Jude Keyse a postgraduate student at the University of Queensland School of Biological sciences says the find was surprising.
and quickly link up again mimicking the process that allows biological molecules such as DNA to assemble rearrange and break down.
Doug Rowland project scientist in the Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging in the department of biomedical engineering contributed X-ray computed tomography scanning of the rock.
of California Santa barbara as well as in the department of chemistry and biochemistry of the findings. The results of this research performed jointly with materials professor Steven Denbaars
The finding while it could lead to more agile robots serves primarily to shed light on a question that has baffled biologists:
while the other region pushes the water backwardsays Eric Fortune a professor of biological sciences at the New jersey Institute of technology who was a co-author of the paper. his arrangement is rather counter-intuitive like two propellers fighting against each other. f the fish wants to move forward
This biomimetic robot was developed in the lab of Malcolm Maciver associate professor of mechanical and biomedical engineering at Northwestern University and a co-author. e are far from duplicating the agility of animals with our most advanced robotsmaciver says. ne exciting implication of this work is that we might be held back in making more agile machines by our assumption that it s wasteful
or useless to have forces in directions other than the one we are trying to move in.
and bees says senior author Cowan who directs the Locomotion in Mechanical and Biological Systems Lab at Johns Hopkins Whiting School of engineering. s an engineer
and bioengineering at Stanford university contribute to the work which was supported by grants from the US Department of energy.
and professor of chemistry and chemical biology. s an additive it greatly improves the cycling stability of the battery. n another approach to improving lithium-sulfur battery durability the researchers also report a new way
The sensors make use of microfluidic technologyâ##developed by Abraham Stroock associate professor of chemical and biomolecular engineeringâ##that places a tiny cavity inside the chip.
The challenge for Angel Mart assistant professor of chemistry and bioengineering at Rice university and his team of student researchers was to get their large metallic particles through the much smaller pores of a zeolite cage.
and on the interaction between genotypes and the environment as they have tried to breed wheat that is resistant to PHS but with little success so far.
But now findings published in the journal PLOS ONE suggest that the solution may lie not with genetics alone but rather with a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors.
he complex Rddm machinery is composed of several proteins that guide the genome in response to growth developmental and stress signals.
when a biologist or chemist makes a certain type of molecular network the engineering process is complex cumbersome and hard to repurpose for building other systems.
Scientists now are finding ways to design synthetic systems that behave like biological ones with the hope that synthetic molecules could support the body s natural functions.
The National Science Foundation the Burroughs Wellcome Fund and the National Centers for Systems Biology supported the research.
scanning medical therapy and imaging and research in biology and materials science. ecause it employs commercial lasers
is genetic engineering the best option? Cornell University rightoriginal Studyposted by Blaine Friedlander-Cornell on September 30 2013with estimates that 15 to 40 percent of the world s species will be lost over the next 40 years due to warming
or species with adaptive alleles or gene variants using genetic engineeringwrite Josh Donlan Cornell visiting fellow in ecology and evolutionary biology and his colleagues.
Before genetic engineering can be entertained seriously as a tool for preserving biodiversity conservationists need to agree on the types of scenario for which facilitated adaptation managed relocation
Finding that binding target has been a major challenge for structural biologists. That s because there are only tiny amounts of the protein involved in cell growth
Hong has used long solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study structural biology including the mechanism used by the flu virus to infect host cells.
and we are quite happy that the DNP NMR technology is so useful for understanding this plant biochemistry questionsays Hong also a faculty scientist with the US Department of energy s Ames Laboratory.
Knowing where expansin binds to cell walls ight help biochemists design more potent expansins to loosen the cell wall
and thus better harvest bioenergy. ong and Daniel Cosgrove professor and chair in biology at Penn State are the lead authors.
and developed the ability to react with oxide minerals rather than breathe oxygen as we do to convert organic nutrients into biological fuel.
and convert it into biological fuel their excess electrons flow into the carbon filaments and across to the positive electrode
Douglas Capone a professor and chair of biological sciences at the University of Southern California says that the research is notable both for understanding the nitrogen cycle
and spread diseases such as the ongoing outbreak of Cryptococcus in Canada and the Pacific Northwest of the United states. Though some might disagree most biologists think the purpose of sex is to create diversity among offspring.
