About this genetics research Other authors of the report include Kalyan Kondapalli, Jose Llongueras, Vivian Capilla-Gonzalez, Hari Prasad, Anniesha Hack, Christopher Smith and Hugo Guerrero
They#ve also known that chromosome 21 plays a role in the disease due to Alzheimer s-like symptoms in people with Down syndrome (with three copies of chromosome 21.
This chromosome contains the APP gene which can lead to production of the primary component of the damaging amyloid plaques.
#In 2001 Chun was the first to report that the brain contains many distinct genomes within its cells#much like the colorful tiles in an artist#s mosaic.#
a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical school who was not part of the research team. MIT researchers led by Ed Boyden have invented a new way to visualize the nanoscale structure of the brain and other tissues.
One important piece of evidence will be the genetic sequence of the virus. Ben Embarek says Korea has agreed to share samples with several labs working on MERS,
while others hunt for the virus own genetic material. Some assays can measure the presence or absence of longer-lasting antibodies that can linger for decades after an infection.
A team of bioengineers and geneticists has designed a device that can suspend a single living cell between magnets and measure its density based on how high it floats.
Traditional methods for mapping HIV genetic material use long strings of these nucleotides, called oligomers, to find and bind to complementary strands of DNA or RNA in sample tissues.
allowing researchers to create an image of precisely where the viral genetic material is dispersed throughout the tissue sample.
but it also converts to a DNA form that allows it to weave its genes into a human chromosome.
#Bacteria become genomic tape recorders MIT engineers have transformed the genome of the bacterium E coli into a long-term storage device for memory.
The new strategy described in the Nov 13 issue of the journal Science overcomes several limitations of existing methods for storing memory in bacterial genomes says Lu the paper s senior author.
After the DNA is produced the recombinase inserts the DNA into the cell s genome at a preprogrammed site.
We can target it anywhere in the genome which is why we re viewing it as a tape recorder
If the DNA is inserted into a nonfunctional part of the genome sequencing the genome will reveal
Instead the vast majority of this genetic material is found within the trillions of microorganisms that call our bodies home.
Immunologists geneticists and genomics researchers drive Progress to this wealth of information clinicians contribute patient-based insights and gain potential targets for therapeutics.
#Fast modeling of cancer mutations Sequencing the genomes of tumor cells has revealed thousands of genetic mutations linked with cancer.
Their approach based on the genome-editing technique known as CRISPR is much faster than existing strategies
Scientists have begun recently exploiting this system to make targeted mutations in the genomes of living animals either deleting genes
This is#a wonderful new example of the power of the CRISPR approach says Anton Berns a professor of molecular genetics at The netherlands Cancer Institute.
The cancer genome sequence initiative provides us with numerous candidate genes that might modulate tumorigenesis and we need a rapid method to test their contribution.
The CRISPR genome-editing system presented the perfect strategy to go after those genes. CRISPR originally discovered by biologists studying the bacterial immune system involves a set of proteins that bacteria use to defend themselves against bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria.
The genes encoding NDM-1 and other antibiotic resistance factors are carried usually on plasmids circular strands of DNA separate from the bacterial genome making it easier for them to spread through populations.
They also successfully targeted another antibiotic resistance gene encoding SHV-18 a mutation in the bacterial chromosome providing resistance to quinolone antibiotics and a virulence factor in enterohemorrhagic E coli.
Furthermore the researchers found that they could reverse the emotional association of specific memories by manipulating brain cells with optogenetics a technique that uses light to control neuron activity.
and Neuroscience director of the RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at MIT s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and senior author of the paper.#
because you can design them to treat any type of disease by modifying gene expression very specifically says James Dahlman a graduate student in Anderson s
These alterations known as epigenetic modifications control whether a gene is turned on or off. Analyzing these modifications can provide important clues to the type of tumor a patient has
if the DNA-repair gene MGMT is silenced by epigenetic modification. A team of MIT chemical engineers has developed now a fast reliable method to detect this type of modification known as methylation which could offer a new way to choose the best treatment for individual patients.
Beyond the genomeafter sequencing the human genome scientists turned to the epigenome the chemical modifications including methylation that alter a gene s function without changing its DNA sequence.
This technique which cuts the amount of time required to analyze epigenetic modifications could be a valuable research tool as well as a diagnostic device for cancer patients says Andrea Armani a professor of chemical engineering
of which epigenetic markers are linked to which diseases. The MIT team is now adapting the device to detect methylation of other cancer-linked genes by changing the DNA sequences of the biochip probes.
