the electron and the nucleus. With the nucleus in particular we have achieved accuracy close to 99.99%.%That means only one error for every 10000 quantum operations.
The team was able to store quantum information in a phosphorus nucleus for more than 30 seconds.
For the very first time a general strategy to manufacture inorganic nanoparticles with user-specified 3d shapes has been achieved to produce particles as small as 25 nanometers or less with remarkable precision (less than 5 nanometers.
Just as any expanding material can be shaped inside a mold to take on a defined 3d form the Wyss team set out to grow inorganic particles within the confined hollow spaces of stiff DNA nanostructuresthe concept can be likened to the Japanese method of growing watermelons in glass cubes.
and height of the particle able to be controlled independently. Next researchers fabricated varied 3d polygonal shapes spheres and more ambitious structures such as a 3d Y-shaped nanoparticle and another structure comprising a cuboid shape sandwiched between two spheres proving that structurally-diverse
For particles that would better serve their purpose by being as electrically conducive as possible such as in very small nanocomputers
When the nanoparticles are coated with cell penetrating peptides the penetration is enhanced further by up to ten times with many particles making their way into the deeper layers of the skin (such as the dermis.
The doxorubicin that was released in the cell cytoplasm readily entered the nucleus its site of activity.
At the Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) tiny particles have been coupled to a glass fibre. The particles emit light into the fibre in such a way that it does not travel in both directions,
as one would expect. Instead, the light can be directed either to the left or to the right.
Gold nanoparticles on Glass fibres When a particle absorbs and emits light, this light is emitted not just into one direction."
"A particle in free space will always emit as much light into one particular direction as it emits into the opposite direction,
whether the light emitted by the particle travels left or right in the glass fibre. Bicycles and Airplane propellers This is only possible
When a particle that is coupled to the glass fibre is irradiated with a laser in such a way that it emits light of a particular sense of rotation,
the diameter of the gold particle is even four times less. Both the diameter of the fibre and the particle are even smaller than the wavelength of the emitted light."
"This new technology should be made easily available in commercial applications. Already now, the whole experiment fits into a shoebox,
which particles can be ejected. Higher currents thus promise more-efficient manufacturing and more-nimble satellites.
which is broken into particles by chemical reactions with both the substrate and the environment. Then they expose the array to a plasma rich in carbon.
The nanotubes grow up under the catalyst particles which sit atop them until the catalyst degrades.
so that doctors and researchers can track the particles. Finally they need to perform their function at the right moment ideally in response to a stimulus. The Nanoparticles By design Unit at the Okinawa Institute of Science
and Technology Graduate University is trying to develop new particles with unprecedented properties that still meet these requirements.
and particles in the air and enzymes molecules and antibodies in the body that could indicate diabetes cancer and other diseases.
It's been a challenge to sense very small particles or very low concentrations of a substance.
They found that the particles which have no electric charge or surface molecules that would attract the attention of circulating immune cells were able to enter the mice's lymph nodes.
But once inside the lymph nodes'core the special kind of macrophage engulfed the particles. When molecules for signaling killer T cells were put inside the nanoparticles they hindered tumor growth far better than existing vaccines.
The results indicate little risk to humans ingesting the particles through drinking water say scientists at Duke's Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT.
For example, they reported the world's first"domain wall gate"at last year's International Electron Devices Meeting.
Charge transport anisotropy is a phenomenon where electrons flow faster along a particular crystallographic direction due to close molecule-molecule interactions.
Dr. Tal Dvir and his graduate student Michal Shevach of TAU's Department of Biotechnology, Department of Materials science and engineering,
#Nanotube cathode beats large pricey laser Scientists are a step closer to building an intense electron beam source without a laser.
Using the High-Brightness Electron Source Lab at DOE's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory a team led by scientist Luigi Faillace of Radiabeam Technologies is testing a carbon nanotube cathode about the size of a nickel
and national security since an electron beam is a critical component in generating X-rays. While carbon nanotube cathodes have been studied extensively in academia Fermilab is the first facility to test the technology within a full-scale setting.
and expertise for handling intense electron beams one of relatively few labs that can support this project.
When a strong electric field is applied it pulls streams of electrons off the surface of the cathode creating the electron beam.
in order to eject electrons through photoemission. The electric and magnetic fields of the particle accelerator then organize the electrons into a beam.
