compared to other respiratory viruses, for causing obstruction and inflammation in the narrowest airways of the infant lung,
associate professor of microbiology and immunology. ut what wee now shown is that RSV has increased an ability to cause airway obstruction because, during an RSV infection,
or NS2, in epithelial cells, causing the cells to shed from the airway lining and into the airway lumen.
This leads to obstruction of airflow in the small airways and overwhelming inflammation. Published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, the study shows it this NS2 protein
and parainfluenza virus (PIV3) nother common virus in children that causes much less severe airway diseaseo infect
which compose the lining of the lung airway. ut comparing these consequences of infection did not provide hints as to why RSV and PIV3 produced such differences in disease severity.
and puffed out of the airway epithelium, causing the infected cells to accumulate in the lumen of the airway. e hypothesized that
since RSV and PIV3 are very similar viruses these different effects must be due to differences in the types of genes that RSV expresses,
the researchers found that a specific RSV genehe NS2 geneas responsible for the balling up of RSV-infected airway cells.
When Liesman infected human airway cells in the lab with this re-engineered virus, she saw infected cells ball up
and puff out of the airway epithelium. he cells infected by PIV3 expressing the NS2 gene of RSV looked exactly like RSV-infected cells,
They found that infection of the narrowest airways of the lung by PIV3 alone caused moderate levels of inflammation,
the epithelial cells lining the narrow airways were shed rapidly into the airway lumen. The shedding occurred at such a great rate that the shed cells obstructed the airway lumen,
resulting and caused excessive inflammation. The findings in animal models were almost identical to what has been found in human infants who had died because of RSV infection.
convinced that the RSV NS2 gene is a major driver for the well-recognized increased ability of RSV to cause lung disease, especially in the extremely narrow small airways of human infants.
if the epithelial cells in the tiniest airways are expressing the RSV NS2 protein. He is now initiating studies to look for the same biomarkers in human infants infected with RSV f we can find biomarkers informing us that the most vulnerable parts of the lung have already been infected by RSV,
it may be possible to suppress the ability of NS2 to shed the airway epithelial cells. Thwarting this shedding effect wouldn stop infection or stifle the typical symptoms of RSV infection
but it might limit the virus ability to spread into the tiniest airways, which are the most likely to be obstructed by cells shed during infection.
Suppressing the effects of the RSV NS2 protein may also allow our immune system more time to deal with the RSV infection before the small airways become clogged with cells shedding from the lining of the airway,
clearly showing that successful ways of reducing weight such as gastric banding should have a high priority in the treatment of diabetes e
or global defects of eye development. inding these genes is important in many ways. As well as directly benefitting families it allows researchers to build a more comprehensive list of the genes needed for the eye to develop
it may also lead to a way to target treatment to each patient based on their specific profilend avoid the trial-and-error approach to treatment that leaves many patients with uncontrolled symptoms.
Meanwhile, the cellssignaling patterns changed in different ways when the researchers introduced lithium, which many bipolar patients take to regulate their moods,
In general, lithium alters the way calcium signals are sent and receivednd the new cell lines will make it possible to study this effect specifically in bipolar disorder-specific cells.
They also hope to develop a way to use the cells to screen drugs rapidly,
#Math that predicts glucose paves way for artificial pancreas A mathematical model can predict with more than 90 percent accuracy the blood glucose levels of individuals with type 1 diabetes up to 30 minutes before a change
The researchers wanted to find another way of making gas-filled structures that could be nanoscale.
#Tiny circulator in phones could double bandwidth University of Texas at Austin rightoriginal Studyposted by Sandra Zaragoza-UT Austin on November 12 2014engineers have found a way to dramatically shrink a critical component of cellphones
The researchers device works by mimicking the way magnetic materials break the symmetry in wave transmission between two points in space a critical function that allows magnetic circulators to selectively route radio waves.
and a doctoral student in electrical and computer engineering. n doing so we may pave the way to simultaneous two-way communication in the same frequency band
#dgy films are perfect catalysts for fuel cells Chemists have found an easy and inexpensive way to create flexible films from molybdenum disulfide a versatile chemical compound with edges that are highly efficient catalysts.
and 83 percent after 20000 cycles. e see anodization as a route to materials for multiple platforms in the next generation of alternative energy devicestour says. hese could be fuel cells supercapacitors and batteries.
