That protein could be a good target for antiviral drugs, researchers suggest. Better antiviral drugs could help the millions of people annually infected by flu,
which kills up to 500,000 people each year. When an influenza virus infects a human cell, it uses some of the host cellular machinery to make copies of itself,
such as inhibiting the host synthesis of interferon, a key antiviral protein, Krug says. t means that
FAST-SPREADING EPIDEMICS The need for new antiviral drugs against the influenza virus is great.
antiviral drugs play an important role in fast-spreading epidemics. Yet Influenza a viruses are developing resistance to antiviral drugs currently in use.
Krug and his team discovered that the viral NS1 protein is associated often, or bound together, with the host DDX21 protein in infected human body cells.
Scleroderma many pathways he majority of drug treatments that exist today for fibrosis basically look at reducing just the inflammation,
associate professor of internal medicine at the University of Michigan. here are other drugs that block one or two of the signaling pathways that cause the disease,
Neubig says. ur research shows promise for the development of a new drug that can reverse the fibrosis process by flipping the main switch on all of the signaling pathways.
By validating this core switch as a viable drug target, we can now continue our work to improve the chemical compounds
#Anticancer drug reverses schizophrenia symptoms in teen mice An experimental anticancer drug appears to reverse schizophrenia-related behavior
one of a class of drugs shown in animal experiments to confer some protection from brain damage due to Fragile X syndrome,
The drug was given in small doses and appeared to be safe for the animals. rugs aimed at treating a disease should be able to reverse an already existing defect as well as block future damage,
and a senior co-author of the study published in Nature Genetics. ince this gene has previously been identified as a target for the development of new drugs, in the future,
we can now envision being able to test new drug candidates in these cells, to screen possible medications proactively instead of having to discover them fortuitously.
They also hope to develop a way to use the cells to screen drugs rapidly,
#New antibiotic found in horse poop mushroom A fungus that grows on horse dung contains a protein that can kill bacteria.
The substance known as copsin has the same effect as traditional antibiotics but belongs to a different class of biochemical substances.
whereas traditional antibiotics are often non-protein organic compounds. The researchers led by Markus Aebi a mycology professor at ETH Zurich discovered the substance in the common inky cap mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea.
Further research demonstrated that the copsin produced by the mushroom is responsible for this antibiotic effect.
For Aebi the main focus of this research project was not primarily on applications for the new substance. hether copsin will one day be used as an antibiotic in medicine remains to be seen.
and other naturally antibiotic substances for millions of years to protect themselves against bacteria. Why does this work for fungi
while humans have been using antibiotics in medicine for just 70 years with many of them already becoming useless due to resistance?
In addition to being used as an antibiotic in medicine it may also be possible to use copsin in the food industry as well.
#acked yeast may replace painkilling poppies For centuries poppy plants have been grown to provide opium the compound from which morphine
Morphine is one of three principal painkillers derived from opium. As a class they are called opiates.
which seeks to prevent opiates like morphine for instance from being refined into illegal heroin. The biggest market for legal opiates and their opioid derivatives is the United states where pharmaceutical factories use chemical processes to create the refined products that are used as painkilling pills.
However poppies are grown not in significant quantities in the United states creating various international dependencies and vulnerabilities in the supply of these important medicines.
It takes about 17 separate chemical steps to make the opioid compounds used in pills.
Remember that it takes about 17 chemical steps to go from poppy to pill. When she began the work in 2004 Smolke started early in the process
or bad crop yieldssmolke says. e ll have more sustainable cost-effective and secure production methods for these important drugs. h
if drugs are counterfeit University of Michigan rightoriginal Studyposted by Kate Mcalpine-Michigan on August 6 2014counterfeit drugs make up to one-third of the pharmaceutical drug market in some countries.
Fake drugs which at best contain wrong doses and at worst are toxic are thought to kill more than 700000 people eachâ year.
to enable researchers to model drug interactions that might take months to play out in a compressed time frame.
