#Researchers design the most precise quantum thermometer to date (Nanowerk News) Physics at the UAB have found the formula to construct a quantum thermometer with enough precision to detect minute fluctuations in temperature in regions as small as the inside of a cell.
so that the integrated devices can be addressed and used to stimulate or record neural activity.""These type of things have never been done before, from both a fundamental neuroscience and medical perspective,
This led the EU to back an early-stage research project called Body-on-a-Chip (BOC), replacing the 2d cell culture conventionally used for drugs testing with a multi-tissue device that better mimics real-life conditions in the body, by combining several organ
the ultrathin silicon-based diodes were integrated with phase-change memories (PCM) to suppress the inter-cell interference,
Their work was published in the March issue of ACS Nano("Flexible One Diode-One Phase change Memory Array Enabled by Block copolymer Self-Assembly".
who led the theoretical and modeling aspects of the new imaging technique, adds:""we now have sophisticated a understanding of what the images mean".
#With 300 kilometres per second to new electronics It may become significantly easier to design electronic components in future.
Luckily, physicists discover effects that help engineers to develop better electronic components with surprising regularity, for instance a phenomenon known as giant magnetoresistance.
All of those operations also share a single inductor the chip main electrical component which saves on circuit board space
and we really want to do all these tasks with inductor sharing and see which operational mode is the best.
the Joseph F. and Nancy P. Keithley Professor in Electrical engineering, use an inductor, which is a wire wound into a coil.
When a current passes through an inductor, it generates a magnetic field which in turn resists any change in the current.
Throwing switches in the inductor path causes it to alternately charge and discharge, so that the current flowing through it continuously ramps up
however, the switches in the inductor path need to be thrown immediately; otherwise, current could begin to flow through the circuit in the wrong direction,
El-Damak and Chandrakasan use an electrical component called a capacitor, which can store electrical charge.
The higher the current, the more rapidly the capacitor fills. When it full, the circuit stops charging the inductor.
The rate at which the current drops off however, depends on the output voltage, whose regulation is the very purpose of the chip.
El-Damak and Chandrakasan thus equip their chip with a bank of capacitors of different sizes.
As the current drops, it charges a subset of those capacitors, whose selection is determined by the solar cell voltage.
Once again, when the capacitor fills, the switches in the inductor path are flipped. n this technology space,
there usually a trend to lower efficiency as the power gets lower, because there a fixed amount of energy that consumed by doing the work,
yet smaller transistor to pave path for technology scaling for advanced CMOS nodes. Researchers from the IBM Materials Integration and Nanoscale Devices group demonstrated a novel, robust and yet versatile approach for integrating III-V compound semiconductor crystals on silicon wafers a novel and an important step
Integrating high quality III-V materials on silicon is critical for getting the benefit of higher electron mobility to build transistors with improved power and performance for technology scaling at 7 nm and beyond.
#New technique for'seeing'ions at work in a supercapacitor Researchers from the University of Cambridge, together with French collaborators based in Toulouse,
have developed a new method to see inside battery-like devices known as supercapacitors at the atomic level.
the researchers were able to visualise how ions move around in a supercapacitor. They found that
Supercapacitors are used in applications where quick charging and power delivery are important, such as regenerative braking in trains and buses, elevators and cranes.
a supercapacitor is useful when a short burst of power is required, such as when overtaking another car, with the battery providing the steady power for highway driving. upercapacitors perform a similar function to batteries
A supercapacitor is similar to a battery in that it can generate and store electric current, but unlike a battery, the storage and release of energy does not involve chemical reactions:
instead, positive and negative electrolyte ions simply tickto the surfaces of the electrodes when the supercapacitor is being charged.
When a supercapacitor is being discharged to power a device, the ions can easily opoff the surface
The reason why supercapacitors charge and discharge so much faster is that the tickingand oppingprocesses happen much faster than the chemical reactions at work in a battery. o increase the area for ions to stick to,
In the new study, the researchers used NMR to look inside functioning supercapacitor devices to see how they charge and store energy.
what happens inside a supercapacitor while it charges. n a battery, the two electrodes are different materials,
Griffin. n a supercapacitor, the two electrodes are made of the same porous carbon sponge, so you think the same process would take place at both
and the positive ions are attracted to the surface as the supercapacitor charges. But in the positive electrode, an ion xchangehappens,
As our devices get smaller and smaller, the basic unit of these devices, a transistor,
the size of the silicon transistor is reaching its physical limit. As silicon devices are based on
Atomic force microscope image of a black arsenic-phosphorus field-effect transistor. Image courtesy of Chongwu Zhou and Bilu Liu) The demand for a silicon material aided the discovery of graphene, a single layer of graphite
During initial trials, Wang and his colleagues used a toy car with LED LIGHTS to demonstrate the concept.