#Iron-rich biochar filters arsenic from water Biochar may be a fast inexpensive and easy way to remove arsenic one of the world s most common pollutants from water.
Arsenic finds its way into drinking water supplies through natural or human-made sources affects millions of people worldwide
and has been shown to cause cancer. ecause biochar can be produced from various waste biomass including agricultural residues this new technology provides an alternative and cost-effective way for arsenic removalsays Bin Gao associate professor of agricultural
Homeowners could use a small filter attached to their tap. Further research is needed to optimize the process
and cancer cells. n electronics the different components that make up a circuit are connected always in the same way:
Sack and Cohen will continue to collaborate testing other types of spider venoms that bind to different potassium channels. he beauty of this is the potentialsack says. his is a toehold into a new way of visualizing electrical activity
The discovery points to new ways to create mart materialscutting-edge materials that adapt to their environment by taking new forms
or light packets to achieve optical gain. his turns the conventional textbook understanding of lasers upside down. ut now scientists have demonstrated a more effective#yet counterintuitive#way to reap energy gains:
In other words they ve invented a way to win by losing. oo much of something can be really detrimentalsays Sahin Kaya Ozdemir a research scientist at Washington University in St louis. f you pump in more energy to get more laser intensity
and here we have provided a new route to increase light intensity by modulating loss in the systemsays Lan Yang an associate professor in electrical
There are several ways to create a magnetic field which is crucial to keeping a fusion reactor going.
while seeking ways to improve algae's capacity as a biofuel. Its application in cancer research
and gives scientists a way to potentially produce high amounts of oil and biomass. In terms of human medicine this discovery gives scientists a promising new model to study tumor suppression and growth.
and animals it's a model that can provide important insights into the regulation of cellular behavior in organisms such as us humans in ways that traditional yeast models simply can't replicate. he switch that tells an organism to grow
Hilliges is convinced that this new way of operating smartphones greatly increases the range of interactivity.
or at least parts of it will find its way onto the market. Source: ETH Zuric
#Hybrid#dots#offer cheaper way to run fuel cells Last year chemist James Tour made graphene quantum dots from coal.
-and-a-half-long HD movies in one second and is 30 times faster than LTE wireless. ot only is this a way to transmit multiple spatially collocated radio data streams through a single aperture,
Then as the researchers slowly release the pressure the atoms reconnect in an entirely different yet very orderly way.
Measured one way a qubit might reveal a value of either zero or one. Measured another way it might show a value of either plus or minus.
So you don t want to collapse the quantum state of the qubit until you re ready to.
or millions of qubits. ur proposal gives you a way to hold onto a smaller quantum memory
and that might ultimately find their way to the surfaces of planets says Garrod. The branched carbon structure of isopropyl cyanide is a common feature in molecules that are needed for life such as amino acids
and hope the work will lead to better ways to predict flares which can disable power grids and communications On earth.
The topology of quantum states for example offers a way of decoupling them from their environment
and somebody that s traveling along the street can find a way to go from this end to anotheryu explains.
and the team is investigating ways to improve their electrical properties through doping the nanotubes with iodide. he research is basically analogous to
and director of Rice university s Laboratory for Nanophotonics. e know cephalopods have some of the same proteins in their skin that we have in our retinas so part of our challenge as engineers is to build a material that can see light the way their
ways first by varying the length of the nanorods and second by adjusting the length of the spaces between nanorods. his arrangement allowed us to narrow the output spectrum to one individual color instead of the typical muted shades that are produced usually by aluminum nanoparticlesshe adds.
It could be useful in a number of ways. hey hope to further develop the display technology
#o-seeums harbor virus that makes cows sick A virus that causes a serious disease in cows
and you get the added benefit of needing only a very small amount of material in making them. he Greer lab is now aggressively pursuing various ways of scaling up the production of these so-called meta-materials.