In coming decades such molecular motors might find uses in drug delivery manufacturing and chemical processing.
new drug-delivery technologies; transparent flexible displays for electronic devices; special filters for water purification; new types of sensors;
In this state they could be used for the development of new drug systems by controlling the transportation of small molecules
and muscle contraction T-cell activation and pancreatic beta-cell insulin release they are a frequent target in the search for new drugs.
which have a wide range of application from membranesâ##for instance for the purification of waterâ##to therapeutic uses including the development of new drug systems. ource:
and respond as needed perhaps by delivering drugs directly to those cells. Additional co-authors of the paper contributed from University of Washington;
But having an extra chromosome can actually be beneficial in microbes like Cryptococcus where it has been shown to confer drug resistance to the antifungal fluconazole.
just as virulent as the parent suggesting how new properties (drug resistance) and old ones (virulence) could be combined. n interesting feature of aneuploidy is it can be temporarysays Heitman. f at some point it stops being beneficial
which may drive outbreaks of drug resistant pathogenic microbes. eitman is currently looking for aneuploidy in samples from the outbreak of Cryptococcus gattii in the western part of North america to see
and how bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics. Although the researchers refer to the groups of mutations as containing drivers
#We ve also started exchanging ideas and information with scientists facing related challenges such as herbicide resistance in weeds and resistance to drugs in bacteria HIV and cancer.#
and efficacy of new treatments and to test the metabolism and oral absorption of drugs and nutrients."
which means that the drugs and therapies we validate in animal models often fail to be tested effective
therefore significantly accelerate our ability to develop effective new drugs that will help people who suffer from these disorders."
The institute has received also funding to develop a heart-lung micromachine to test the safety and efficacy of inhaled drugs on the integrated heart and lung function,
which chitin is being used to cheaply produce a currently very-expensive source of antiviral drugs.
Many presently-used antiviral drugs are derived from N acetylneuraminic-acid acid, also known as NANA. The substance can synthesized
But in June 2014 the Food and Drug Administration approved the aptly named Freedom Driver.
It's an odorless tasteless substance that's classified as a harmless food additive by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Products that use silica-based nanoparticles for biomedical uses such as various chips drug or gene delivery and tracking imaging ultrasound therapy and diagnostics may also pose an increased cardiovascular
#Newly-discovered compound gives hope in fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria Over the past quarter century,
many pharmaceutical companies have turned largely their backs on the quest to develop new antibiotics, blaming difficulties surrounding the clinical trials process
and turning their attention to the more profitable development of so-called"lifestyle drugs.""One company bucking the trend is Novobiotic Pharmaceuticals,
which has announced the discovery of a new class of antibiotic that holds promise for treating drug-resistant superbugs.
and overuse of existing antibiotics has led to the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, with the World Health Organisation warning of an impending"post-antibiotic era"where common infections will once again pose the risk of death,
as was the case before the discovery of the first antibiotics in the early 20th century.
As a result, we've seen various research efforts that take a non-antibiotic approach to bacterial infection
such as"ninja polymers"and artificial nanoparticles made of lipids. But this latest breakthrough by researchers from Novobiotic in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Northeastern University in Boston, the University of Bonn in Germany,
shows that antibiotics are still in the fight. The compound is called teixobactin and was discovered using a device called the ichip,
although the screening of soil microorganisms is responsible for the discovery of most antibiotics, only around 1 percent of them will grow in the lab. After the compound was discovered,
The team now hopes to develop teixobactin into a drug.""Our impression is produced that nature a compound that evolved to be free of resistance,
The law began in the 1970s as part of the early War on Drugs, and while it has spiked in recent years ostensibly to fight terrorism,
#Gelatin Nanoparticles could Deliver Drugs to your Brain Stroke victims could have more time to seek treatment that could reduce harmful effects on the brain thanks to tiny blobs of gelatin that could deliver the medication to the brain non-invasively.
nanoparticles in the journal Drug Delivery and Translational Research. The researchers found that gelatin nanoparticles could be laced with medications for delivery to the brain
when a drug could be effective. Gelatin is biocompatible biodegradable and classified as#Generally Recognized as Safe#by the Food and Drug Administration.
Once administered the gelatin nanoparticles target damaged brain tissue thanks to an abundance of gelatin-munching enzymes produced in injured regions.