the LED LIGHTS flashed on and off. The movement of electrons caused by friction was able to generate enough energy to power the lights
more cidicor asic, depending on the curvature in the 3-D carbon architecture
#Atomic force microscope advance leads to new breast cancer research (Nanowerk News) Researchers who developed a high-speed form of atomic force microscopy have shown how to image the physical properties of live breast cancer cells,
where they create clothing that kills bacteria, conducts electricity, wards off malaria, captures harmful gas and weaves transistors into shirts and dresses.
The Hinestroza group has turned cotton fibers into electronic components such as transistors and thermistors so instead of adding electronics to fabrics,
he converts the fabric into an electronic component. Marcia Silva da Pinto, postdoctoral researcher, works on growing metal organic frameworks onto cotton samples to create a filtration system capable of capturing toxic gas,
Creating transistors and other components using cotton fibers brings a new perspective to the seamless integration of electronics
"More in detail It was quality research that led to the publication of this study, highlighting the importance of training young researchers.
Toward future polariton lasers and optical transistors In a condensate, the polaritons all behave the same way, like photons in a laser.
Powerful transistors entirely powered by light are another possible application. The research team foresees that the next major challenge in developing such applications will be to obtain a lower particle-condensation threshold
and lead to faster transistors, cheaper solar cells, new types of sensors and more efficient bioelectric sensory devices.
as we reach the limit of how small we can create a transistor. One such method is to separate the flow of electron spin from the flow of electron current,
At its most basic level, your smart phone's battery is powering billions of transistors using electrons to flip on and off billions of times per second.
"There is great interest in replacing lasers with LEDS for short-distance optical communication, but these ideas have always been limited by the slow emission rate of fluorescent materials,
such as batteries and supercapacitors, has been figuring out how to increase the surface area of the device, to store more charge,
wafer-thin supercapacitor material. he real challenge was how to assemble these three components into a single structure with the best use of the space available,
with increased performance has great potential to be scaled up for use supercapacitor and battery technology. Our next step is to use this material to fabricate flexible wearable supercapacitors with high power density and energy density as well as large scale supercapacitors for electric vehicles. u
#Smart hydrogel coating creates'stick-slip'control of capillary action Coating the inside of glass microtubes with a polymer hydrogel material dramatically alters the way capillary forces draw water into the tiny structures,
"or an optical transistor. In electronics, silicon-based transistors are critical building blocks that switch power
and amplify signals. An optical transistor could perform a similar role for light instead of electricity,
bringing far faster systems than now possible. The Optica paper, featured on the cover of the journal, was authored by Kinsey, graduate students Clayton Devault and Jongbum Kim;
The switching speed of transistors is limited by how fast it takes conventional semiconductors such as silicon to complete this cycle of light to be absorbed,
from 20-megapixel arrays for cellphone cameras to photo detectors to atomically thin transistors that when multiplied by the billions could fuel computers.
so that the integrated devices can be addressed and used to stimulate or record neural activity. hese type of things have never been done before, from both a fundamental neuroscience and medical perspective,
preliminary results of this vaccine trial from Guinea,"says Dr. Jesse Goodman, an infectious disease specialist at Georgetown University, who once led vaccine development at the U s. Food and Drug Administration.
and we strongly believe that it can be also an ideal candidate for other optoelectronic applications such as OLEDS
#Development of Single-Molecule Diode Revolutionizes Nanotechnology A paper published on May 25 in Nature Nanotechnology titled ingle-Molecule Diodes with High On-Off Ratios through Environmental Controlreports the first ever attempt for the development of single
-molecule diode that perform 50 times better than all the previous designs. A team of Columbia Engineering researchers under the guidance of an Indian-American associate professor of applied physics at Columbia Engineering, Latha Venkataraman have designed this single-molecule electronic device
in order to develop a single-molecule diode. Brian Capozzi, Phd student working with Venkataraman and lead author of the paper stated that
while such asymmetric molecules do indeed display some diode-like properties, they are not effective as they typically suffered from very low current flow in both nand ffdirections
consequently, are of interest for use as organic LEDS (OLEDS). Within graphene, benzene rings are fused to form a honeycomb structure.
mechanically flexible electronic components adapted to individual applications, such as LEDS. Courtesy of Goethe University Frankfurt. The boron-containing nanographenes have an impact on two key properties of an OLED luminophore
the researchers said: the color of fluorescence shifts into the highly desirable, blue spectral range and the capacity to transport electrons is improved substantially.