Microtubules are string-like protein polymers that together with kinesin transport cargo around the cells.
and two end stations where the cargo is delivered. The researchers can add the objects to the system through the lines that supply the assembly segments.
The creation of a functional unit from individual components remains a big challenge. e have put a lot of thought into how to design the mechanical properties of bonds to bind the cargo to the shuttles
We found that subjects were able to more readily recombine familiar activity patterns in new ways relative to creating entirely novel patterns
Since she wanted to produce several different opioids her team hacked the yeast genome in slightly different ways to produce each of the slightly different opioid formulations such as oxycodone or hydrocodone.
#Squid skin inspires eyelike photodetector Rice university rightoriginal Studyposted by Jade Boyd-Rice on August 27 2014the technology behind a new type of photodetector mimics the way squid likely sense colors.
The photodetector which sees colors in much the same way the human eye does uses an aluminum grating that can be added to silicon photodetectors with the silicon microchip industry s mainstay technology omplementary metal-oxide
and more closely mimics the way living organisms see colors. Zheng s color photodetector uses a combination of band engineering and plasmonic gratings comb-like aluminum structures with rows of parallel slits.
#Chilly molecules pave way for ultracold science Yale university rightoriginal Studyposted by Jim Shelton-Yale on August 25 2014physicists have chilled molecules to almost absolute zero using lasers fired from an apparatus they built in the lab. The molecules
Lead researcher Kaye Morgan from Monash University says the imaging method allows doctors to look at soft tissue structures for example the brain airways
However the new imaging method allows us for the first time to non-invasively see how the treatment is working live on the airway surface.
so scientists have developed a way to detect and identify out of place-place molecules on its surface using terahertz spectroscopy.
In a process called deconvolution the light passes through the pinhole array in such a way that the user will perceive a sharp image. ur technique distorts the image such that
and that continued improvements in eye-tracking technology would make it easier for the displays to adapt to the position of the user s head position. n the future we also hope to extend this application to multi-way correction on a shared display
As levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continue to rise researchers are looking for ways to make use of it.
The goal is to find ways to produce some of the world s largest-volume chemicals from a sustainable carbon source that the Earth not only has in excess
and Conversion of CO2. his is a way for us as scientists to begin thinking of how we produce industrial chemicals in more sustainable ways and control costs at the same time.
It s an achievement that could pave the way for the technology s use in military
while keeping personnel out of harm s way. arian O. Scully professor physics and astronomy and researchers from Moscow State university contributed to the report.
but still in some sort of binary systems as there is no known way that a single low-mass star can go supernova by itself
#This can make the organs in your body transparent California Institute of technology rightoriginal Studyposted by Jessica Stoller-Conrad-Caltech on August 6 2014scientists have developed a way to see through tissues organs and even an entire body.
But needing a way to cheaply power and connect these devices to the internet has kept this from taking off. f Internet of things devices are going to take off we must provide connectivity to the potentially billions of battery-free devices that will be embedded in everyday objectssays Shyam Gollakota an assistant professor of computer science
In this way your smart watch could download emails or offload your workout data onto a Google spreadsheet. ou might think how could this possibly work
The algorithm then uses the learned dictionary to decide in a very efficient way if a newly seen segment is similar to previously observed events such as routine traffic on a highway.
Segments thus identified as trivial recurrences or eventless are excluded from the summary. Novel sequences not appearing in the learned dictionary such as an erratic car
and agriculturalists can search for ways to cross Asian and African species to develop new varieties of rice with the high-yield traits of Asian rice
Stretching the material known as carbyne a hard-to-make one-dimensional chain of carbon atoms by just 3 percent can begin to change its properties in ways that engineers might find useful for mechanically activated nanoscale electronics and optics.
#Laser device sniffs out tiny traces of explosives University of California Berkeley rightoriginal Studyposted by Sarah Yang-Berkeley on July 24 2014mechanical engineers have found a way to dramatically increase the sensitivity of a light-based plasmon sensor.