#An easier way to manipulate malaria genes Plasmodium falciparum the parasite that causes malaria has proven notoriously resistant to scientists efforts to study its genetics.
MIT biological engineers have demonstrated now that a new genome-editing technique called CRISPR can disrupt a single parasite gene with a success rate of up to 100 percent in a matter of weeks.
Even though we ve sequenced the entire genome of Plasmodium falciparum half of it still remains functionally uncharacterized.
This occurs very rarely in the genome of the malaria parasite. You have to rely on this really inefficient process that occurs
The system includes a DNA-cutting enzyme Cas9 bound to a short RNA guide strand that is programmed to bind to a specific genome sequence telling Cas9 where to make its cut.
which P. falciparum genetics have been done in the past even 50 percent is pretty substantial. For both targets the researchers demonstrated that they could insert a gene for the protein luciferase
The general concept of using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit the genome of the malaria parasite is significant
because we ve struggled with the technical aspects of doing these genetic experiments says Kirk Deitsch a professor of microbiology
#A new way to model cancer Sequencing the genomes of tumor cells has revealed thousands of mutations associated with cancer.
Researchers have copied this bacterial system to create gene-editing complexes that include a DNA-cutting enzyme called Cas9 bound to a short RNA guide strand that is programmed to bind to a specific genome sequence telling Cas9 where to make its Cut in some cases the researchers simply snip out
While this is an effective way to get genetic material to the liver it would not work for other organs of interest.
in the last five years however understanding has accelerated dramatically driven by advances in human genomics.
Human genomics has begun to reveal the causes of these disorders. We still have a long way to go
If you want to get at the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders you ve got to crack the genetics.
and Lander served as a member of the NIMH s Genetics Workgroup; the three had developed a mutual respect and a shared vision for
and genetics and along with Scolnick and Lander supported the collection of DNA samples from patients with the hope that the samples could someday be analyzed to find disease genes.
because the Human genome Project had not yet been completed. When Hyman left the NIMH in 2001 to become provost of Harvard he had lost almost completely hope that true progress could be made in his lifetime in elucidating the mechanisms of psychiatric illness.
The Broad Institute grew from an MIT-based flagship center for the Human Genome Project
Formally founded in 2004 to fulfill the promise of the Human genome Project by facilitating collaborative biomedical research across disciplines
Broad scientists have invented also powerful new tools that allow researchers to precisely manipulate the genome and measure the millions of complex chemical interactions within cells.
In the spirit of the Human genome Project the Broad makes its genomic data freely available to researchers around the world.
To create a comprehensive catalog of the genetic variation that underlies mental illness the researchers plan to expand their international network
and animal models that more faithfully match both the genetic variation and the biochemical processes seen in human patients.
They plan to pioneer cutting-edge techniques such as genome editing which allows them to precisely introduce any mutations they choose.
We re still at the beginning of the curve of translating the emerging genetics into actionable biology but it s happening much faster than
Situated within the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard the Stanley Center aims to exploit the most advanced technologies for human genetic analysis to study these psychiatric disorders
Pandora for example comes down to this thing that they call the music genome which contains a summary of your musical tastes.
To recommend a song all you need is the last 10 songs you listened to just to make sure you don t keep recommending the same one again and this music genome.
what songs they ll like than anything captured by Pandora s music genome. Openpds preserves all that potentially useful data but in a repository controlled by the end user not the application developer or service provider.
#Noninvasive brain control Optogenetics, a technology that allows scientists to control brain activity by shining light on neurons,
This noninvasive approach could pave the way to using optogenetics in human patients to treat epilepsy and other neurological disorders,
Optogenetics, a technique developed over the past 15 years, has become a common laboratory tool for shutting off or stimulating specific types of neurons in the brain,
Most of the natural opsins now used for optogenetics respond best to blue or green light.
A key advantage to this opsin is that it could enable optogenetic studies of animals with larger brains,
people have had difficulty getting behavior effects with optogenetics, and one possible reason is that not enough of the tissue is being inhibited,
This type of noninvasive approach to optogenetics could also represent a step toward developing optogenetic treatments for diseases such as epilepsy,
The researchers also plan to combine this technique with optogenetics, which enables neuronal firing to be controlled by shining light on cells engineered to express light-sensitive proteins.
