-Prof Baratunde Cola, Georgia Tech The team employed nanoscale fabrication techniques alongside metallic multiwall carbon nanotubes to build devices that utilized light's wave nature rather than its particle nature.
which is sufficient for ejecting electrons out of the carbon nanotube antennas upon the absorption of visible light Light in the form of oscillating waves interacts with nanotubes after going through the calcium-aluminum electrode.
This means the electrons flow in one direction towards the top electrode. The 10nm diode functions at such a high frequency due to the ultra-low capacitance,
These batteries typically contain cathode particles through which the electrons flow, an action that enables the battery to charge.
These cathode particles are composed typically of lithium iron phosphate or lithium cobalt oxide, mixed together with carbon black,
Ultimately, the rate at which a cathode particle charges depends on how well it is connected to carbon black particles,
"Li said that by upping the percentage of carbon black as high as 20 percent in some experiments they found that the cathode particles charged more quickly
Increasing the percentage of carbon black decreased the amount of cathode particles available to hold a charge.
because it has fewer cathode particles to hold the charge.""It's about finding the optimum balance and the best material,
when the electron flow is resisted by the metal oxides, and a one is created when electrons are conducted by the material.
Like flash memory, RRAM has the ability to store data without power, and it is also fast like volatile silicon memory.
crystalline structure that facilitates a flow of electrons. This is considered as equivalent to a digital one.
-or neutron scattering-based techniques to study them. A different approach The de Pablo group took a completely different approach.
or neutron scattering would be very useful
#Advances in PET Scanning Technology Helps Reduce Radiation Dosage Researchers in Manchester have used recent advances in PET scanning technology to reduce the radiation dose for both patients
when positron particles emitted by the injected tracer interact inside the body. The team looked at an analysis approach using time-of-flight (TOF) information,
it lyophilises the contents of a cell, minus the nucleus. t incredible, said Rao, he entire raw materials are freeze-dried powder:
it lyophilises the contents of a cell, minus the nucleus. t incredible, said Rao, he entire raw materials are freeze-dried powder:
which rely on the drift and diffusion of electrons and their holes through semiconducting material, memristor operation is based on ionic movement,
The ionic memory mechanism brings several advantages over purely electron-based memories, which makes it very attractive for artificial neural network implementation,
"Ions are also much heavier than electrons and do not tunnel easily, which permits aggressive scaling of memristors without sacrificing analog properties."
and tau when it starts to build up it would in principle ensure (if it worked efficiently) that these products are allowed not to accumulate excessively in the brain. nce these proteins build up they can form aggregated plaques,
The CRISPR-Cas9 complexes can then free themselves from the nanoclew to make their way to the nucleus
. And once a CRISPR-Cas9 complex reaches the nucleus, gene editing begins. To test the nanoclew CRISPR-Cas delivery system, the researchers treated cancer cell cultures and tumors in mice.
Dox attacks the nucleus of a cancer cell. Compacting the solution forces the gel through the membranes
University of British columbia Researchers UBC researchers have created the first self-propelled particles capable of delivering coagulants against the flow of blood to treat severe bleeding,
gas-generating calcium carbonate micro-particles that can be applied in powder form to stop critical bleeding.
The particles work by releasing carbon dioxide gas, like antacid tablets to propel them toward the source of bleeding.
The carbonate forms porous micro particles that can bind with a clotting agent known as tranexamic acid,
After studying and modeling the movement of the particles in vitro, the researchers confirmed their results using two animal models.
the particles proved highly effective in stopping the bleeding. While much more rigorous testing and development is needed to bring the agent to market
the particles could have a wide range of uses, from sinus operations to treating combat wounds. he area wee really focusing on is postpartum hemorrhage:
and the particles can propel and find those damaged vessels, said Kastrup s
#Computer system Being developed to Predict Change In The Alzheimer's Brain, MIT Study MIT researchers are developing a computer system that uses genetic, demographic,
because it takes advantage of how the DNA molecules react in the presence of other larger particles, an effect known as"steric hindrance."
photo-excited electron#hole pairs are generated in the silicon and titanium oxide nanowires, which absorb different regions of the solar spectrum.
The photo-generated electrons in the silicon will be passed onto bacteria for the CO2 reduction while the photo-generated holes in the titanium oxide split water molecules to make oxygen.
that at higher temperatures resultant from prolonged exposure to sunlight, solar cells become increasing inefficient at converting sunlight photons into electricity.