The tested nanotube cathode requires no laser: it only needs the electric field already generated by an accelerator to siphon the electrons off a process dubbed field emission n
#Nanoengineering enhances charge transport promises more efficient future solar cells Solar cells based on semiconducting composite plastics and carbon nanotubes is one of the most promising novel technology for producing inexpensive printed solar cells.
With STEM electrons illuminate the battery which scatters them at a wide range of angles.
To see as much detail as possible the team decided to use a set of electron detectors to collect electrons in a wide range of scattering angles an arrangement that gave them plenty of structural information to assemble a clear picture of the battery's interior down to the nanoscale level.
#Harnessing an unusual'valley'quantum property of electrons Yoshihiro Iwasa and colleagues from the RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science the University of Tokyo and Hiroshima University have discovered that ultrathin films of a semiconducting material have properties that form the basis for a new kind of low-power electronics termed'valleytronics'.
and process information using the electrical charge of an electron. The use of charge however requires physically moving electrons from one point to another
which can consume a great deal of energy particularly in computing applications. Researchers are therefore searching for ways to harness other properties of electrons such as the'spin'of an electron as data carriers in the hope that this will lead to devices that consume less power.
Valleytronics is based on the quantum behavior of electrons in terms of a material's electronic band structure.
Semiconductors and insulators derive their electrical properties from a gap between the highest band occupied by electrons known as the valence band
and the lowest unoccupied band or'conduction band'in the band structure explains Iwasa. If there are two
Using this valley property of electrons to encode information without physically moving electrons is the central tenet of valleytronics.
Instead the atoms in each molybdenum disulfide layer in the films created by Iwasa's team were shifted slightly from those in the two-dimensional level beneath (Fig. 1). This breaking of the film's symmetry meant that the researchers were also able to harness the spin of electrons.
When semiconducting materials are subjected to an input of a specific energy bound electrons can be moved to higher energy conducting states.
Goncharov's team focused on the novel application of very high pressure which can cause a compound to undergo electronic changes that can alter the electron-carrier properties of materials.
They discovered the band gap that the electrons need to leap across to also widened although not as much as in the case of the zincblende crystal nanowires.
the smallest known reference material ever created for validating measurements of these man-made, ultrafine particles between 1 and 100 nanometers (billionths of a meter) in size.
Particle size and chemical composition are determined by dynamic light scattering, analytical centrifugation, electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),
Notably electrons in quantum dot structures are confined inside nanometer sized three dimension boxes. Novel applications of'quantum dots'including lasers biological markers qubits for quantum computing
Now researchers at A*STAR have used a process known as friction stir processing (see image) to produce an evenly distributed mix of nanosized aluminum oxide (Al2o3) particles in aluminum.
It also reduced the amount of airborne particles produced during powder placement and friction stir processing explains Guo.
smaller aluminum matrix grains can flow past each other more smoothly than larger particles enhancing the strength of the material.
Effects of nano-Al2o3 particle addition on grain structure evolution and mechanical behaviour of friction-stir-processed Al.
collective oscillations of electrons.""The plasmons pull the light wave a little further out of the glass microsphere,
which always occurs in the form of a double strand in the cell nucleus, to the nanowire mounted on the microsphere.
and transport fundamental particles of light called photons. The tiny device is just. 7 micrometers by 50 micrometer (about. 00007 by. 005 centimeters) and works almost like a seesaw.
These cavities capture photons that streamed from a nearby source. Even though the particles of light have no mass the captured photons were able to play seesaw
because they generated optical force. Researchers compared the optical forces generated by the photons captured in the cavities on the two sides of the seesaw by observing how the seesaw moved up and down.
In this way the researchers weighed the photons. Their device is sensitive enough to measure the force generated by a single photon
which corresponds to about one-third of a thousand-trillionth of a pound or one-seventh of a thousand-trillionth of a kilogram.
Professor Li and his research team also used the seesaw to experimentally demonstrate for the first time the mechanical control of transporting light.
When we filled the cavity on the left side with photons and leave the cavity on the right side empty the force generated by the photons started to oscillate the seesaw.
When the oscillation was strong enough the photons can spill over along the beam from the filled cavity to the empty cavity during each cycle Li said.
We call the phenomenon'photon shuttling.''The stronger the oscillation the more photons are shuttled to the other side.
Currently the team has been able to transport approximately 1000 photons in a cycle. For comparison a 10w light bulb emits 1020 photons every second.
The team's ultimate goal is to transport only one photon in a cycle so that the quantum physics of light can be revealed and harnessed.