Genetic information is carried normally from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes, cellular structures where proteins are made.
Short strands of RNA called sirna bind to the MESSENGER RNA that carries this genetic information preventing it from reaching the ribosome.
With the best-performing particles, the researchers reduced gene expression by more than 50 percent, for a dose of only 0. 20 milligrams per kilogram of solution about one-hundredth of the amount required with existing endothelial
Researchers have copied this cellular system to create gene-editing complexes that include a DNA-cutting enzyme called Cas9 bound to a short RNA guide strand that is programmed to bind to a specific genome sequence telling Cas9 where to make its cut.
When the cell repairs the damage produced by Cas9 it copies from the template introducing new genetic material into the genome.
Scientists envision that this kind of genome editing could one day help treat diseases such as hemophilia Huntington s disease
says Constance Cepko, a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical school. Previous efforts have focused on analyzing only a small number of cell types at a time,
Other authors are Steven Carr, director of the Proteomics Platform at the Broad Institute; Karl Clauser, a research scientist at the Broad Institute;
It dependent on modern technology having the genome sequences, having mass spectrometry machines that are really good,
This study utilizes the power of proteomics to identify extracellular matrix proteins critical in metastasis. Many of the proteins identified interact with cancer cells by binding to proteins called integrins that are found on cell surfaces,
and genetics at Rockefeller University who was not part of the research team. Using these mice the researchers found that before treatment tumors lacking both MK2
or replicate its genome. If enough of these blockages form the cell undergoes a type of programmed cell suicide called apoptosis
and colleagues at the RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at MIT s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory recorded the electrical activity of individual neurons in the hippocampus of these knockout mice
For example, light could be transmitted through the optical channels to enable optogenetic neural stimulation, the effects
or silence neurons with pulses of light, a method called optogenetics. Activating the projections led to compulsive sucrose-eating
Different genes, same consequences Another cause of autism and intellectual disability is the loss of a series of genes on human chromosome 16,
revealing how they selectively block certain molecules from entering, protecting genetic material and normal cell functions.
and new ways of delivering gene therapies, say the scientists behind the study. At the heart of every cell in our body is a cell nucleus,
the research may also hold promise for the development of new antiviral drugs and better delivery mechanisms for gene therapy.
It may also be possible to improve on the design of current mechanisms for delivering gene therapy to better cross the nuclear pores
and IBM's T. J. Watson Research center have developed a prototype DNA reader that could make whole genome profiling an everyday practice in medicine.
Such game-changing technology is needed to make genome sequencing a reality. The current hurdle is to do so for less than $1000 an amount for
The research was funded by the National institutes of health's National Human genome Research Institute Roche and published in the journal ACS Nano.
#Patent awarded for genetics-based nanotechnology against mosquitoes insect pests Kansas State university researchers have developed a patented method of keeping mosquitoes and other insect pests at bay.
The patent covers microscopic genetics-based technology that can help safely kill mosquitos and other insect pests.
or RNAI to destroy the genetic code of an insect in a specific DNA sequence. The technology is expected to have great potential for safe and effective control of insect pests Zhu said.
MESSENGER RNA carries important genetic information. In the studies on mosquito larvae researchers designed dsrna to target the mrna encoding the enzymes that help mosquitoes produce chitin the main component in the hard exoskeleton of insects crustaceans and arachnids.
And they could make it possible to carry out gene therapy in a specific cell. If things go according to Peer Fischer leader of the Micro Nano
#Researchers create unique graphene nanopores with optical antennas for DNA sequencing High-speed reading of the genetic code should get a boost with the creation of the world's first graphene nanopores pores measuring approximately 2 nanometers in diameter that feature a"built-in
and optogenetics which involves genetically modifying cells to create specific light-reactive proteins. RE-NET seeks to develop new tools
Graphene-based carbon-layered electrode array technology for neural imaging and optogenetic applications. Nature Communications 5 Article number:
#Gold nanoparticles linked to single stranded-dna DNA create a simple but versatile genetic testing kit Tests for identifying genetic variations among individuals
which can be used to develop precisely targeted drug therapies are a current focus in the emerging field of pharmacogenomics.
Ying's method detects genetic variations known as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) that differ in only a single-nucleotide building block of DNA.