This allows the drug to bypass the blood-brain barrier a biological fence that prevents the vast majority of drugs from entering the brain through the bloodstream.#
#However if drug substances can be transferred along the olfactory nerve cells they can bypass the blood-brain barrier
#To test gelatin nanoparticles as a drug-delivery system the researchers used the drug osteopontin (OPN)
The researchers hope the gelatin nanoparticles administered through the nasal cavity can help deliver other drugs to more effectively treat a variety of brain injuries and neurological diseases.#
#They will be most effective in delivering drugs that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. In addition they can be used for drugs of high toxicity or a short half-life.#
#Both Choi and Kim are members of the Micro and Nano technology Laboratory at the U. of
or by powerful synthetic small molecule drugs invented at the NIH prevents or reverses pain that develops slowly from nerve damage without causing analgesic tolerance or intrinsic reward (unlike opioids).
and said drugs might delay symptoms slightly. He recommended Mapo free programs o stimulate what brain cells he has.
The guidelines were created at the request of Congress and written by the commission, the Food and Drug Administration, the Agriculture department and the Centers for Disease Control.
and Drug Administration to identify the source of an outbreak of foodborne illness, trace its path
#Edible batteries could power smart medicine pills A flexible biodegradable battery just may be what the doctor ordered.
Enter the#smart pill, a sensor-equipped capsule that you only need to take just once.
The smart pill releases medicine on a schedule or as your body needs it. But what would power that pill?
The answer is simple: an edible#battery.####Obviously, creating smart pills with their own sensors to regulate medicine in the body is a great idea,
but the challenge in using them comes with finding a safe power source.##According to Carnegie mellon biomedical engineer Christopher Bettinger, a flexible biodegradable battery just may be what the doctor ordered.
The uses of such a battery aren limited t just to powering smart pills, though. Imagine those uncomfortable exams that involve a tiny camera being swallowed
A daily pill would supply nanomaterials and instructions for nanobots to form new neurons and position them next to existing brain cells to be replaced.
there is some evidence that the NSA has aided in combating Mexican drug cartels and prevented terrorism.##
invasive drugs and their devastating side-effects, will have been replaced by sophisticated medicines that can fix individual faulty genes, according to those behind the project.
better drugs and better care for patients. As our plan becomes a reality, I believe we will be able to transform how devastating diseases are diagnosed
and the blockbuster chemotherapy drugs that gave you all those nasty side effects will be a thing of the past
a drug specifically designed for women with a type of breast cancer characterised by over-activity of the Her2 gene..
The decision of the commission retroactively applied an earlier change in sentencing guidelines#to now cover roughly half of those serving federal drug sentences.
Starting in the 1970s with the rise of tough-on-crime politicians and the War on Drugs, America s prison population jumped eightfold between 1970 and 2010.
Similar patterns of discrimination can be found nationwide, especially on drug-related charges. Black and white Americans use marijuana at an almost-equal rate,
Any meaningful discourse on racism, poverty, immigration, the drug wars, gun violence, the mental-health crisis,
The problem however is that current 3d printing methods to make calcium phosphate scaffolds require the use of high temperatures Such temperatures make it impossible important drugs
antibiotics to prevent infections, or even living cells to the scaffolds. At the moment, calcium phosphate powder is temporarily bound using an acidic binder chemical typically phosphoric acid
These could be useful in anything from cosmetics, to paint, to the design of drug capsules, because of their particular solubility properties.
and next year will lay the path for the device to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration With any luck,
The next step is to find the drug that can target this same gene. Researchers found that over-expression of the gene was associated actually with a physically larger brain,
Researchers have speculated for decades that a drug that could inhibit IDE might help some type 2 diabetes patients.
Small-molecule drugs, which make up the majority of medicines, are compounds far smaller than less common biological medicines like antibodies.
which may be why the Harvard team was able to identify an IDE-controlling drug when so many had failed in the past.
The newly identified IDE inhibitor could be the starting point for developing a powerful new drug for type 2 diabetes.
#Researchers develop new method to grow human skin from stem cells that replicates the real thing The method could viably produce enough skin samples to be used commercially for drug and cosmetics testing.
Even as medical researchers produce rgans on a chipto help with drug testing, developing human skin for cosmetics testing has remained elusive.
and thus could be scaled up for commercial testing of drugs and cosmetics, said Theodora Mauro,
The method could viably produce enough skin samples to be used commercially for drug and cosmetics testing, according to the researchers.
and to test drugs, is a rapidly growing market. In many cases its benefits are so hypothetical eliminating negative outcomes that would,
whether it identifying the pills left in the back of the medicine cabinet or figuring out whether the fruit at the farmer market is ripe.
if a drink has been spiked with drugs. However, you might have to pay, especially for specific professional use-cases.