Wireless data transfer using light has already been demonstrated at blistering gigabit speeds using white LED LIGHTS.
Lasers are already an improvement over LEDS, because Li-Fi works by reading slight modulations of light,
and lasers can be tuned far more finely than LEDS. White light allows those signals to be transmitted over multiple areas of the color spectrum
to stimulate the mice's brain cells with miniature LEDS. The test subjects were made to stay on one side of a cage by remotely making the implant shine pulses of light on the specific cells.
#Scientists Create Single-Molecule Diode The idea of creating a single-molecule diode a circuit element that directs current flow was suggested first more than 40 years ago, in 1974, by researchers Arieh Aviram of IBM Thomas
including resistors, switches, transistors, and, indeed, diodes. They have learned that it is possible to see quantum mechanical effects
such as interference, manifest in the conductance properties of molecular junctions. onstructing a device where the active elements are only a single molecule has long been a tantalizing dream in nanoscience,
Dr Venkataraman said. ur new approach created a single-molecule diode that has a high rectification and a high ncurrent.
Since a diode acts as an electricity valve, its structure needs to be asymmetric so that electricity flowing in one direction experiences a different environment than electricity flowing in the other direction.
In order to develop a single-molecule diode, researchers have designed simply molecules that have asymmetric structures. hile such asymmetric molecules do indeed display some diode-like properties,
they are said not effective team member Brian Capozzi, a Phd student at Columbia University. In order to overcome the issues associated with asymmetric molecular design,
The foam-like batteries and supercapacitors were made using an aerogel material taken from tree fibres,
The batteries and supercapacitors-which are devices that store and release power much faster than batteries-were made out of a wood-based aerogel.
the team carefully engineered a 3d supercapacitor with carbon nanotube electrodes, and a hybrid battery. Both of them were fully functional even at 75 percent compression,
and the supercapacitor worked stably for 400 charge cycles.""Our results demonstrate that layer-by-layer self-assembly inside aerogels is a rapid,
"Up to 80 percent of the microprocessor power is consumed by sending data over the wires, one of the researchers,
and levers created using the smartphone's LED flash camera lens and autofocus. It can compensate between-10d myopia (nearsightedness) to+10d hyperopia (farsightedness.
Called'Light and Charge',these prototype street lights combine energy-efficient Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and BMW Chargenow recharging stations,
All this power is made possible by transistors that are just 7 nanometres in size (7 billionths of a metre),
Today's smallest transistors are 14nm in size with 10nm versions on the way. Smaller transistors mean more can be packed into a single chip,
which in turn leads to faster smartphones, laptops, and computers. IBM's breakthrough is still a long way from getting into consumer gadgets,
but its lab work proves that 7nm transistors are possible. For a long time, computer technology has followed the path known as Moore's law,
orange, and green-coloured LED LIGHTS, and has shown great potential in terms of its electrical properties. But gallium phosphide is expensive to produce,
3d XPOINT speeds are enabled by its ultra-dense transistor-less architecture, which its makers describe as a hree-dimensional checkerboard where memory cells sit at the intersection of words lines and bit lines Don worry,
In a paper published recently in the journal ACS Nano Arnold Gopalan and their students reported transistors with an on-off ratio that's 1000 times better and a conductance that's 100 times better than previous state-of-the-art carbon nanotube transistors.
As some of the best electrical conductors ever discovered carbon nanotubes have long been recognized as a promising material for next-generation transistors
The team's most recent advance also brings the field closer to realizing carbon nanotube transistors as a feasible replacement for silicon transistors in computer chips
Our carbon nanotube transistors are an order of magnitude better in conductance than the best thin film transistor technologies currently being used commercially
while still switching on and off like a transistor is supposed to function. The researchers have patented their technology through the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
Flexible 3-D supercapacitors tested Rice university scientists advanced their recent development of laser-induced graphene (LIG) by producing
and testing stacked, three-dimensional supercapacitors, energy storage devices that are important for portable, flexible electronics. The Rice lab of chemist James Tour discovered last year that firing a laser at an inexpensive polymer burned off other elements and left a film of porous graphene, the much-studied atom-thick
The researchers viewed the porous, conductive material as a perfect electrode for supercapacitors or electronic circuits.
since their work to make vertically aligned supercapacitors with laser-induced graphene on both sides of a polymer sheet.