The ability to mechanically control photon movement as opposed to controlling them with expensive and cumbersome optoelectronic devices could represent a significant advance in technology said Huan Li the lead author of the paper.
The research could be used to develop an extremely sensitive micromechanical way to measure acceleration of a car
or a runner or could be used as part of a gyroscope for navigation Li said.
In the future the researchers plan to build sophisticated photon shuttles with more traps on either side of the seesaw device that could shuttle photons over greater distances and at faster speeds.
They expect that such devices could play a role in developing microelectronic circuits that would use light instead of electrons to carry data
which would make them faster and consume less power than traditional integrated circuits. Explore further: Breakthrough in light sources for new quantum technology More information:
Optomechanical photon shuttling between photonic cavities Nature Nanotechnology (2014) DOI: 10.1038/nnano. 2014.20 0
#A nanosized hydrogen generator (Phys. org) esearchers at the US Department of energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory have created a small scale"hydrogen generator"that uses light
and receives electrons, but can also transfer them into another substance. Hydrogen is virtually everywhere on the planet,
and pump protons through a membrane, creating a form of chemical energy. They also know that water can be split into oxygen
The new material would need enough surface area to move electrons across quickly and evenly and boost the overall electron transfer efficiency.
The researchers also needed a platform on which biological components, like br, could survive and connect with the titanium dioxide catalyst:
which totally changes how the electrons move throughout our system.""Rozhkova's mini-hydrogen generator works like this:
Electrons from this reaction are transmitted to the titanium dioxide on which these two materials are anchored, making the titanium dioxide sensitive to visible light.
Simultaneously, light from the green end of the solar spectrum triggers the br protein to begin pumping protons along its membrane.
These protons make their way to the platinum nanoparticles which sit on top of the titanium dioxide. Hydrogen is produced by the interaction of the protons
and electrons as they converge on the platinum. Examinations using a technique called Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)
and time-resolved spectroscopy at the Center for Nanoscale Materials verified the movements of the electrons within the system,
while electrochemical studies confirmed the protons were transferred. Tests also revealed a new quirk of graphene behavior."
"The majority of the research out there states that graphene principally conducts and accepts electrons,
"said Argonne postdoctoral researcher Peng Wang.""Our exploration using EPR allowed us to prove, experimentally,
that graphene also injects electrons into other materials.""Rozhkova's hydrogen generator proves that nanotechnology,
merged with biology, can create new sources of clean energy. Her team's discovery may provide future consumers a biologically-inspired alternative to gasoline."
"This research,"Photoinduced Electron Transfer pathways in Hydrogen-Evolving Reduced graphene oxide-Boosted Hybrid Nano-Bio Catalyst,
Yet transistors, the switchable valves that control the flow of electrons in a circuit, cannot simply keep shrinking to meet the needs of powerful, compact devices;
and it affects how easily electrons can move through ithat is, to what extent it resists or conducts electricity.
Doping typically effects this change by increasing the number of available electrons, but this study was different.
The Harvard team manipulated the band gap, the energy barrier to electron flow.""By a certain choice of dopantsn this case, hydrogen or lithiume can widen
or narrow the band gap in this material, deterministically moving electrons in and out of their orbitals,
In this orbital transistor, protons and electrons move in or out of the samarium nickelate when an electric field is applied, regardless of temperature,
"If you have two electrons in adjacent orbitals, and the orbitals are filled not completely, in a traditional material the electrons can move from one orbital to another.
But in the correlated oxides, the electrons repulse each other so much that they cannot move, "Ramanathan explains."
"The occupancy of the orbitals and the ability of electrons to move in the crystal are tied very closely togetherr'correlated.'
'Fundamentally, that's what dictates whether the material behaves as an insulator or a metal."
Picene's sister molecule pentacene has been studied widely because of its high carrier mobilityts ability to quickly transmit electrons a critical property for nanoscale electronics.
A successful circuit requires a strong connection between the electronic componentsf a wire is frayed electrons can't flow.
#Study sheds new light on why batteries go bad A comprehensive look at how tiny particles in a lithium ion battery electrode behave shows that rapid-charging the battery
If most or all of these particles actively participate in charging and discharging they'll absorb
But if only a small percentage of particles sop up all the ions they're more likely to crack
As the discharge rate increased above a certain threshold more and more particles started to absorb ions simultaneously switching to a more uniform and less damaging mode.
with three-dimensional (3d) electron transfer pathways interconnected ion diffusion channels and enhanced interfacial affinity and activity.