'The magnesium alloy matrix composite is reinforced with silicon carbide hollow particles and has a density of only 0. 92 grams per cubic centimeter compared to 1. 0 g/cc of water.
The hollow particles also offer impact protection to the syntactic foam because each shell acts like an energy absorber during its fracture.
High energy photons are absorbed to the molecule and pump ground state electrons to the excited states,
'When the excited electrons come back to the ground state the excess energy appears as light emission
'Meteors are the result of particles as small as a grain of sand entering the Earth's atmosphere at high speed
In particular, the entangled particles are connected in such a way that the action of one directly affects the others
In 2014, physicists at the University of Geneva teleported the quantum state of a photon to a crystal over 15 miles (25km) of optical fibre.
The latest study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has managed to teleport light particles at four times that distance.'
The record was set using advanced single-photon detectors made of superconducting wires of molybdenum silicide.'
Dr Kaku believes the next step will be to send photons to a lunar base before experimenting with larger objects, animals and eventually humans u
Computer scientists claim to have made a'game-changing leap'by building a logic gate a building block of a digital circuit using the strange properties of subatomic particles in silicon.
Quantum computing takes advantage of the ability of subatomic particles to exist in more than one state at any time.
a photon can appear as both a wave and a particle. In traditional computers available today, data is expressed in one of two states known as binary bits which are either a 1 or a 0. A quantum bit,
'or magnetic orientation, of individual electrons. Not only can they be in one of two'up'or'down'spin states,
'We've morphed those silicon transistors into quantum bits by ensuring that each has only one electron associated with it.'
'We then store the binary code of 0 or 1 on the'spin'of the electron,
which is associated with the electron's tiny magnetic field.''The team has taken now out a patent on a full-scale quantum computer chip that could perform functions involving millions of qubits.
#Researchers may have discovered unseen particle that holds others together For decades, scientists have been searching for'glueballs'a mysterious particle that is vital to the workings of the standard model of physics.
A glueball is thought to be made up entirely of gluons, which are the'sticky'particles that keep nuclear particles together.
In other words, they are created particles purely from force. But because they are so unstable, glueballs can only be detected by studying their decay and so far,
no one has been able to spot this process in action. Now researchers claim they have found a strong nuclear decay pattern
called f0 (1710), in the data from a number of particle accelerator experiments that may have been created by a glueball.
This argues that four forces make up the interactions of particles: gravity, electromagnetic, weak nuclear and strong nuclear.
Quarks are small elementary particles that make up such things as neutrons and protons. These quarks are bound together by strong nuclear force.'
'In particle physics, every force is mediated by a special kind of force particle, and the force particle of the strong nuclear force is said the gluon
Anton Rebhan (TU Wien). Gluons can be seen as more complicated versions of the photon. The massless photons are responsible for the forces of electromagnetism,
while eight different kinds of gluons play a similar role for the strong nuclear force. However, there is one important difference:
gluons themselves are subject to their own force. This is why there are no bound states of photons,
but a particle that consists only of bound gluons, of pure nuclear force, is theoretically possible.
Several particles have been found in particle accelerator experiments which are considered to be viable candidates for glueballs.
But there has never been a scientific consensus on whether or not one of these signals could in fact be the mysterious particle made of pure force.'
'Unfortunately, the decay pattern of glueballs cannot be calculated rigorously, 'says Anton Rebhan.''Simplified model calculations have shown that there are two realistic candidates for glueballs:
the mesons called f0 (1500) and f0 (1710.''A meson is composed a subatomic particle of one quark and one antiquark.'
'For a long time, the former was considered to be the most promising candidate, 'said Rebhan.''The latter has a higher mass,
which agrees better with computer simulations, but when it decays, it produces many heavy quarks (the so-called'strange quarks').
''To many particle scientists, this seemed implausible, because gluon interactions do not usually differentiate between heavier and lighter quarks.
But the latest study found that it is possible for glueballs to decay predominantly into strange quarks.
Surprisingly, the calculated decay pattern into two lighter particles agrees extremely well with the decay pattern measured for f0 (1710.
