This breakthrough has important implications for IVF (in vitro fertilisation) treatments and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD.
By altering the tension of the cells using lasers or genetic manipulations, researchers could change which cells move inside the embryo.
or pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) first organise their cells.""If in the future, we can combine our new image processing technique with non-harmful dyes that can label the membranes of human embryos,
Arraythe breakthrough came after years of meticulous work developing expert knowledge in the field of genetics at Uio and OUS.
and English researchers, were published recently in Human Molecular genetics t
#Timing of sleep just as important as quantity Washington state University researchers have found that the timing of an animal's sleep can be
and hepatitis C. What they have in common is that the genome does not consist of DNA, but RNA.
scientists can determine how the genetic material of a virus is incorporated into nascent virions at the end of its reproductive cycle.
That mechanism is a gene variant--an allele--found in a part of the genome that controls inflammation.
sequenced the genomes of more than 100 members of a Colombian family affected with early-onset Alzheimer's.
"Lalli used a statistical genetics approach to determine whether these outliers possess any protective gene variants,
"We know that age is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's beyond genetics, "said Lalli,
or added to the genome. When there are too many or too few copies of a given gene or genes, due to CNVS,
One powerful single-cell analytic technique for exploring CNV is whole genome sequencing. The challenge is that,
web-based program automatically processes sequence data, maps the sequences to a reference genome, and creates CNV profiles for every cell that can then be viewed with a user friendly graphical interface.
what we did with their genetics, "Marie says. For the vast majority of cells in this genome-wide screen, Chelsea Marie was correct;
E. histolytica decimated many thousands of these independent cell cultures. However, a small number of cells seemed to resist the parasite.
but also proof that this cancer-science approach can be used to explore genetic mechanisms of resistance in the field of infectious disease,
#Pancreatic cancer subtypes discovered in largest gene expression analysis of the disease to date Dense surrounding tissue can block drugs from reaching pancreatic cancer tumors,
In the study published in Nature Genetics today, researchers reveal findings of both new subtypes of stroma and two subtypes of pancreatic cancer tumors.
while for some other cancers, we personalize treatment based on an individual patient's tumor genetics or other characteristics,"said the study's senior author Jen Jen Yeh, MD, a UNC Lineberger member and an associate professor and the vice chair for research in the UNC School of medicine Department of Surgery."
They were then able to examine gene expression patterns for each type in tissue samples from five different institutions.
#Genome mining effort discovers 19 new natural products in four years It took two postdoctoral researchers, a lab technician,
"Postdoctoral researcher Kou-San Ju used a technique called"genome mining"to search the genomes of 10,000 strains of actinomycete bacteria for pepm,
"Genome mining has previously been used, but only with a few organisms at a time,"Ju said.""We wanted to know
The researchers then sequenced the full genomes of all 278 strains that had the gene.
The researchers describe the new findings as a proof of concept that genome mining can be used on a scale that will speed the process of drug discovery,
"Our study shows that genome mining is not only a viable route to new natural products, but that there are a tremendous number of new compounds awaiting discovery from the genomes of microbial strains,
"Ju said d
#New drug-like compounds may improve odds of men battling prostate cancer, researchers find Researchers at Southern Methodist University,
#Whole genome-sequencing uncovers new genetic cause for osteoporosis Using extensive genetic data compiled by the UK10K project,
The UK10K project has measured genetic variations in 10,000 individuals in great detail, allowing researchers to correlate rare genetic changes with human disease by comparing the DNA of healthy individuals with those who have health problems.
that sophisticated analysis of the genome would reveal those genes associated with disease. The promise for the contribution genetics can make to human health lies in the discovery of novel compounds that can counter the effect of deleterious genetic variants influencing these genes s
#Research breakthrough in fight against muscle wasting diseases It is estimated that half of all cancer patients suffer from a muscle wasting syndrome called cachexia.
-H in cell lines, primary neuron cultures and zebrafish using molecular genetics, protein biochemistry and high speed imaging.
and Chromosomes,"examining the impact of marijuana on embryonic cells--in The Lancet in 1969, as a master's student at the University of the West indies in her native Jamaica.