Studies of a fungus called Cryptococcus show the process of sexual reproduction can result in extra bundles of genetic material
or chromosomes that can be beneficial to the organism s survival. The results are published in the journal PLOS Biology. hese studies turn our view of the functions of sex by 180 degrees
and reveal that sex doesn t just mix up already existing genetic diversity but can actually create it from scratchsays Joseph Heitman the study s senior author and professor and chair of molecular genetics and microbiology at the Duke university School of medicine.
The fungi Cryptococcus neoformans is a global pathogen that primarily infects individuals with compromised immune systems such as HIV/AIDS patients.
because if there are two identical genomes coming together the end product should be the same as if the fungi had cloned just itself through asexual reproductionsays Heitman. e were trying to get a sense of is it just spinning its wheels
or having more than the normal number of DNA-packaging chromosomes. Aneuploidy is well known to be deleterious in humans causing genetic disorders like Down s syndrome or trisomy 21.
But having an extra chromosome can actually be beneficial in microbes like Cryptococcus where it has been shown to confer drug resistance to the antifungal fluconazole.
For example offspring with an extra copy of chromosome 9 or 10 became drug resistant and were able to outcompete their parent
or adaptive the fungi can lose the chromosome just as easily as they gained it. In fact we showed that
and let them lose their extra chromosomes they also lose their new properties and go back to behaving just like their parent did. he key finding he says llustrates how unisexual reproduction introduces limited genetic diversity in clonal populations already well adapted to an environment
##and manmade products constructed from similar materials has to do with the hierarchical architecture of the biological materialsâ##the way the silica-based skeletons are built up from different structural elements some
and the Army Research Office through the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies at Caltech supported the research.
A 21-member team organized by the American Academy of Microbiology established a set of recommendations on how advances in microbiology can be harnessed to improve agriculture.
When crops are optimized with the right genetics and colonized by the right microbes both organisms can flourish.
despite having A y chromosome rodents lacking the mjd1aenzyme developed as females. The findings are detailed in a study published in the journal Science.
or female says Peter Koopman a professor from the University of Queensland s Institute for Molecular Bioscience. ost mammals including humans
Plant senescence is estimated to involve 10 percent of genes in the genome. Plants use an expedited hypersensitive process to thwart pathogens by sacrificing infected cells to protect the surrounding healthy tissues.
NOTTINGHAM (UK)# Scientists have identified the genetic mutation responsible for the first blue chicken eggs in South american Mapuche fowl and their European descendants Araucana 200 to 500 years ago.
or#fancy#poultry breeders to identify at fine resolution the exact location of the mutation in the genome in blue egg laying chickens.
This makes it possible for genetic material from a retrovirus to become permanently incorporated into the DNA of an infected cell.
and diversity of species. It s quite remarkable#retroviruses are considered generally to integrate at random locations in the genome
Imprinted genes use molecules that bind to DNA (epigenetic tags) to quiet one half and let the other lead.
of molecular biology and genetics at Cornell University. Using mouse studies only about 100 genes with imprinted expression had been identified.
Because the genomes of horses and donkeys differ by approximately one in every 200 base pairs (differences called single nucleotide polymorphisms
what breeders call the maternal grandsire effect says co-senior author Doug Antczak equine geneticist at Cornell s College of Veterinary medicine.
The Cornell Center for Vertebrate Genomics Zweig Memorial Fund and Morris Animal Foundation funded the research h
Their findings appear in Theoretical and Applied Genetics. It was a surprise that we could trace the gene back so far
It seems to be a key gene in the barley genome, he says. Hickey has declined to patent the DNA marker preferring the information to be freely available to other researchers.
since 1999 threatening important wheat production areas of the world#says co-author Jorge Dubcovsky a wheat geneticist at University of California Davis and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.#
and transgenic plants they identified the gene responsible for the resistance. They then inserted the gene into a wheat variety that is susceptible to the diseases engineering a resistance to Ug99.#
says Changhuei Yang, professor of electrical engineering, bioengineering and medical engineering at the California Institute of technology (Caltech).
#Yeast reveals secret of hitchhiker mutations It takes a group effort of genetic mutations to give organisms the best shot at evolutionary survival a new study suggests.