Up until now, these alternative glueball decays have not been measured, but within the next few months, two experiments at the Large hadron collider at CERN (TOTEM and LHCB) and one accelerator experiment in Beijing (BESIII) are expected to yield new data.'
'These results will be crucial for our theory, 'says Anton Rebhan.''For these multi-particle processes, our theory predicts decay rates
which are quite different from the predictions of other, simpler models.''If the measurements agree with our calculations,
this will be a remarkable success for our approach.''It would be overwhelming evidence for f0 (1710) being a glueball.
they created an easy way to tweak the genetic information in a cell nucleus. This has implications for medicine and agriculture.
Plumestop is composed of very fine particles of activated carbon (1-2 m) suspended in water through the use of unique organic polymer dispersion chemistry.
A Dalton is roughly equal to the mass of a single nucleon--either a proton or neutron.
Here a dye particle is affixed to the molecule to be studied, but the labeling molecule can profoundly alter the properties of small molecules under scrutiny.
the Umeå researchers have identified now MYSM1-a molecule in the cell core (nucleus) of resting cells.
or inflammation MYSM1 accumulates outside of the nucleus, in the cytoplasm where it disrupts the function of signalling molecules involved in activation of PRR pathways,
This finding is likely to spawn new developments in emerging technologies such as low-power electronics based on the spin of electrons or ultrafast quantum computers.
"The electrons in topological insulators have unique quantum properties that many scientists believe will be useful for developing spin-based electronics and quantum computers.
In Science Advances, the researchers report the discovery of an optical effect that allows them to"tune"the energy of electrons in these materials using light,
which arises from quantum interference between the different simultaneous paths electrons can take through a material
#A resonator for electrons More than two thousand years ago the Greek inventor and philosopher Archimedes already came up with the idea of using a curved mirror to reflect light in such a way as to focus it into a point-legend has it that he used this technique to set
A team of physicists at ETH Zurich, working within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research Quantum Science and Technology (NCCR QSIT), have managed now to build a resonator that focuses electrons rather than light waves.
which electrons are free to move only in a single plane. At one end of that plane there is a so-called quantum dot:
a tiny trap for electrons, only a hundred nanometers wide, in which owing to quantum mechanics the electrons exist in well-defined energy states similar to those of an atom.
"At the other end, just a few micrometers away, a bent electrode acts as a curved mirror that reflects electrons
Better materialsthe possibility to focus electrons in this way was investigated already in 1997 at Harvard university. The ETH researchers,
"and consequently the electrons can move undisturbed a hundred times longer.""This, in turn, allows the quantum mechanical wave nature of the electrons to become very clearly visible,
which was not the case in those earlier works. In their experiments, the physicists detect this wave nature by measuring the current flowing from the quantum dot to the curved mirror.
"Our results show that the electrons in the resonator do not just fly back and forth, but actually form a standing wave
Differently from light waves, the spin of the electrons also causes them to behave as tiny magnets.
Indeed, the researchers were able to show that the interaction between the electrons in the quantum dot
Basic science could also benefit from the electron resonators realized by the ETH researchers, for instance in studies of the Kondo effect.
when many electrons together interact with the magnetic moment of an impurity in a material. With the help of a resonator and a quantum dot simulating such an impurity,
"Hasan's method, developed at the University's Nanoscience Centre, works by suspending tiny particles of graphene in a'carrier'solvent mixture,
Light goes infinitely fast with new on-chip material Electrons are so 20th century. In the 21st century, photonic devices,
or waveguide to emit photons which are always in phase with one another, "said Philip Munoz,
and infinitely long, enabling even distant particles to be entangled.""""This on-chip metamaterial opens the door to exploring the physics of zero index
In the metal state, electrons move freely, while in the insulator state, electrons cannot flow.
This on/off transition, inherent to vanadium dioxide, is also the basis of computer logic and memory.
This work will be reported at the IEEE International Electron Device Meeting, the leading forum for reporting technological breakthroughs in the semiconductor and electronic device industry, in December."
is by the same team that published the first high-resolution 3-D maps showing how the human genome folds inside the nucleus of a cell.
and then met inside the cell nucleus, "Aiden said.""But this process would lead to interweaving loops and highly entangled chromosomes.
#Umbrella-shaped diamond nanostructures make efficient photon collectors Standard umbrellas come out when the sky turns dark,
a team of researchers in Japan has discovered that"umbrella-shaped"diamond nanostructures with metal mirrors on the bottom are more efficient photon collectors than their diamond nanostructure"cousins"of other shapes.