-H in cell lines, primary neuron cultures and zebrafish using molecular genetics, protein biochemistry and high speed imaging.
and VIRAL DNA residing in the host genome. This characteristic property, known as proviral silencing, however, has not been understood fully.
whether genetic material has been delivered successfully to cells that scientists are trying to genetically alter. Cells that did not receive the new gene could be induced to undergo cell death
or to study the 3-D structure of normal chromosomes by testing whether two genes located far from each other on a chromosome fold in such a way that they end up next to each other,
the researchers say y
#Silicone vaginal rings deliver antiviral drugs, protect women against HIV Researchers at University Jean Monnet of Saint-Etienne,
disassemble on command Scientists have deciphered the genetic code that instructs proteins to either self-assemble or disassemble in response to environmental stimuli, such as changes in temperature, salinity or acidity.
Because the laboratory identified the genetic sequences that encode this behavior, they were able to point out a long list of human proteins that likely exhibit it."
#Physiologists uncover a new code at the heart of biology UT Southwestern physiologists trying to understand the genetic code have found a previously unknown code that helps explain which protein should be created to form a particular type of cell.
"Our results uncovered a new'code'within the genetic code. We feel this is quite important, as the finding uncovers an important regulatory process that impacts all biology,
"The genetic code of nucleic acids is central to life, as it specifies the amino acid sequences of proteins,
Therefore, the genetic code not only specifies the sequence of amino acids but also the shape of the protein."
"Therefore, our study indicates that the new"code"--the speed limit of assembly--within the genetic code can dictate the ultimate function of a given protein,
"We were able to look at gene expression at a whole new level of resolution, "Lawson said."
"Metastases show stem cell qualities The team compared patterns of gene expression in human cancer cells lodged in different organs of the PDX mice and found stark differences between early-stage and more advanced metastatic colonies.
In other words, the genetic program that makes a cell metastatic did not depend on the genetics of its tumor of origin--suggesting that new techniques might allow researchers to find
Insights could lead to targeted therapies The research team performed a proof of principle experiment to demonstrate how valuable information about metastatic gene expression could be for drug development.
because if you know the genetics of these early metastatic cells you can go after them specifically,
"The researchers say the single-cell genomics they used in this study --which a consortium of researchers at UCSF are applying to diverse biological and clinical questions--could have a major impact on the emerging field of precision medicine."
By tweaking the genomes of these viruses, known as bacteriophages, researchers hope to customize them to target any type of pathogenic bacteria.
Also, each family of bacteriophages can have a different genome organization and life cycle, making it difficult to engineer them
the researchers combed through databases of phage genomes looking for sequences that appear to code for the key tail fiber section, known as gp17.
Existing techniques for editing viral genomes are fairly laborious, so the researchers came up with an efficient approach in
which they insert the phage genome into a yeast cell, where it exists as an"artificial chromosome"separate from the yeast cell's own genome.
During this process the researchers can easily swap genes in and out of the phage genome."
"Once we had that method, it allowed us very easily to identify the genes that code for the tails
#Scientists discover new system for human genome editing A team including the scientist who first harnessed the revolutionary CRISPR-Cas9 system for mammalian genome editing has identified now a different CRISPR system with the potential for even simpler and more precise
genome engineering. In a study published in Cell, Feng Zhang and his colleagues at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and the Mcgovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT,
and demonstrate that it can be engineered to edit the genomes of human cells.""This has dramatic potential to advance genetic engineering,
"said Eric Lander, Director of the Broad Institute and one of the principal leaders of the human genome project."
but also shows that Cpf1 can be harnessed for human genome editing and has remarkable and powerful features.
The Cpf1 system represents a new generation of genome editing technology.""CRISPR sequences were described first in 1987
The application of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for mammalian genome editing was reported first in 2013, by Zhang and separately by George Church at Harvard.
This could be an advantage in targeting some genomes, such as in the malaria parasite as well as in humans."
The Zhang lab also offers free online tools and resources for researchers through its website, http://www. genome-engineering. org.
with other enzymes that may be repurposed for further genome editing advances
#Cabozantinib improves survival in patients with advanced kidney cancer: Results from the METEOR trial Patients with advanced kidney cancer live for nearly twice as long without their disease progressing
led by Dr Esther Julián, of the Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, has discovered that one of these,
Now, researchers at DTU Systems Biology have combined genetics with computer science and created a new diagnostic technology based on advanced self learning computer algorithms
researchers have discovered several ways of using genome sequencing of tumours to predict whether an individual cancer patient will benefit from a specific type of medicine.