Evolution occurs when an individual experiences a spontaneous beneficial mutation in its genome that improves its ability to adapt to its environment.
The common view was that a single mutation could boost the survival of an individual
and pass on the mutation to its offspring. Instead researchers studying 1000 generations of adaptation in 40 yeast populations have found that rather than just one mutation causing enhanced survival about five to seven mutations are required.
These extra mutations are termed hitchhikers because they don t appear to contribute to the enhanced fitness of the organism Our study indicates that evolution is more of a group effort says Gregory Lang an associate research scholar in the laboratory of David Botstein at Princeton university s Lewis-Sigler Institute
for Integrative Genomics. Lang is first author on the paper which appears in the journal Nature.
Drivers and hitchhikers The finding goes against the traditional view of evolution being determined by individual mutations that provide a large fitness advantage by themselves says Michael Desai a former Princeton fellow who is currently at Harvard university.
We found that small groups which we call cohorts of mutations were associated with increased survival.
No single mutation is driving adaptation. The whole group which includes hitchhikers drives adaptation together.
The relatively small subset of gene mutations that were found to enhance survival Botstein says suggests that there are only a limited number of ways in
which organisms can substantially increase their fitness. Understanding the basic process in yeast translates to other organisms he says.
The knowledge of how mutations drive evolution can inform our understanding of how tumors resist chemotherapeutics
Although the researchers refer to the groups of mutations as containing drivers and hitchhikers Desai says that additional research is being done to explore which mutations are necessary for adaptation and
which ones are along for the ride. He noted that the mutations are located not near each other nor do they appear to have similar functions.
The study helps expand our understanding of how evolution arises from a combination of genetic mutations
which are thought of as occurring spontaneously and environmental pressures says Botstein. We ve shown that this first component the genetics involves not just one gene mutation
but several that need to coexist before evolution can happen. By following genomic changes across cell populations over time this study allows a rare glimpse of evolution in progress says Stefan Maas of the National institute of health s National Institute of General Medical sciences which partially funded the research.
This systems biology approach yields insights that could help us understand how mutations spread through other evolving systems such as cancer cells
Previous evidence suggests that yeast may experience beneficial mutations that inactivate genes they no longer need.
if grown in conditions where the yeast can only reproduce asexually mutations that inactivate genes for proteins involved in sexual reproduction boost survival
whether the mutations identified in the new study confer specific survival advantages. The National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship the National Institute of General Medical sciences Centers of Excellence the National institutes of health the James S. Mcdonnell Foundation the Alfred P. Sloan
So we want to understand how they interact with cells once inside the body These latest findings come from an ongoing collaboration between biologist engineers
Oddly shaped flakes Preliminary research by Kane s biology group had shown that graphene sheets can indeed enter cells
That allows us to better interpret the biological impacts of these materials. It s really a wonderful collaboration.
A related paper published July 3 by the same research team in Biology Letters has shown clear and even stronger responses of Cuvier s beaked whales to simulated mid-frequency sonar exposures.
High school biology leaves off with this: In normal pollination sperm-carrying pollen grains land on the pistil s tip
In his lab at Brown University Mark Johnson associate professor of biology studies the true complexity of intercellular communications that conduct this process with exquisite precision.
The new paper in Current Biology describes the genetically prescribed life cycle of the pollen tube and how their expression destines the tube for self-sacrifice allowing flowering plants to reproduce.
Among the fundamental biology questions at play in the sex lives of flowers for example are how cells recognize each other know what to do
What they knew from a prior study is that the gene expression in pollen tubes that had grown through a pistil was much different than that of pollen tubes grown in the lab. Leydon s first step
therefore was to see which regulators of gene expression or transcription factors were at work in pistil-grown pollen tubes but not in the lab-grown ones.
when they aren t. He grew some normal arabadopsis plants some in which a mutation disabled only one of the transcription factors and other ones in
and share the same number of chromosomes but fertilization often fails at the pollen tube burst
Their results are published in the journal Nature Biotechnology. One billion acres#When Bt crops were introduced first the main question was how quickly would pests adapt
if these inclusions were actually biological in origin the researchers looked at 15 different samples of Farrel Quartzite
Stable carbon isotope analysis can determine the biological origin of these microfossils because they used carbon dioxide to create energy
During this process the organisms selectively incorporate more carbon 12 than carbon 13 from the available carbon producing a signature of biological origin.
whereby a small number of skilled geneticists is able to remove the nucleus of a donor woman egg (the part that plays host to some 25,
the geneticist who pioneered the technique, told me from his office at Oregon Health and Sciences University just outside Portland. his procedure uses a very high-tech imaging system microscopes, lasers,
It actually looks like a Play station 4. The nuclear DNA from a patient egg carrying MITOCHONDRIAL DNA mutations is removed
The baby will be free of risk from maternal mitochondrial mutations, but yet the biological child of the parents.