Capacitors use an electrostatic charge to store energy they can release quickly, to a camera's flash, for example.
Unlike chemical-based rechargeable batteries, capacitors charge fast and release all their energy at once when triggered.
Supercapacitors combine useful qualities of both--the fast charge/discharge of capacitors and high-energy capacity of batteries--into one package.
LIG supercapacitors appear able to do all that with the added benefits of flexibility and scalability.
-and-release characteristics of a supercapacitor. In testing, the researchers charged and discharged the devices for thousands of cycles with almost no loss of capacitance.
To show how well their supercapacitors scale up for applications, the researchers wired pairs of each variety of device in serial and parallel.
The vertical supercapacitors showed almost no change in electrical performance when flexed, even after 8, 000 bending cycles.
LIG supercapacitors of the same size offer three times the performance in power (the speed at which energy flows).
Nanowire and contact formed at the same time Nanowires are extremely thin nanocrystal threads used in the development of new electronic components
like transistors and solar cells. Part of the challenge of working with nanowires is creating a good transition between these nanowires and an electrical contact to the outside world.
Of course this opens many opportunities to make new types of electronic components on the nanoscale and in particular,
North eastern researchers'pio neering work to develop a novel method for growing uncul tured bac teria led to the dis covery of the antibi otic, called teixobactin,
In contrast negatively charged particles of the same composition led to weaker and in some cases undetectable immune responses suggesting that particle charge is an important consideration for pulmonary vaccination.
Put together in sequence these p-n junctions form transistors which can in turn be combined into integrated circuits microchips and processors.
It also generates small amounts of electricity--in practice enough to drive a small fan, a sensor or a light-emitting diode.
and increasing the brightness of light-emitting diodes.""For antireflection applications, the idea is to prevent light
The final pump sources are being evaluated for potential use in high-energy-class diode-pumped solid-state laser systems together with the world-leading groups in the field
the cornerstone of genetic programming The transistor is the central component of modern electronic systems. It acts both as a switch and as a signal amplifier.
In informatics, by combining several transistors, it is possible to construct"logic gates, "i e. systems that respond to different signal combinations according to a predetermined logic.
such as smartphones, rely on the use of transistors and logic gates. During his postdoctoral fellowship at Stanford university in the United states
Jérôme Bonnet invented a genetic transistor, the transcriptor. The insertion of one or more transcriptors into bacteria transforms them into microscopic calculators.
As a proof of concept, the authors connected the genetic transistor to a bacterial system that responds to glucose,
which in turn led to the researchers determining the vital role played by CXCR4-CXCL12 molecular signaling in disease growth.
Deletion of the CXCR4 gene led to sustained T-ALL remission within a month in similar mice,
and I lit up this small LED,"he says.""At that moment, I knew I had done it
#Graphene quantum dot LEDS Graphene is a 2d carbon nanomaterial with many fascinating properties that can enable to creation of next-generation electronics.
Seunghyup Yoo (Electrical engineering) have succeeded in developing LEDS based on graphene quantum dots. Highly pure GQDS were synthesized by an environmentally-friendly method designed by Prof.
Yoo's group brought their OLED expertise to create GQD-based LEDS. The GQDS with high luminance tunability and efficiency were synthesized by a route based on graphite intercalation compounds (GICS.
GQDS were used then as emitters in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDS) in order to identify the GQD's key optical properties.
the constructed GQD LEDS exhibited luminance of 1, 000 cd/m2, which is well over the typical brightness levels of the portable displays used in smartphones.
for the first time, demonstrated that GQDS can be applied to optical devices by fabricating GQD-based LEDS with meaningful brightness.
Although, the efficiency of GQD-based LEDS is currently less than those of conventional LEDS, they are expected to improve in the near future with an optimized material process and device structure.
#Comprehensive know-how and the full value chain, from technology development to complete systems Arraythe FBH develops the LED TECHNOLOGY in the UV-B and UV-C spectral range from the chip to the final
In this particular case, LEDS emitting at a wavelength around 310 nm are used to stimulate health-promoting secondary metabolites in plants.