The method combines genetics and computer science, and can analyse a biopsy from a metastasis, and on this basis provide a number of possible scenarios for where the cancer may have developed
whole-genome sequencing in six subjects, sequencing of all protein-coding regions (exomes) in 66 subjects,
and comparing variation in the number of copies of all genes across the genome in 80 subjects."
They identified previously unknown recurrent loss-of-function mutations that target genes regulating epigenetic pathways--ones that act on how tightly
or loosely chromosomes are wound and thus accessible for genes to be expressed. One of these targets is called ARID1A,
and/or deletions in ARID1A occurred in over 40 percent of the SS genome studied.
#Bacterium capable of aquifer decontamination characterized, cultivated for first time in Europe UAB researchers have identified in the Besòs river estuary (Barcelona, Spain) a bacterium of the genus Dehalogenimonas,
This bacterial genus was described first not long ago--in 2009--and only two strains had previously been isolated, in chloroalkane-contaminated aquifers in Louisiana
though sequences of its genome have been identified in various locations, such as the Arctic ocean, the Baltic sea, Canada, China, Germany, Hungary, Spain, Taiwan and the USA.
& Technology, was conducted at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Department of Chemical engineering and Department of Genetics and Microbiology) in collaboration with the University of Barcelona (Research Group in Applied Mineralogy and Fluid Geochemistry) and the Helmholtz Centre
borrowing tools from the developing field of optogenetics, which so far has been used mainly in brain science.
'Optogenetics uses genetic modification to alter cells so that they can be activated by light. Until now, it has mainly been used to activate individual cells
'A protein called channelrhodopsin was delivered to heart cells using gene therapy techniques so that they could be controlled by light.
However, as gene therapy moves into the clinic and with miniaturization of optical devices, use of this all-optical technology may become possible.
But finding a specific biomarker in a massive amount of genetic code is hard. Zhang and his team at Rice's Bioscience Research Collaborative have become specialists in finding such needles in haystacks.
#Genome-edited plants, without DNA The public and scientists are at odds over the safety of genetically modified (GM) food.
Scientists at the IBS Center for Genome Engineering in South korea have created a way to genetically modify plants using CRISPR-Cas9 without the addition of DNA.
the resulting genome-edited plants could likely be exempt from current GMO regulations and given a warmer reception by the public.
so groundbreaking is that these genetic modifications look just like genetic variations resulting from the selective breeding that farmers have been doing for millennia.
IBS Director of the Center for Genome Engineering Jin-Soo Kim explains that"the targeted sites contained germline-transmissible small insertions
or deletions that are indistinguishable from naturally occurring genetic variation.""CRISPR is an acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat,
CRISPR is used now widely for genome editing. What's crucial in genetic engineering is for the gene editing tool to be accurate and precise,
and no longer uses DNA, being unshackled from GMO regulations. To do this, purified Cas9 protein was mixed with sgrnas targeting specific genes from three plant species to form preassembled ribonucleoproteins (RNPS.
lettuce and rice to achieve targeted mutagenesis in protoplasts. To test the efficacy of this process,
They grew full plants from the seeds of these genome edited and regenerated plants, which had the mutation from the previous generation.
which Jin-Soo Kim points out,"paves the way for the widespread use of RNA-guided genome editing in plant biotechnology and agriculture."
"The IBS team's technique of genome editing without inserting DNA could be revolutionary for the future of the seed industry.
Currently European union GMO regulations don't allow for food with added DNA. Since the Cas9 RNP technique does not use DNA,
Researchers led by Sven Rottenberg of the Cancer Research Centre in Amsterdam also identified LRRC8D as a relevant gene in a genome-wide screen for cellular cytostatic resistance.
director of the U s. Department of energy Joint Genome Institute. hen we got microscopes, and got microbes.
and sent it to the Joint Genome Institute for sequencing. What they got back was a mess.
when performing metagenomic analysisequencing scrambled genetic material from many organisms at once. The Berkeley team began the reassembly process with algorithms that assembled bits of the sequenced genetic code into slightly longer strings called contigs. ou no longer have tiny pieces of DNA,
you have bigger pieces, Brown said. hen you figure out which of these larger pieces are part of a single genome.