OHSU The resulting egg can then be fertilized with the intended father sperm using traditional in vitro fertilization,
and a growing number of geneticists is now exploring the role of misbehaving mitochondria in basic aging.)
Less than a tenth of 1%of the genome is actually going to be affected. It is not part of
Dr. Marcy Darnovsky, executive director of the California-based Center for Genetics and Society, in an open letter. nder the proposed arrangement,
Some of the bioreactors being used to cultivate the bioengineered Trichoderma fungus The bioengineered Trichoderma can be cultivated in bioreactors
chitin is the second-most common biopolymer on earth, occurring not only in crab and lobster shells,
With DNATRAX the bacteria is replaced by particles of non-biological DNA that can be collected with simple forensic swabs
Then simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology can identify the code and reveal the origin of the product in about an hour right down to
and interaction of silica-based nanoparticles with biological systems write the researchers. Because our research demonstrates a clear cardiovascular health risk associated with this trend steps need to be taken to help ensure that potential health
which weren't as soft and flexible as the biological tissue surrounding them. Over time this could cause irritation which would in turn lead to inflammation the build up of scar tissue and ultimately rejection.
In biology, molecular motors are highly complex protein assemblies that can produce work by consuming energy:
they take part in fundamental biological functions such as copying DNA andprotein synthesis, and underlie all motion processes.
This allows the drug to bypass the blood-brain barrier a biological fence that prevents the vast majority of drugs from entering the brain through the bloodstream.#
I. Kim is affiliated also with the Neuroscience Program the Institute for Genomic Biology the Beckman Institute and the departments of bioengineering of materials science and engineering and of nuclear plasma and radiological engineering at the U. of I d
Dozens of popular courses in psychology, statistics, biology and other fields are offered also primarily online.
which Dr. Joos defined as determination made through the application of socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying persons as females and males.
which the moving parts that are in contact with blood are made of tissue that is better suited for the biological environment,
We didn t have any biologists on staff, so we couldn t clone anybody, ##he said.##
Mitochondria carry their own genomes, but some of the cellular components needed for respiration are produced partly by the nucleus,
#Ana Gomes#at Harvard Medical school and her colleagues compared the levels of MESSENGER RNA (mrna) molecules that convey genetic information around a cell for the cellular components needed for respiration in the skeletal muscle of 6 and 22-month-old mice.
and the two genomes communicate well, aging is kept at bay. But another molecule called NAD+keeps SIRT1 on the job;
In tests, their synapse circuits perform similar to normal biological neurons. Of course, duplicating synapse firings in nanotube circuits does not mean that scientists are ready to replace the human brain,
predicts in his#blogthat expected advances in molecular nanotechnology will one day enable us to replace brain cells with damage-resistant nanomaterials that process thoughts faster than today s biological brains.##
Biological brains die within minutes after the heart stops, but our new brain will simply turn itself off and wait for a new power supply.
#Secret code discovered in human DNA Genomes use the genetic code to write two separate languages. A secret second code hiding within DNA
##Ever since the genetic code was deciphered over 40 years ago, scientists have believed that it only described how proteins are made.
However, the revelation made by the research team led by John Stamatoyannopoulos of the University of Washington indicates that genomes use the genetic code to write two separate languages.##
##For over 40 years we have assumed that DNA changes affecting the genetic code solely impact how proteins are made,
##Now we know that this basic assumption about reading the human genome missed half of the picture.##
Scientists already knew that the genetic code uses a 64-letter alphabet called codons. The research team discovered that some of the codons can have two meanings one related to proteins, the other to gene control.