#A diode a few atoms thick shows surprising quantum effect A quantum mechanical transport phenomenon demonstrated for the first time in synthetic,
The paper is titled"Atomically Thin Resonant Tunnel Diodes Built from Synthetic Van der waals Heterostructures.""Achieving NDR in a resonant tunneling diode at room temperature requires nearly perfect interfaces,
which are possible using direct growth techniques, in this case oxide vaporization of molybdenum oxide in the presence of sulfur vapor to make the Mos2 layer,
who told them they were seeing a 2d version of a resonant tunneling diode, a quantum mechanical device that operates at low power."
"Resonant tunnel diodes are important circuit components, "says Datta, a coauthor on the paper and Penn State professor of electrical engineering."
"Resonant tunneling diodes with NDR can be used to build high frequency oscillators. What this means is we have built the world's thinnest resonant tunneling diode,
and it operates at room temperature!""Coauthor Robert Wallace of the University of Texas at Dallas says this collaborative work represents an important achievement in the realization of useful 2d integrated circuits."
The UT-Dallas coauthors provided the detailed atomic resolution materials characterization for the resonant tunneling diodes discovered at Penn State.
Datta cautions that the new resonant tunnel diode is just one element in a circuit
and integrating the other circuit elements, such as transistors, in 2d.""The take home message,"he says,
Luckily, physicists discover effects that help engineers to develop better electronic components with surprising regularity, for instance a phenomenon known as giant magnetoresistance.
along with a custom application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and the supporting electronics,"Horsley said.""Our work was so successful that we spun off Chirp Microsystems, in 2013,
"CMOS, or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, is based the silicon technology used to make transistors in microchips.
using a power-efficient charge pump on their ASIC or application-specific integrated circuit.""Our ultrasound transducers have high sensitivity
#Biodegradable, flexible silicon transistors Now researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison have come up with a new solution to alleviate the environmental burden of discarded electronics.
Array"We found that cellulose nanofibrillated fiber based transistors exhibit superior performance as that of conventional silicon-based transistors,
"And the bio-based transistors are so safe that you can put them in the forest,
Ma's team employed silicon nanomembranes as the active material in the transistor--pieces of ultra-thin films (thinner than a human hair) peeled from the bulk crystal
and glued onto the cellulose nanofibrill substrate to create a flexible, biodegradable and transparent silicon transistor.
the biodegradable transistor needed to be able to operate at microwave frequencies, which is the working range of most wireless devices.
which finally showed the biodegradable transistor has superior microwave-frequency operation capabilities comparable to existing semiconductor transistors."
"Next, Ma and colleagues plan to develop more complicated circuit system based on the biodegradable transistors s
and connected with a resonant capacitor. Comparing to a conventional loop coil, the dipole coil is very compact
#Potential of blue LEDS as novel chemical-free food preservation technology A team of scientists from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has found that blue light emitting diodes (LEDS) have strong
when in cold temperatures (between 4°C and 15°C) and mildly acidic conditions of around ph 4. 5. This opens up novel possibilities of using blue LEDS as a chemical-free food preservation method.
Acidic foods such as fresh-cut fruits and ready-to-eat meat can be preserved under blue LEDS in combination with chilling temperatures without requiring further chemical treatments that are needed commonly for food preservation.
These findings were published recently in the Food Microbiology journal in June 2015 Enhancing blue LEDS'ability to deactivate bacteria
While LEDS are most commonly known as an energy saving light source, they have also been known to have an antibacterial effect.
Exposure to illumination from blue LED light can hence start off a process within the cells that ultimately causes the cells to die.
can affect the antibacterial effect of LEDS. In this study, the team placed three major foodborne pathogens--Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli o157:
A previous study in 2013 by the same team had looked also at the effect of temperature on blue LED's ability to deactivate bacterial cells
"The next step for us is to apply this LED TECHNOLOGY to real food samples such as fresh-cut fruits,
such as LEDS or solar cells,"said lead researcher Dr Yuerui (Larry) Lu, from The Australian National University (ANU)."
such as the colour of LED it would make.""You can see quite clearly under the microscope the different colours of the sample,
This led to their discovery of the graphene nanoscrolls, which helped to fill in the blanks.
Using light-emitting diodes, or LEDS, the UC Berkeley researchers were able to heat electrons at the interface of thin films of gold and a DNA solution.
They clocked the speed of heating the solution at around 55 degrees Fahrenheit per second.
The light source was an array of off-the-shelf LEDS positioned beneath the PCR wells. The peak wavelength of the blue LED light was tuned 450 nanometers
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