Org''Thereby the seamless connection of high-quality aligned CNTS and graphene provided 3d electron transfer pathways and interconnected ion diffusion channels.
and graphene provides rapid electron transfer and mechanical robustness. The 3d interconnected mesoporous space improves the penetration and diffusion of electrolytes.
It is expected highly that the N-ACNT/G sandwiches hold various potential applications in the area of nanocomposite energy storage environmental protection electronic device as well as healthcare because of their robust hierarchical structure 3d electron transfer
"The researchers use a direct laser writing method called two-photon lithography to"write"a three-dimensional pattern in a polymer by allowing a laser beam to crosslink
#Team uses nanotechnology to help cool electrons with no external sources A team of researchers has discovered a way to cool electrons to#228°C without external means and at room temperature,
The process involves passing electrons through a quantum well to cool them and keep them from heating.
The team details its research in"Energy-filtered cold electron transport at room temperature, "which is published in Nature Communications on Wednesday, Sept. 10."
"We are the first to effectively cool electrons at room temperature. Researchers have done electron cooling before,
but only when the entire device is immersed into an extremely cold cooling bath, "said Seong Jin Koh, an associate professor at UT Arlington in the Materials science & Engineering Department,
"Obtaining cold electrons at room temperature has enormous technical benefits. For example, the requirement of using liquid helium
or liquid nitrogen for cooling electrons in various electron systems can be lifted.""Electrons are excited thermally even at room temperature,
which is a natural phenomenon. If that electron excitation could be suppressed, then the temperature of those electrons could be lowered effectively without external cooling,
Koh said. The team used a nanoscale structure which consists of a sequential array of a source electrode, a quantum well,
a tunneling barrier, a quantum dot, another tunneling barrier, and a drain electrode to suppress electron excitation
and to make electrons cold. Cold electrons promise a new type of transistor that can operate at extremely low energy consumption."
"Implementing our findings to fabricating energy-efficient transistors is currently under way,"Koh added. Khosrow Behbehani, dean of the UT Arlington College of Engineering, said this research is representative of the University's role in fostering innovations that benefit the society,
such as creating energy-efficient green technologies for current and future generations.""Dr. Koh and his research team are developing real-world solutions to a critical global challenge of utilizing the energy efficiently
Future research could include identifying key elements that will allow electrons to be cooled even further.
The most important challenge of this future research is to keep the electron from gaining energy as it travels across device components.
A p-n junction causes current to flow in only one direction Because of the sharp transition at the heterojunction interface the new structure also allows electron/hole pairs to be separated efficiently
Using a new operating principle called the hot-electron photothermoelectric effect the research team created a device that is as sensitive as any existing room temperature detector in the terahertz range
because when light is absorbed by the electrons suspended in the honeycomb lattice of the graphene they do not lose their heat to the lattice
Light is absorbed by the electrons in graphene which heat up but don't lose their energy easily.
These heated electrons escape the graphene through electrical leads much like steam escaping a tea kettle.
which conduct electrons at different rates. Because of this conductivity difference more electrons will escape through one than the other producing an electrical signal.
This electrical signal detects the presence of terahertz waves beneath the surface of materials that appear opaque to the human eye or even x-rays.
Graphene has been used among other things to design FETSEVICES that regulate the flow of electrons through a channel via a vertical electric field directed into the channel by a terminal called a gate.
Electrons travel freely across a graphene FETENCE it cannot be switched offhich in this case results in current leakages and higher potential for inaccuracies.
Going in the other direction as the excited electrons relaxed they were collected by the wire and converted back into plasmons
In bulk Mos2 electrons and photons interact as they would in traditional semiconductors like silicon and gallium arsenide.
As Mos2 is reduced to thinner and thinner layers the transfer of energy between electrons and photons becomes more efficient.
The key to Mos2's desirable photonic properties is in the structure of its energy band gap.
which allows electrons to easily move between energy bands by releasing photons. Graphene is inefficient at light emission
"Every single protein chain that forms our particle displays one of the pathogen's protein molecules that are recognized by the immune system,
They use electrons which are hundreds of times smaller than the wavelengths of light to map the landscape all the way down to molecules and even atoms.
The separation of photoexcited electrons and holes is essential for driving an electrical current in a photodetector or solar cell."
and MX2 semiconductors provide an ideal way to spatially separate electrons and holes for electrical collection and utilization."