And it s those duons that are expected to change the way physicians interpret human genomes and give clues for the treatments of diseases.##
##The fact that the genetic code can simultaneously write two kinds of information means that many DNA changes that appear to alter protein sequences may actually cause disease by disrupting gene control programs
and will be run by Arthur Levinson, chairman and ex-CEO of biotech company Genentech. Google gave exclusive access to Time magazine for a story on the new venture.
With some longer term, moonshot thinking around healthcare and biotechnology, I believe we can improve millions of lives.
Scientists have predicted the end of chemotherapy after launching a landmark project to map 100,000 genomes to find the genes responsible for cancer and rare diseases.
Britain is the first country in the world to embark on a program to map the genomes of thousands of people in the hope of finding
Understanding humanity s genetic code is not only going to be fundamental to the medicine of the future.
Prof Farrer also predicted that genome sequencing to find the causes of the disease will become standard within our lifetime.
The first human genome was sequenced in 2003 following 13 years of work at a cost of 2 billion.
A genome consists of a person s 20,000 or so genes and the DNA in between.
Each genome consists of a code of 3 billion letters. Over the next four years, about 75,000 patients with cancer and rare diseases, plus their close relatives, will have their whole genetic codes,
or genomes, sequenced. Cancer patients will have the DNA of both healthy and tumour cells mapped,
making up the 100, 000 total. Scientists expect the project to be pivotal to the development of future personalised treatments based on genetics, with the potential to revolutionise medicine.
A 78 million partnership between Genomics England, the body set up by the Department of health to oversee the project,
and the Californian DNA sequencing technology company Illumina was unveiled by Mr Cameron today. Illumina, originallyspun out by Cambridge university scientists, will invest around 162 million into the project over its lifetime.
they report in the journal Biomaterials. Collagen is the most abundant structural protein in the body
In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse model that expresses TLX under the control of the promoter of nestin, a neural precursor marker.
Transgenic TLX expression led to mice with enlarged brains with an elongated hippocampal dentate gyrus and increased numbers of newborn neurons.
the TLX transgenic mice exhibited enhanced cognition with increased learning and memory. These results suggest a strong association between hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition,
That s exactly what#Sanaria, a biotechnology founded in 2003 by long-time malaria researcher Stephen Hoffman and based in a suburb of Washington,
So two years ago, Sanaria began working with theharvard Biorobotics Lab#to develop a robot that could do the work faster.
Genetic studies have shown that people with type 2 diabetes are more likely to have mutations in the gene that encodes a protein called insulin-degrading enzyme, or IDE.
are compounds far smaller than less common biological medicines like antibodies. They are developed using libraries of thousands or millions of known chemical substances.
if it has desired a effect on a biological target, such as an enzyme or other protein known to be involved in a disease.
Of particular interest will be synthetic biology, which allows efficiently reprogramming unicellular life to make fuels, byproducts accessible from organic chemistry and smart devices.
The creation of entirely new strains of food animals and plants in order to better address biological and physiological needs.
Synthetic biology: Synthetic biology is about programming biology using standardized parts as one programs computers using standardized libraries today.
Includes the broad redefinition and expansion of biotechnology, with the ultimate goals of being able to design,
build and remediate engineered biological systems that process information, manipulate chemicals, fabricate materials and structures,
produce energy, provide food, and maintain and enhance human health and our environment. Scientifically viable in 2013;
Some, like atopic dermatitis, remain poorly understood. he ability to obtain an unlimited number of genetically identical units can be used to study a range of conditions where the skin barrier is defective due to mutations in genes involved in skin barrier formation.
3d printed biological tissue 3d printing capabilities are limited rather despite the excitement that 3-D printing has generated.
A group at Princeton university has printed a bionic ear, combining biological tissue and electronics, while a team of researchers at the University of Cambridge has printed retinal cells to form complex eye tissue.
Most recently, her group printed biological tissue interwoven with a complex network of blood vessels. To do this, the researchers had to make inks out of various types of cells
and began working with biological cells and tissues for the first time, she hoped to treat them the same way as materials composed of synthetic particles.
Printing blood vessels was an encouraging step toward artificial tissues capable of the complex biological functions found in organs.
Tsai lab generated a transgenic mouse model, which enabled researchers to prevent the production of p25 without altering other proteins with essential roles in brain development.
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