This part of the process, in which contigs are combined to reconstruct the genome sequence is called genome binning.
To execute it, the researchers relied on another set of algorithms, customized for the task by Itai Sharon,
a co-author of the study. They also assembled some of the genomes manually, making decisions about
what goes where based on the fact that some characteristics are consistent for a given genome.
For example, the percentage of Gs and Cs will be similar on any part of an organism DNA.
the researchers had eight full bacterial genomes and 789 draft genomes that were roughly 90 percent complete.
Some of the organisms had been glimpsed before; many others were completely new. The reason no one had found these organisms before is that the traditional method used to search for small forms of life doesn work for everything.
because the genetic code it contains is unique for every organism. When confronted with a DNA stew,
By reconstructing complete or nearly complete genomes, Brown and his collaborators were able to locate 16s rrna genes
All the organisms they found have very short genomes about one million base pairs (compare that to E coli,
and genome binning make Brown and Banfield optimistic, though, that it won be long before wee mapped them all. think that much of the tree of life will come into view in the next few years,
and Evangelos Pazarentzos, Phd, a postdoctoral fellow, the research group analyzed cells from this tumor using next-generation genome sequencing in an effort to understand how the cells sidestepped erlotinib treatment.
and enhancersieces of the genome that control gene activityy chemically manipulating proteins that package DNA.
or the risk for genetic disease and it could provide a new avenue for gene therapies and guiding stem cell differentiation. he epigenome is associated everything with the genome other than the actual genetic sequence,
and is just as important as our DNA in determining cell function in healthy and diseased conditions,
explained Gersbach. ut there also many other pieces of the genome called enhancers that aren next to any genes at all,
Timothy Reddy, assistant professor of biostatistics and bioinformatics at Duke, has spent the better part of a decade mapping millions of these enhancers across the human genome.
Reddy thought perhaps he could chemically alter the histones at the enhancers to turn them on. here are already drugs that will affect enhancers across the whole genome,
and modify very specific epigenetic marks in very specific places to find out what individual enhancers are doing.
and paste DNA sequences in the human genome. For this epigenome editing application, Gersbach silenced the DNA-cutting mechanism of CRISPR
Gersbach and Reddy put their artificial epigenetic agent to the test by targeting a few well-studied gene promoters and enhancers.
Many different variations in the genome sequence can affect your risk of disease and this genetic variation can occur in these enhancers that Tim has identified,
where they can change the levels of gene expression. With this technology, we can explore what exactly it is that theye doing
and how it relates to disease or response to drug therapies. Gersbach added, ot only can you start to answer those questions,
but you might be able to use this technique for gene therapy to activate genes that have been silenced abnormally
which was isolated originally by Johannes Scheid in the Nussenzweig laboratory, targets the CD4 binding site of the HIV envelope,
and the CD4 receptor is the primary site of attachment of HIV to host cells,
added co-author Pier Paolo Pandolfi, the HMS George C. Reisman Professor of Medicine and director of the Cancer Genetics Program at Beth Israel Deaconess,
#Electrolyte Genome Could Be Battery Game-Changer A new breakthrough batteryne that has significantly higher energy,
But Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) scientist Kristin Persson says she can take some of the guesswork out of the discovery process with her Electrolyte Genome.
and the Electrolyte Genome would return a short list of promising candidate molecules, dramatically speeding up the discovery timeline. lectrolytes are a stumbling block for many battery technologies,
Persson Electrolyte Genome, launched more than two years ago, uses high-throughput computer screening to calculate the properties
the Electrolyte Genome offers two other significant advantages to battery scientists. The first is that it could generate novel ideas. hile there are some amazing organic chemists out there,
The second advantage of the Electrolyte Genome is that it can add to scientistsfundamental understanding of chemical interactions. t adds explanations to why certain things work
How it works funnel method The Electrolyte Genome uses the infrastructure of the Materials Project, a database of calculated properties of thousands of known materials,
Early success stories The Electrolyte Genome first major scientific findinghat magnesium electrolytes are very prone to forming ion pairs,
meaning that all the cells in the culture are quite similar to each other in the way they express their genetic information. reviously,
little was known about the signalling underlying such ynaptic plasticity Now, investigations of fruit flies by researchers at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tokyo Tech, the National Institute of Genetics in Japan,
The scientists also found new genetic markers of this beige fat. The discovery is an important advance in the search for new medications to fight obesity,
#USDA Scientists, International Colleagues Sequence Upland cotton Genome U s. Department of agriculture (USDA) scientists and their partners have sequenced the genome of the world most widely cultivated and genetically complex species of cotton,
Sequencing the genome of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) will help breeders develop varieties of cotton that are equipped better to combat the pests,
The two teams sequenced the genome of the genetic standard of Upland cotton, Texas Marker-1,
and neck cancer patients are men leading him to investigate a genetic marker with a known correlation to prostate cancer,
if you have the TMPRSS2 gene marker, the prostate cancer is much more aggressive. Theye also shown that this is androgen (male hormone) sensitive.