The other thing we see at airports is the use of swabs to check for explosive residue
The new device builds upon earlier work in plasmon lasers by Zhang s lab that compensated for this light leakage by using reflectors to bounce the surface plasmons back and forth inside the sensorâ##similar to the way sound waves
or look down on people the way another human might. The findings show promise for people suffering from posttraumatic stress
#A cheaper way to enrich super pricey isotopes Chemical elements often exist in nature as a blend of different variants called isotopes.
and more environmentally friendly way to enrich stable isotopes, which are used for medical imaging and nuclear powernd are some of the world most expensive chemical commodities.
where it could make the energy grid more resilient and efficient by creating a large-scale way to store energy for use as needed. he batteries last for about 5,
Renewable energy The batteries could pave the way for renewable energy sources to make up a greater share of the nation energy generation.
and Barron lab is working on ways to shorten the eight-hour process needed to perform the etching in the lab
#Material snags CO2 from natural gas Rice university rightoriginal Studyposted by Mike Williams-Rice on June 9 2014scientists have created an Earth-friendly way to separate carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas from natural gas right
and scientists have struggled to develop a practical way to detect it. Current detectors are need bulky
It more than 1, 000 times too high for human ears to pick up. here are many ways to detect ultrasound,
wee come up with a way to allow producers to generate bioethanol, which replaces petrochemical methanol.
Researchers have spent decades seeking ways to harness some of this wasted energy. Most such efforts have focused on thermoelectric devicesâ##solid-state materials that can produce electricity from a temperature gradientâ
That is important because structural energy storage will change the way in which a wide variety of technologies are developed in the future. hen you can integrate energy into the components used to build systems it opens the door to a whole new world of technological possibilities.
The new device that Pint and Westover have developed is a supercapacitor that stores electricity by assembling electrically charged ions on the surface of a porous material instead of storing it in chemical reactions the way batteries do.
When the electrodes are pressed together the polymer oozes into the tiny pores in much the same way that melted cheese soaks into the nooks and crannies of the bread in a panini.
Neurogrid was by far the most cost-effective way to simulate neurons, in keeping with Boahen goal of creating a system affordable enough to be used widely in research.
It transits or passes in front of its parent star every 38 hours which gives scientists an opportunity to study its atmosphere as starlight filters through it.
Gravitational lensing it has long been predicted can twist E modes into B modes as photons pass by galaxies and other massive objects on their way toward earth.
Measuring B modes generated by inflation is a possible way to alleviate lingering doubt. he detection of a primordial B-mode polarization signal in the microwave background would amount to finding the first tremors of the big bangsays
but also relatively close at just 6500 light years away providing an excellent way to study what happens in these stellar explosions. ast year we used the European space agency s Herschel Space observatory to study the intricate network of gas filaments to show how exploding stars are creating huge amounts of space dust. urther measurements
#New transistors offer high output at low voltage A new type of transistor could pave the way for fast computing devices that would use very low energy including smart sensor networks and implanted medical devices.
Tunnel field effect transistors are considered to be a potential replacement for current CMOS transistors as device makers search for a way to continue shrinking the size of transistors and packing more transistors into a given area.
There are many ways to make GQDS now but most are expensive and produce very small quantities says James Tour chair in chemistry and professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science at Rice university.
Earlier research found a way last year to make GQDS from relatively cheap carbon fiber
which are crucial to current and future research techniques. n the future oil-repellent virtual walls may be used to control the transport of oil without spillage Kwon says w
#Search tool finds pics of you based on tag relationships University of Toronto Posted by Michael Kennedy-Toronto on December 2 2013a new algorithm could profoundly change the way we find photos among the billions on social media sites such as Facebook
#Quantum wells flash light without magnets Spontaneous bursts of light from a solid block illuminate the unusual way interacting quantum particles behave
The discovery of a way to trigger these flashes may lead to new telecommunications equipment
Many-body theory gives physicists a way to understand how large numbers of interacting particles like molecules atoms
But NEIL also makes associations between these things to obtain common sense information that people just seem to know without ever saying##that cars often are found on roads that buildings tend to be vertical
but people##and NEIL##nevertheless know that sheep typically are white. mages are the best way to learn visual propertiessays Abhinav Gupta assistant research professor in Carnegie mellon University s Robotics Institute. mages
In this way the mailbox becomes undetectable to radar. e ve demonstrated a different way of doing itsays Eleftheriades. t s very simple:
and their frequency can be tuned over a wide range because of graphene s tremendous mechanical strength. here is a long way to go toward actual applications in this areanotes Hone ut this work is an important first step.