The work addresses one of the lingering challenges in creating artificial organs for drug testing or
could provide a new drug target for the treatment of the disease that affects more than five million Americans,
These results hold out the hope that a drug that regulates p25 could benefit Alzheimer disease patients by improving cognitive function
they can dispense drugs carried in their folds. NA nanorobots could potentially carry out complex programs that could one day be used to diagnose
The discovery may help explain why marijuana users say they take the drug mainly to reduce anxiety,
whose brains are still developing are being exposed to the drug. Previous studies at Vanderbilt and elsewhere, Patel said,
chronic use of the drug down-regulates the receptors, paradoxically increasing anxiety. This can trigger vicious cycleof increasing marijuana use that in some cases leads to addiction.
So the researchers administered a drug to safeguard the cells against that process and then allowed them to proliferate in a gooey hydrogel base.
pparatus and Method for Preconditioning/Fixation and Treatment of Disease with Heat Activation/Release with Thermoactivated Drugs and Gene Productsauthored by John Mon, COO for Medifocus.
and Method for Preconditioning/Fixation and Treatment of Disease with Heat Activation/Release with Thermoactivated Drugs and Gene Products.
and commercialize targeted thermoactivated/released drugs and gene products which, in our opinion, is the future of medicine. f
The U s. Food and Drug Administration has approved already Shrilk's ingredients which would make it easier to use for medical purposes.
#Could bacteria from honeybees replace antibiotics? Bacteria are increasingly outsmarting our most overused antibiotics creating a boom of drug-resistant diseases.
This could be the dawn of a post-antibiotic era the World health organization warns when common infections and minor injuries which have been treatable for decades can once again kill.
Honey is a natural antibacterial which helps explain why it never goes bad and why people have used it as medicine for thousands of years.
Its viscosity acidity and sugar content make it good at sealing wounds and it even contains small amounts of hydrogen peroxide.
Antibiotics are mostly one active substance effective against only a narrow spectrum of bacteria lead author
When used alive these 13 lactic acid bacteria produce the right kind of antimicrobial compounds as needed depending on the threat.
but also for many developed nations where antibiotic resistance is on the rise. The researchers say their next step is to investigate wider use of these bacteria against topical infections in more animals including humans n
#DARPA's'Luke Skywalker'arm wins FDA approval An extremely advanced prosthetic arm sometimes compared to Luke Skywalker's arm from"Star wars"has been approved for clinical use by the U s. Food and Drug Administration
whose genome contains man-made DNA building blocks opens the door for tailor-made organisms that could be used to produce new drugs and other products.
The man-made DNA could be used for everything from the manufacture of new drugs and vaccines to forensics
which could be used to produce better drugs. Researchers expanded the genetic alphabet from four letters,
Synthorx) Custom-made drugs Proteins have become an important new type of drug, because cells can do the work of making them
who explores a much greater diversity of structures in the small-molecule drugs they synthesize,
"We hope to be able to combine the best of both small-molecule and protein drugs."
"The research paves the way for"designer"organisms with custom-made genomes that are capable of performing useful tasks, like making drugs.
which have properties that make them better at producing protein drugs. Expanding the genetic alphabet of an entire multicellular organism such as a human wouldn't be possible with the current technique
For example researchers could make synthetic strains of yeast to produce rare medicines such as the malarial drug artemisinin or vaccines like the Hepatitis b vaccine.
Nature News In a milestone for a politically charged field, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the world's first clinical trial of a therapy generated by human embryonic stem cells.
This approach is one that reaches beyond pills and scalpels to achieve a new level of healing."
Nature News The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has adopted a policy that will govern approval of the use of genetically engineered animals.
to be safe an important step towards the eventual approval of the drug for sale in US markets.
just as it regulates drugs, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The agency argued that the RECOMBINANT DNA used to engineer the animals was in effect an animal'drug'.