"Umbrella-shaped diamond provides significantly better photon collection efficiency than bulk diamond or its pillar-shaped diamond counterpart,
The significance of the team's discovery is that they've shown that the brighter fluorescence intensity of umbrella-shaped diamond nanostructures can be achieved by improving the photon collection efficiency of the nitrogen vacancy centers,
Brighter fluorescence intensity is an essential aspect of improving the photon collection efficiency from nitrogen vacancy centers.
Due to the high refractive index (2. 4) of diamond, the photon collection efficiency from the nitrogen vacancy centers in bulk diamond is low."
"Our goal now is to improve the nanostructures'photon collection efficiency, "she said.""We also plan to demonstrate quantum sensors--in particular,
"What's unique about this paper is that we show not the use of metal particles, not the use of metal nanoparticles,
"The particles doing this chemistry are as small as you can possibly get.""Even particles on the nanoscale work only at the surface,
he said.""There are so many atoms inside the nanoparticle that never do anything. But in our process the atoms driving catalysis have no metal atoms next to them.
"Our current study suggests one mechanism at play is that a unique and rare type of tau has the properties we were looking for-it is released from neurons,
"Previous research has shown that tau tangles first appear in a structure located deep within the brain called the entorhinal cortex,
Several 2013 studies from Hyman's group and others showed the movement of a mutant form of tau between brain structures and resultant neurodegeneration in a mouse model.
only 1 percent of the tau in those samples was taken up by the neurons. The tau proteins that were taken up were high molecular weight-meaning that a number of smaller proteins are bound together into a larger molecule-soluble,
and studded with a large number of phosphate molecules, a known characteristic of the tau in Alzheimer's-associated tangles.
The process by which this version of tau passes between neurons was illustrated using a microfluidic device developed at the MGH Biomems Resource Center.
The team found that applying this rare form of tau from the brains of the mouse model to neurons in the first chamber resulted in the protein's being taken up by those neurons and
A few days later, tau was detected at the end of axons extending from the second to the third chamber,
Removal of tau from the first chamber did not cause it to disappear from the second chamber,
Additional experiments with tau from the brains of Alzheimer's patients confirmed that the high-molecular-weight
and uptake of this form of tau is an important step in the spread of disease from one brain region to another,
"The electrons in topological insulators have unique quantum properties that many scientists believe will be useful for developing spin-based electronics and quantum computers.
In Science Advances, the researchers report the discovery of an optical effect that allows them to"tune"the energy of electrons in these materials using light,
which arises from quantum interference between the different simultaneous paths that electrons can take through a material
"Graphene, a one-atom-thick, two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
and stop electrons at will via band-gaps, as they do in computer chips. As a semimetal, graphene naturally has no band-gaps,
a technique using electrons (instead of light or the eyes) to see the characteristics of a sample,
Data gathered from the electron signatures allowed the researchers to create images of the material's dimensions and orientation.
and extent to which electrons scattered throughout the material.""We're looking at fundamental physical properties to verify that it is, in fact,
If the photons merely pass through, or get reflected, they won deposit enough energy for cutting.
When electron-laden lithium ion diffuse across this gap and offload their electrons at the other side,
the researchers did have needed the insight to put the particles through their experimental paces, rather than simply throwing them out.
This means that there was nothing larger or more organized than single subatomic particles the constituents of relatively enormous things like protons.
In general, it been assumed that any particle collider looking to create a sample of quark-gluon plasma would have to smash together very heavy atomic nuclei.
What this particular RHIC experiment did was to create a quark-gluon plasma by colliding a the nucleus of a helium-3 atom with an atom of gold
A helium-3 nucleus is made of two protons (thus, making it helium) and a neutron, making it one neutron lighter than the most common helium isotope On earth.
This three-particle nucleus was chosen because it is one particle heavier than a two-particle deuterium atom,
which the Large hadron collider and the RHIC have smashed previously into gold in search of similar results.
These helium collisions were conducted in 2014 and have just now been published; the team conducted similar tests with single protons in 2015.