The electrodes worked for about 100 charge-discharge cycles without significantly losing their energy storage capacity. hat s still quite a way from the goal of about 500 cycles for cell phones
and from all our data it looks like it s working. esearchers worldwide are racing to find ways to store more energy in the negative electrodes of lithium ion batteries to achieve higher performance while reducing weight.
Researchers in Cui s lab and elsewhere have tested a number of ways to keep silicon electrodes intact
and solar cell industry is the first solution that seems to offer a practical road forward Cui says.
and advanced laboratory techniques gave scientists an unprecedented opportunity to study the meteor that exploded over Chelyabinsk Russia in February. f humanity does not want to go the way of the dinosaurs we need to study an event like this in detailsays Qing-zhu Yin professor
In this state they could be used for the development of new drug systems by controlling the transportation of small molecules
As reported in the journal Nature existing solar cells all work in the same fundamental way:
since the 1970s but we don't make solar cells this way because they have only been demonstrated with ultraviolet light
Moreover it would be a way around an inefficiency intrinsic to interfacial solar cells known as the Shockley-Queisser limit where some of the energy from photons is lost as electrons wait to make the jump from one material to the other. hink of photons coming from the sun
which is another very useful trait. nother way to get around the inefficiency imposed by the Shockley-Queisser limit in interfacial solar cells is to effectively stack several solar cells with different bandgaps on top of
In solid-state white lighting technology phosphors are applied to the LED chip in such a way that the photons from the blue gallium nitride LED pass through the phosphor
The way they continue to improve is by making huge pixel mosaics which is appropriate for many
which data was collected on optical pulsars compact binaries high redshift galaxies and planetary transits. RCONS is very sensitive
why do animals exert force in ways that don t move them toward their destination? A robot designer would likely avoid the side-to-side sashaying of a running lizard
So why do the animals behave this way? A research team led by Johns hopkins university engineers says that the extra exertion isn t necessarily wasteful after all.
His team s findings published in the journal Nature could change the way scientists think about longstanding scientific models of how neural circuitry functions in the brain
and professor of chemistry and chemical biology. s an additive it greatly improves the cycling stability of the battery. n another approach to improving lithium-sulfur battery durability the researchers also report a new way
modeled after the way an egg is encased in a shell but has room to move around inside.
ut we ve found an easy way to do it. nstead of storing energy in chemical reactions the way batteries do upercapsstore electricity by assembling ions on the surface of a porous material.
#Drop an internet in the ocean to detect tsunamis University at Buffalo rightoriginal Studyposted by Cory Nealon-Buffalo on October 14 2013a deep-sea internet network is expected to improve the way scientists detect tsunamis monitor pollution
#rtificial nose detects dangerous vapors Researchers have developed a way to sniff out solvent gases by combining a common mineral zeolite with a metallic compound based on rhenium.
and gases can t interact with themhe says. o we started thinking of ways to create space between them. nter zeolites. hese zeolites are cages with big cavities
#Gene keeps wheat from sprouting on the stalk A new way to keep high humidity from damaging wheat crops could save farmers millions of dollars
It s a bit like the plant s brainsays Singh. lthough in the past scientists have identified it as the pathway that regulates the way a variety of genes are expressed until now no one had made the link with PHS. he researchers made the discovery by using a variety of genomic and molecular tools to identify specific
and then compared the way that these genes are expressed in PHS resistant versus PHS susceptible varieties of wheat. his discovery is important for other cereals like barley as well as for wheatsays Surinder Singh a doctoral student
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