Using electron-beam evaporation which is a common technique in CMOS processing Zheng deposited a thin layer of aluminum onto a silicon photodetector topped with an ultrathin oxide coating.
The metallic nanostructures use surface plasmons waves of electrons that flow like a fluid across metal surfaces.
because when a single graphene sheet is wrapped around a bundle of Co3o4 particles, the Co3o4 particles are prevented from becoming pulverized
and then electrically detaching from the anode, which would otherwise occur. Because of this protective effect, the anode's capacity is preserved even after 200 cycles,
working with researchers at the University of Birmingham and Genoa, have developed new technology to study atomic vibration in small particles,
enabling more accurate measurements of an atom's position and vibration in small particle structures.
This new development paves the way for a new field of dynamical study in the position dependence of atomic vibration in small particles
and is also likely to benefit the catalytical study of particles. Richard Aveyard, Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Department of physics at York, said:"
but rather are extensions of the bacteria's outer membrane equipped with proteins that transfer electrons called cytochromes.
During the formation of nanowires scientists noted an increase in the expression of electron transport genes but no corresponding increase in the expression of pilin genes.
and Air force Office of Scientific research and made possible by facilities at the USC Centers of Excellence in Nanobiophysics and Electron Microsopy and Microanalysis.
Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 nanowires are outer membrane and periplasmic extensions of the extracellular electron transport components PNAS www. pnas. org/cgi/doi/10.1073
And you can order characteristics that you need for example a certain electron flow direction or strength.
All the modules can be tuned to have the ability to provide electron availability in a certain way.
The particles are collected in a magnetic field undeposited contaminants are washed away and the purified antibodies recovered by removing the polyethylene glycol.
exceptional mechanical flexibility and unique hierarchical porosity, ensuring the efficient transport of electrons and ions and enabling the highest gravimetric energy densities of 127 watt hours per kilogram and volumetric energy density of 90 watt hours per liter.
Using the synchrotron Hunt could measure where electrons were on the graphene and how the different oxide groups modified that.
When light shines on a photoactive material single electrons are removed from their original position. A positively charged hole remains
where the electron used to be. Both the electron and the hole can move freely in the material,
but they only contribute to the electrical current when they are kept apart so that they cannot recombine.
To prevent recombination of electrons and holes, metallic electrodes can be used, through which the charge is sucked away
"The holes move inside the tungsten diselenide layer, the electrons, on the other hand, migrate into the molybednium disulphide,
if the energies of the electrons in both layers are tuned exactly the right way. In the experiment, this can be done using electrostatic fields.
Florian Libisch and Professor Joachim Burgdörfer (TU Vienna) provided computer simulations to calculate how the energy of the electrons changes in both materials
"Drug delivery systems tend to use magnetic particles which are very effective but they can't always be used
because these particles can be toxic in certain physiological conditions, "Dr Majumder said.""In contrast, graphene doesn't contain any magnetic properties.
The scientists used these methods to analyze samples made up of multiple nanoscale particles in a real battery electrode under operating conditions (in operando.
But because there can be a lot of overlap of particles in these samples, they also conducted the same in operando study using smaller amounts of electrode material than would be found in a typical battery.
This allowed them to gain further insight into how the delithiation reaction proceeds within individual particles without overlap.
They studied each system (multi-particle and individual particles) under two different charging scenarios-rapid (like you'd get at an electric vehicle recharging station),
and slow (used when plugging in your vehicle at home overnight). These animated images of individual particles, taken
while the electrode is charging, show that lithiated (red) and delithiated (green) iron phosphate phases coexist within individual particles.
This finding directly supports a model in which the phase transformation proceeds from one phase to the other without the existence of an intermediate phase.
while particles in other areas show no change at all, retaining their lithium ions. Even in the"fully charged"state, some particles retain lithium
and the electrode's capacity is well below the maximum level.""This is the first time anyone has been able to see that delithiation was happening differently at different spatial locations on an electrode under rapid charging conditions,
where lithium iron phosphate particles throughout the electrode gradually change over to pure iron phosphate -and the electrode has a higher capacity.
so all particles can be involved in the reaction instead of just some, "he said. The individual-particle study also detected, for the first time, the coexistence of two distinct phases-lithiated iron phosphate and delithiated,
or pure, iron phosphate-within single particles. This finding confirms one model of the delithiation phase transformation-namely that it proceeds from one phase to the other without the existence of an intermediate phase."
"These discoveries provide the fundamental basis for the development of improved battery materials, "said Jun Wang."
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