program the monocytes to protect against the infection, but also to change to a repair function
Germinal centers are a sign of infection and are not present in healthy immune organs.
the organ could be used to study specific infections and how the body produces antibodies to fight those infections--from Ebola to HIV.'
'You can use our system to force the production of immunotherapeutics at much faster rates,
and environmental factors that contribute to infections or organ malfunctions. The process of B cells becoming germinal centers is understood not well,
#New mechanism that attacks viral infections discovered An innovative mechanism that the innate immune system uses to control viral infections has been uncovered by researchers at the University Medical centers in Mainz and Freiburg.
but related elements of the immune system can act together in concert to fight, for example, rotavirus infections.
Infection with rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea in children around the world.
which are released quickly in response to a viral infection and which can trigger a relevant immune response against the cells under attack.
and thus participate in an early stage of the immune response to infection by viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
The researchers were able to use the example of the rotavirus to demonstrate how such an infection could be battled very effectively.
Rotavirus infection is the most frequent cause of diarrhea in children and is responsible for more than 500,000 deaths around the world each year.
-although a required factor, is not capable by itself to control rotavirus infection but that the presence of interleukin-22 (IL-22) is also necessary to effectively combat rotavirus,
such as, for example, defending the intestines and lungs against bacterial infections. In addition, interleukin-22 makes an important contribution to tissue repair processes in the intestines following damage to the intestinal epithelium following exposure to radiation."
Interferons are used, for example, in the immunotherapy of often refractory chronic viral infections such as hepatitis. The researchers postulate that the innovative mechanism in which two components of the innate immune system collaborate effectively in the epithelial cells may have developed in the course of evolution as a secondary line of immune defense in an environment in
and one of the world's highest rates of HIV-1 infection, peaking in young adults,
the winter blood samples had greater infection than those taken in summer. After six weeks of Vitamin d supplementation, the Xhosa blood sample levels of HIV-1 infection were the same as those during the summer."
"High-dosage oral vitamin D3 supplementation attenuated HIV-1 replication, increased circulating white blood cells and reversed winter-associated anemia,"the researchers reported."
This then triggers a systemic inflammatory response from the body's immune cells, similar to a serious infection episode.
In extreme cases, it leads to sepsis induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which can be fatal
"Nearly all of the participants in our study had blood markers identical to patients admitted to hospital with sepsis.
There are an estimated 20 million hepatitis E infections in the world annually. While the virus can lead to liver disease,
#Important advance in the treatment, prevention of bacterial infection The technology is likely to have significant impact across a number of areas including dentistry,
and 86 percent of these failures are caused by bacterial infection. Developed by Dr. Michele Barbour
and treat a range of infections, but in its traditional formulation is effective for only a very short length of time.
enabling it to provide reliable protection against infection for very much longer than was previously possible.
and prevent persistent bacterial infections over a much longer time frame than is currently possible.'
which should help prevent some hard to treat infections affecting millions of people, 'said Professor Bill Bonfield, chairman of the Armourers and Brasiers Venture Prize judging panel.'
which are especially prone to infection by antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as MRSA.''''We will be using the Venture Prize award money to help us develop a robust and scalable manufacturing process,
and Kavikrishna Laboratory, Indian Institute of technology, Guwahati, utilized a well-known mouse model of Mtb infection, where months after drug treatment,
Indigo-Clean#was unveiled just before the annual meeting of theassociation for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) in Nashville."
"It bolsters current disinfection efforts by infection preventionists and environmental services professionals in the fight against HAIS."
"Breaking the chain of infection, from an infected patient, to the environment, to new patient, is vitally important,
We chose Kenall because of its extensive experience in providing lighting for the most challenging healthcare environments where infection prevention is a key consideration."
"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports around 1 in 25 hospital patients in the US have at least one infection contracted in the health care setting.
The standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C infections includes a weekly injection of a protein drug called PEGYLATED interferon.
Up to 150 million people globally suffer from chronic hepatitis C infections according to the World health organization.""I believe that our method can pave the way for more effective and safe treatment of hepatitis C. We are also testing the microstructured gel for the treatment of other chronic diseases besides hepatitis C,"added Dr Kurisawa.
simple answers that appear on test paper indicating the presence of infection or contamination in people, food or the environment t
toxic particles, infections, and chronic inflammatory responses pose a permanent threat to our lungs. To date, the regenerative mechanisms leading to healing of lung injury remain incompletely understood.
#HIV uses immune system's own tools to suppress it The study's goal was to determine how HIV manages to compromise antiviral responses in the initial period of infection,
also called the acute infection stage, during which the virus establishes itself in the body.