In the case of warfarin#the most frequently prescribed anticoagulant#there are SNP differences in specific parts of the genome that indicate
and amplified from a patient's genome. The nanoprobes are initially pink due to surface plasmonic effects involving ripples of electric charge.
and the genome fragments separate. For cases of partial complementarity#in which the fragments are mismatched by a single nucleotide#the melting temperature is lowered by an amount depending on the level of mismatch.
The system can also distinguish between homozygous genotypes (where a person caries the same SNP on each member of a pair of chromosomes)
and heterozygous genotypes (where a person carries different SNPS on each chromosome). The patented warfarin test kit is available for commercialization
and are validating assay kits for several other applications in pathogen detection pharmacogenomics and genetic disease screening.
Nanoprobe-based genetic testing. Nano Today 9 166#171 (2014. dx. doi. org/10.1016/j. nantod. 2014.04.00
In cells, nanomachines such as ribosomes and DNA polymerases stitch individual molecules together to form complex biological structures such as proteins and DNA molecules, the repositories of genetic information.
#Nanoparticles could provide easier route for cell therapy UT Arlington physics researchers may have developed a way to use laser technology to deliver drug and gene therapy at the cellular level without damaging surrounding tissue.
or other small molecules directly into cells is essential for some of the most advanced methods being developed in gene therapy,
Like the molecule that carries genetic information in living things, the synthetic DNA strands used as"glue"to bind nanoparticles in this study have a natural tendency to pair up
or even for delivering genes to cells for gene therapy and such approaches,"said Gang.""Our study is the first of its kind to look at the structural aspects of DNA-particle/lipid interface directly using x-ray scattering.
Genetic testing can improve the treatment of such medical conditions. By combining our expertise in molecular diagnostics and nanotechnology,
IBN's test kit can recognize three of the most common genetic variations, or single-nucleotide polymorphisms, associated with warfarin response.
If any of the three genetic variations is present the solution will remain pink. But if none of the variations is present,
and can be extended to detect other genetic variations. By making molecular diagnostics information more readily available, doctors will be able to provide personalized treatment that is safer and more effective
and the DNA double helix has been the key to understanding how genetic information is stored and passed on.
and suppress the use of genetic information stored in their DNA A
#MEMS nanoinjector for genetic modification of cells The ability to transfer a gene or DNA sequence from one animal into the genome of another plays a critical role in a wide range of medical researchncluding cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes.
But the traditional method of transferring genetic material into a new cell, called"microinjection,"has a serious downside.
It involves using a small glass pipette to pump a solution containing DNA into the nucleus of an egg cell,
which in turn reduces the cost to create a transgenic animal,"according to Jensen. One of the team's most significant findings is that it's possible to use the electrical forces to get DNA into the nucleus of the cellithout having to carefully aim the lance into the pronucleus (the cellular structure containing the cell's DNA."
would be attractive for a variety of transgenic technologies, "said Jensen.""We believe nanoinjection may open new fields of discovery in these animals."
"We expect the lance array may enable gene therapy using a culture of a patient's own cells,
Not all parts of the body age alike according to Steve Horvath a geneticist at UCLA's medical school.
#The study is online in Genome Biology o
#Mega-Canyon Discovered Beneath Greenland Ice Sheet A previously unknown canyon has been discovered in Greenland hidden beneath the ice.
#How Mya Breitbart Is Mapping The Genomes Of Entire Ecosystems Each year Popular Science seeks out the brightest young scientists and engineers and names them the Brilliant Ten.
--The Editorsuniversity of South Floridamapping the genomes of an entire ecosystem at once. Viruses are the most abundant entities on the planet and among the most mysterious.
Rather than try to isolate individual virus species from a sample there are up to 10 billion viruses in a liter of seawater Breitbart extracts all the genetic material present chops it into smaller pieces and sequences those pieces simultaneously.
and sequence genetic material directly from the enviroment. Recently Breitbart has found a new source of viruses:
#How Feng Zhang Modified A Cell's Genome On the fly Each year Popular Science seeks out the brightest young scientists and engineers and names them the Brilliant Ten.
--The Editorsmassachusetts Institute of technology and Broad Institutemodifying a cell's genome on the flywhen Feng Zhang was in graduate school he discovered that the tools for splicing new genes into living cells were costly time-consuming and proprietary.