'As such, the agency will investigate the safety of the'drug'as well as possible environmental impacts if, for example,
because the decision-making process to approve a new drug is carried largely out behind closed doors.
a fearful memory can be erased by a drug that is usually used to control blood pressure. When memories are laid first down,
and a preliminary study has hinted that the drug might do the same in humans2. But Kindt and her colleagues wanted to know
In addition, the drug treatment didn't affect how well the participants remembered the link between the spiders and the shock.
What's more, the response of a second control group who took the drug but did not go through the reactivation on day 2 was similar to that of the group given the placebo,
suggesting that it is the reconsolidation of the memory the second time around that is affected by the drug.
"says Roger Pitman at Harvard Medical school, who led the original study on the effects of the drug on fear memories in patients with PTSD2.
Those who had taken the drug showed smaller responses to remembering the traumatic event. Rubbing out fear
In addition, the drug treatment didn't affect how well the participants remembered the link between the spiders and the shock.
even though the patient no longer takes antiretroviral drugs. Nature News takes a look at the promises and limitations of the experimental treatment.
The risks involved with a bone-marrow transplant far outweigh those that come with years of antiretroviral drug therapy
even considering the troublesome side effects of these drugs. Before receiving the transplant, recipients are conditioned with drugs
and radiation to destroy their own blood-producing stem cells. The procedure leaves them vulnerable to infection,
Other companies are busy developing additional CCR5-targeting drugs. Unfortunately, maraviroc does not completely prevent the virus from binding to CCR5,
Basically HIV can find its way around the drug and still use CCR5 says Riley,
or may be able to bind to a different region of CCR5 than the drug. Others are trying gene therapy approaches to prevent CCR5 from being made at all.
Children diagnosed with ADHD are treated frequently with drugs such as Ritalin that affect the dopamine system.
"You would identify to the patient that the drug is not working when in reality it is doing well,
if it survives the U s. Food and Drug Administration s grueling approval process. He says it is a precursor to
#Overharvesting leaves Himalayan Viagra fungus feeling short Yarsagumba, the world s most expensive medicinal fungus, is in serious decline in Nepal because of over-harvesting,
Known as Himalayan Viagra'because of its supposed libido-boosting powers, the fungus can fetch as much as US$100 per gramme on the Chinese market,
and Drug Administration this March about the safety studies required to test platelets derived from ips cells in humans,
deliver drugs to specific sites4; and even switch a chemical catalyst on or off5. Molecular machines inspired by biology could eventually enable chemists to build materials with a specific sequence of molecules#a strand of polystyrene in which each component bears one of a range of extra chemical groups, for example.
-gene could be deleted at will by giving them a specific drug. This allowed the researchers to deplete the enzyme during adulthood,
he discovered the short#comings of cholesterol-lowering drugs #and of the clinical advice guiding their use.
Francis, the director of clinical analysis and reporting at the Veterans Health Administration (VA) in WASHINGTON DC, started taking Lipitor (atorvastatin), a cholesterol-lowering statin and the best-selling drug in pharmaceutical history.
In 2011, US doctors wrote nearly 250#million prescriptions for cholesterol-lowering drugs, creating a US$18. 5-billion market, according to IMS Health,
"The drug industry in particular is very much in favour of target-based measures, says Joseph Drozda, a cardiologist and director of outcomes research at Mercy Health in Chesterfield, Missouri."
the big pharmaceutical companies are racing to bring the next LDL-lowering drug to market. In particular, millions of dollars have been poured into drugs that inhibit a protein called PCSK9,
#Stealth nanoparticles sneak past immune system s defences Small man-made peptides can help to sneak drug-bearing nanobeads past the ever-vigilant immune system,
To work effectively, drugs and imaging agents need to get to the diseased cells or tumours where they re needed most.
Although scientists are developing nanoparticles that help to deliver drugs to the right place, all therapeutic molecules face a deadly foe#the immune system.
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia have now found a way to stop macrophages from destroying drug-bearing nanoparticles.
Discher and his team also tagged their nanobeads with the anticancer drug paclitaxel. They saw that their peptide-carrying system shrank tumours just as well as the standard paclitaxel carrier, Cremophor,
"It s a new way of trying to get the immune system to prevent phagocytosis of drugs or particles.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Thursday approved the first retinal implant for use in the United states. The FDA s green light for Second sight s Argus II Retinal Prosthesis
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