The acute infection is considered a critical period in determining the complexity, extent and progression of the disease.
It is also during this stage that HIV establishes latent infection in long-lasting cellular reservoirs.
which are the immune system's first line of defence against viral infections and are known to have a beneficial role in the early stages of HIV infection,
"says Dr. Cohen, Director of the Human Retrovirology research unit at the IRCM.""The problem is that HIV has developed mechanisms to suppress the Interferon response and, until now,
"Most of the Interferon is produced by a very small population of immune cells called pdcs (plasmacytoid dendritic cells), responsible for providing immediate defence against infections.
and leads to persistent infection, "adds Dr. Bego.""We found that HIV, through Vpu, takes advantage of the role played by BST2 by maintaining its ability to activate ILT7 and limit the production of Interferon,
"Our findings can provide tools to enhance antiviral responses during the early stages of infection.
We believe that such interventions during primary infection have the potential to limit the establishment and complexity of viral reservoirs,
or wiped out during early periods of infection, will bring us closer to ending HIV/AIDS,
"The database has allowed us to assess the national burden of HIV infection through vertical transmission throughout the HIV/AIDS epidemic
More than half of South korea's infections have been traced to a hospital in Pyeongtaek city, 65 km (40 miles) southwest of Seoul, where the man shared a room with another patient."
and it appears that more infections took place as he went out of the room for checks,
most of the MERS infections in South korea came from the health facilities the index patient visited. x
Then within 24 hours or so of an infection or injury, they start to take these structures apart."
"For example MS, at least in some cases, is thought to result from autoimmune activity in response to an infection in the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid.
According to Intel announcement, Ticea eveloped a low-cost, easy-to-use testing device to diagnose HIV infections in low-resource communities. er invention is described as a disposable microfluidic cartridge which costs less than $5
when it comes in contact with certain sexually-transmitted infections. Named. T. EYE the condom indicates
when it finds infections, such as chlamydia and syphilis. It will turn the corresponding color for whatever strain of bacteria it finds.
which has cracked a code that governs infections by a major group of viruses including the common cold and polio.
Rhinovirus (which causes the common cold) accounts for more infections every year than all other infectious agents put together (about 1 billion cases),
while emergent infections such as chikungunya and tick-borne encephalitis are from the same ancient family.
Successfully fighting off an infection depends on the interactions between these cells. A new device developed by MIT engineers offers a much more detailed picture of that cellular communication.
and collects data on each as they interact with each other the researchers have learned already more about how T cells major players in the immune response become activated during infection.
#Smart devices track hand-washing in hospitals to help reduce the spread of infection In fact,
A 2014 study in the Journal of Infection and Public health concluded that compliance with WHO hand-washing rules jumped 25 percent in one month when staff used Medsense in a 16-bed hospital unit at Salmaniya
and requires significant expertise. he LLMDA can identify co-infections from a single sample, said LLNL biologist Crystal Jaing,
The array also can identify co-infections faster and cheaper than DNA sequencing. In their paper, the authors noted that as the LLMDA technology cost decreases and throughput increases
oral fluid and tonsils from pigs that have co-infections of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2). The LLMDA easily identified PRRSV and PCV-2,
because their infection defences are compromised by genetic errors. UK trial leader Professor Kevin Harrington, Professor of Biological Cancer Therapies at The Institute of Cancer Research, London,
and repair of our bodies, helping us to defend against infection and disease. Until now, how these cells detect a wounded
hile inflammation is critical to prevent infection, too much of a response by immune cells can cause
Germinal centers are a sign of infection and are not present in healthy immune organs.
the organ could be used to study specific infections and how the body produces antibodies to fight those infections from Ebola to HIV. ou can use our system to force the production of immunotherapeutics at much faster rates,
he said. Such a system also could be used to test toxic chemicals and environmental factors that contribute to infections or organ malfunctions.
The process of B cells becoming germinal centers is understood not well, and in fact, when the body makes mistakes in the genetic rearrangement related to this process,
Neutrophils battle infection, platelets prevent bleeding, and red blood cells deliver oxygen throughout the body. In addition, Desai work showed that
In bone marrow transplants, for example, effects of SW033291 in accelerating tissue growth would provide the body the cells required to fight off the two most common and sometimes fatal complications, infection and bleeding.
can stimulate the immune system activity necessary to stop HIV infection. This research is extremely significant.
and prevent infection and current experiments with mice models showed promising results. Many vaccines for other diseases use a dead
and block HIV infection. This suggests that eod-GT8 60mer immunogen could be a good candidate to serve as the first in a series of immunizations against HIV.
and wires required by other implantable devices that can lead to infection and other complications,
damaging our ability to fight deadly infections such as tuberculosis. In this illustration, phagemid plasmids infect a targeted bacteria.
for new approaches to tackle bacterial infection. In a paper published online in the journal Nano Letters, researchers at MIT, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard,
and kill bacteria have been used for many years to treat infection in countries such as those in the former Soviet union.
as it can lead to the release of nasty toxins from the cell. hese toxins can lead to sepsis and even death in some cases,
Collins says. ou can use this to kill off very specific species of bacteria as part of an infection therapy,
This is in contrast to repeated infection with bacteriophages, where the researchers found that the bacteria did develop resistance over time.