The results of those collisions have yet to be published. The ability to create an ever wider array of samples of quark-gluon plasma will be important,
#New quantum dot could make quantum communications possible A new form of quantum dot has been developed by an international team of researchers that can produce identical photons at will,
Many upcoming quantum technologies will require a source of multiple lone photons with identical properties,
The reason we need identical photons for quantum communication comes back to the non-quantum idea of key distribution.
In particular, the wavelength of photons changes as they move down an optical fiber not good since creating photon with precise attributes is the whole source of quantum security.
So, unless youe less than one quantum dot range away from the person you want to talk to,
These quantum dots basically achieve perfect single-photon emission by super-cooling the quantum dots so the emitting atoms do not fluctuate.
reading each photon as it absorbed and reemitted. Potential attackers could install optical splitters so they get
The fact that chlorophyll absorption spectrum makes things surprisingly green reflects the compromises inherent in being able to capture every photon possible
the nucleus contributes the bulk of what they need. Turning down TIC-TOC can therefore turn down photosynthesis
. While Oncor Electric is still sending electrons to its 7. 5 million customers throughout Texas using high-voltage transmission lines,
The electrons are sent then by microgrids to keep those operations running. The concept is catching on nationally,
generating protons and electrons as well as oxygen gas. The photocathode recombines the protons and electrons to form hydrogen gas.
NO EXPLOSIONS A key part of the design is the plastic membrane, which keeps the oxygen and hydrogen gases separate.
and electrons to pass through. The new system uses such a 62.5-nanometer-thick Tio2 layer to effectively prevent corrosion
This catalyst is among the most active known catalysts for splitting water molecules into oxygen, protons,
and electrons and is a key to the device high efficiency. The photoanode was grown onto a photocathode
says Schwab. e all know quantum mechanics explains precisely why electrons behave weirdly. Here wee applying quantum physics to something that is relatively big,
laser cutting, and particle acceleration. ou generally would need a large optical setup, consisting of multiple components,
This phase, characterized by an unusual ordering of electrons, offers possibilities for new electronic device functionalities and could hold the solution to a longstanding mystery in condensed matter physics having to do with high-temperature superconductivityhe ability
first consider a crystal with electrons moving around throughout its interior. Under certain conditions, it can be energetically favorable for these electrical charges to pile up in a regular,
In addition to charge, electrons also have a degree of freedom known as spin. When spins line up parallel to each other (in a crystal, for example
But what if the electrons in a material are ordered not in one of those ways?
And like the cuprates, iridates are electrically insulating antiferromagnets that become increasingly metallic as electrons are added to
where an additional amount of energy is required to strip electrons out of the material. For decades, scientists have debated the origin of the pseudogap
if only briefly, notes Kyros Kutulakos, a professor of computer science at the University of Toronto. ven though wee not sending a huge amount of photons, at short time scales,
Graphene has already been identified as a superior substance for the transformation of photons to electrical current
In other words, the excitation of the molecules of graphene by the laser pulses causes the electrons in the material to heat up,
And, as the electrons in the laser-excited graphene do not cool down rapidly because they do not easily recouple with the graphene lattice,
constant laser pulse excitation of an area of graphene quickly results in superfast electron distribution within the material at constantly elevated electron temperatures.
This rapid conversion to electron heat is converted then into a voltage at the p-n junction of two graphene regions.
This is because their operation is dependent upon overcoming of the binding electron energy inherent in the material for an incoming photon to dislodge an electron
In the ICFO device, the continued excitation of electrons above this band-gap level results in the much faster and easier movement of them when subjected to incoming photons to create an electric current.
"Electron flow at molecular length-scales is dominated by quantum tunneling, "said professor"The efficiency of the tunneling process depends intimately on the degree of alignment of the molecule discrete energy levels with the electrode continuous spectrum.
because the repeated expansion and shrinkage inside the electrode cause aluminium particles to shed their outer layer.
Encasing the aluminum particles within a titanium dioxide shell, however, prevents the shedding, again prolonging the cell's lifetime.
the researchers began by placing aluminum particles about 50 nanometers in diameter in a solution of sulfuric acid and titanium oxysulfate,
After a few hours in the acid, the aluminum particles shrank down to about 30 nanometers while leaving the outer shell unchanged.
but the aluminum particles were damaged hardly, even at very high charging rates. While standard graphite can store approximately 0. 35 ampere-hours per gram (Ah/g),
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011