They dramatically sped up the study of genetics and disease. The techniques Zhang helped develop called TALE
and CRISPR create transgenic or otherwise genetically modified organisms with unprecedented efficiency. TALE is a molecule that gloms onto a section of DNA
CRISPR is based on a microbial enzyme that snips the DNA to introduce new genetic material. Using these methods Zhang can make a transgenic mouse in three weeks (normal methods require more than six months to achieve that feat.
Almost 2000 labs have requested information about CRISPR alone since it was cited first in a publication in January 2013.
Zhang plans to use the techniques to study the genetics of autism and schizophrenia. He has begun already to insert genes linked to each disorder one by one into animal models to observe their effects.
Arjun Raj and his collaborators at the University of Pennsylvania invented a technique to track that gene expression and its effects.
which carry genetic information from DNA reveal which genes are turned on and how often they're active.
When a chromosome gets chopped into several pieces and reassembled as often happens in cancer even undamaged genes are expressed at different levels than in a normal chromosome.
Raj also discovered that in genetically identical worms varying levels of gene transcription could mean the difference between a long life and an early death.
and transplanted them into eggs that had their own genetic material removed. They then grew the eggs for a few days harvested the daughter cells that appeared
So what we can do is take that genome-editing tool and target anything we want.
Once these genome-editing techniques were mastered the researchers then had to figure out ways to deliver the modified CRISPRS to the bacteria.
because they're made of super-strong transgenic spider silk. Functional and good-looking! Our favorite.
In this research scientists made copies of the genetic code for one dragline protein from Araneus ventricosus spiders The researchers inserted the copies into the DNA of Japanese silkworms.
#life sciences genomics and synthetic biology;##regenerative medicine;##agri-science;##advanced materials and nanotechnology;##energy and its storage.
#DNA TESTING chip delivers results in one hour, paves way for personalized drug treatments Panasonic, together with the Belgium-based research institution IMEC, has developed a DNA TESTING chip that automates all stages of obtaining genetic information,
including preprocessing. This development is expected to enable personalized, tailor-made therapy to become widespread. his is the chip wee actually developed.
#Desktop PC-sized fully automatic genetic testing device The Genelead from Precision System Science (PSS) is a fully automatic genetic testing device that completely automates the genetic testing process that ordinarily would require manual intervention.
At this time genetic testing is conducted typically only at large research facilities but PSS aims to create an environment where genetic testing devices can be used at more medium-sized hospitals emergency testing hospitals and even small clinics.
Under the concepts of companion diagnostics and personalized medicine that have recently become popular topics in the US as well as Japan the idea is to use medicine suited to the patient and conduct genetic testing for that purpose.
As these types of devices become widespread even the town doctor will be able to conduct these tests.
and genetic manipulation, described this week in the journal Nature Materials, was the work of MIT professors Angela Belcher,
and transform the genetic material into mature sperm. Then, an IVF procedure will be used or the sperm may be frozen for later use.
professor of genetics at Harvard university and an author on the paper published this week in Science Express.
Previous guidelines called for only treating the estimated 28 million HIV-infected people who have fewer than 500 CD4 lymphocytes per microliter of blood.
before a patient's CD4 cells have had significant declines. Large studies have shown that early treatment benefits HIV-infected people and, separately,
which point ARVS were recommended only for people who had fewer than 200 CD4S d
#Designer antibodies may rid body of AIDS virus Anti-HIV drugs have extended life for millions of people,
That because HIV integrates its genetic material into the chromosomes of some white blood cells, helping it escape notice of the immune system.
the researchers first placed the 5clc lesion at a specific site within the genome of a bacterial virus. They then replicated the virus within the cell.
the researchers replicated the genome containing the lesion with a variety of different types of polymerase,
By tweaking the genomes of these viruses, known as bacteriophages, researchers hope to customize them to target any type of pathogenic bacteria.
Also, each family of bacteriophages can have a different genome organization and life cycle, making it difficult to engineer them
the researchers combed through databases of phage genomes looking for sequences that appear to code for the key tail fiber section, known as gp17.
Existing techniques for editing viral genomes are fairly laborious so the researchers came up with an efficient approach in
which they insert the phage genome into a yeast cell, where it exists as an rtificial chromosomeseparate from the yeast cell own genome.
During this process the researchers can easily swap genes in and out of the phage genome. nce we had that method,
it allowed us very easily to identify the genes that code for the tails and engineer them or swap them in and out from other phages,
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