A ocktailof different phagemids could be given to patients to treat an unclassified infection, in a similar way to the broad-spectrum antibiotics used today.
which would allow physicians to treat specific infections, Collins says. ou would first run a fast diagnostic test to identify the bacteria your patient has,
Currently, there are no vaccines or treatments specifically for Marburg infections. The findings were published online ahead of print today in the journal Plos Pathogens.
shows that mixtures or ocktailsof antibodies can block Ebola virus from infecting new cells and alert the immune system to the presence of the infection.
which collaborated with TSRI for molecular analysis. Some of the new antibodies target a new site on Marburg virus not seen before winglike feature attached to the base of the virus. Antibodies against this newly discovered site protected 90 to 100%of infected animal models from lethal infection.
#Protein Suggests a New Strategy to Thwart Infection The newfound ability of a protein of the intestines
and the cells of bacterial invaders could underpin new strategies to fight infections. Writing this week (July 6, 2015) in the journal Nature Structural & Molecular biology,
and distinguish those cells from human cells was unknown. he protein is upregulated with infection,
which are needed urgently as many pathogens have become resistant to the antibiotics now most commonly used to treat infection e
or viral infection in less time than it would take conventional tests and it would cost less as well.
#Researchers identify cause of heart damage in sepsis patients Researchers at the University of Liverpool Institute of Infection
and Global Health (IGH) have discovered a common cause of heart damage in patients with sepsis.
Sepsis is the most common cause of death in hospitalised critically ill people and affects up to 18 million people worldwide annually.
The electrical and mechanical malfunctions of the heart have been understood poorly in sepsis, with underdeveloped clinical management strategies,
however, promises to benefit a high number of patients with heart failure or rhythm abnormalities that complicate sepsis.
called histones, induce damage to heart muscle cells when released into the blood circulation following extensive cell damage in sepsis.
Dr Yasir Alhamdi, from the University Institute of Infection and Global Health, said: his new discovery has important clinical implications.
Firstly, we now provide a much-needed explanation for why cardiac injury markers are high in sepsis. econdly,
This can improve overall management of patients with sepsis worldwide. Toxic effects The research team has developed also
and found that their use can significantly prevent the development of heart complications in sepsis.
from the University Institute of Infection and Global Health, said: he translational impact to patients with sepsis can extend beyond biomarker prediction of heart complications,
to novel targeted treatment for improved survival. his discovery could therefore enable us to better stratify patients for more precise and personalised treatment in sepsis
#Bonelike 3-D silicon synthesized for potential use with medical devices Semiconducting silicon spicules engage tissue like a bee stinger.
and more than 2 million new infections develop each year. lthough antiretroviral therapies have prolonged the lives of HIV-1 infected patients,
New vaccine patch protects against flu in humansflu vaccines delivered using microneedles that dissolve in the skin can protect people against infection even better than the standard needle-delivered vaccine,
The study goal was to determine how HIV manages to compromise antiviral responses in the initial period of infection
also called the acute infection stage, during which the virus establishes itself in the body.
The acute infection is considered a critical period in determining the complexity, extent and progression of the disease.
It is also during this stage that HIV establishes latent infection in long-lasting cellular reservoirs.
which are the immune system first line of defence against viral infections and are known to have a beneficial role in the early stages of HIV infection,
says Dr. Cohen, Director of the Human Retrovirology research unit at the IRCM. he problem is that HIV has developed mechanisms to suppress the Interferon response and, until now,
Most of the Interferon is produced by a very small population of immune cells called pdcs (plasmacytoid dendritic cells), responsible for providing immediate defence against infections.
and leads to persistent infection, adds Dr. Bego. e found that HIV, through Vpu, takes advantage of the role played by BST2 by maintaining its ability to activate ILT7 and limit the production of Interferon,
a team of leading Canadian researchers working towards an HIV cure. ur findings can provide tools to enhance antiviral responses during the early stages of infection.
We believe that such interventions during primary infection have the potential to limit the establishment and complexity of viral reservoirs,
which explains how the virus can be held down or wiped out during early periods of infection,
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011