and labelled for the TMPRSS2 genetic marker. According to clinical data, head and neck cancer is the most painful form of cancer,
a bundle of protein threads that pull the chromosomes towards the opposite poles of the cell and distributes them equally between the new cells.
Through genetic manipulation, Worzfeld Group switches off individual semaphorins in mice. As a result, the epithelial cells no longer arrange themselves correctly
as the human genome only has 25 of these bitter taste receptors, and we wanted to find out why half of them were located in the heart. hen we activated one of the taste receptors with a specific chemical that we all taste as bitter,
This study was made possible by the use of a cutting-edge experimental technology termed optogenetics that enables the control of neuronal activity using light.
which imitates a protein called CD4. CD4 proteins are located at the surface of T lymphocytes and allow immune system cells to be infected by HIV. he virus has to get rid of the CD4 proteins to protect itself.
Adding the small molecule forces the viral envelop to open, like a flower. The antibodies that are naturally present after the infection can then target the infected cells
so they are killed by the immune system, explains Jonathan Richard, postdoctoral researcher at the CRCHUM and lead author of the study.
you can get gene expression i e.,, production of therapeutic proteins for several months, Suk says, adding that the nanoparticles did not appear to show any adverse effects,
. who is a pioneer in the converging fields of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and genetics. Church is the Robert Winthrop Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical school and Professor of Health Sciences and Technology at Harvard and MIT.
Critical to this process of metabolically engineering microbes is the use of biosensors. Made of a biological component such as a fluorescent protein
#Researchers discover cancer markers may be visible early during human development Researchers at the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute have uncovered a link between the genomes of cells originating in the neural crest
and basic science at Virginia Tech Carilion Medical school, analyzed an often ignored part of the human genome repetitive DNA sequences referred to as microsatellites.
More than 1 million microsatellites exist in the human genome including in neural crest tissues, a thin layer of cells within an embryo that contains genetic instructions to build hundreds of cell types, from neurons to adrenal cells.
Long considered unk DNAOR ark matterwithin the genome because their function was unclear microsatellites are known for their role in certain diseases such as Fragile X and Huntington disease.
the researchers first placed the 5clc lesion at a specific site within the genome of a bacterial virus. They then replicated the virus within the cell.
the researchers replicated the genome containing the lesion with a variety of different types of polymerase,
It a future in which diseases like muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis and many others are treated permanently through the science of genome engineering.
Hubbard research, published in the journal Nature Methods, demonstrates a new technology advancing the field of genome engineering.
replacing the damaged genetic code with healthy DNA. here is a trend in the scientific community to develop therapeutics in a more rational fashion,
In theory, genome engineering will eventually allow us to permanently cure genetic diseases by editing the specific faulty genes. evolutionizing health caregenome engineering involves the targeted, specific modification of an organism genetic information.
we can produce gene editing tools that are 100 times more specific for their target sequence. uture applicationsmuch of the current research in genome engineering is focused on treating monogenic diseasesiseases that involve a single geneecause theye much easier for researchers
He hopes his current work will play a role in helping genome engineering reach its full potential
#Researchers genetically engineer yeast to produce opioids After a decade work a team led by Stanford bioengineer Christina Smolke succeeded in finding more than 20 genes from five different organisms and engineering them into the genome of baker yeast.
Genetic manipulations to deplete fibrinogen in these mice restored normal fracture repair. ibrin puts a cog in the machine
and rossover where a new genome is formed by merging genes from two individuals. In order for the mother to determine which children were the fittest,
and completed cutting-edge work in understanding the genetics of autism. Building on its strengths in biology
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011