Synopsis: Nuclear physics: Subatomic particles: Elementary particles: Boson:

Now, researchers from the University of Bristol in the UK and Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in Japan, have pulled off the same feat for light in the quantum world by developing an optical chip that can process photons in an infinite number

This result shows a step change for experiments with photons and what the future looks like for quantum technologies.

Now anybody can run their own experiments with photons, much like they operate any other piece of software on a computer.

"The study was supported also by X-ray experiments at SSRL and at Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced Photon Source."

and Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2009cb918500) and the National Natural science Foundation of China (21173013,11021463) to L. L. This research used the Advanced Photon Source for protein crystallography data collection

or photons, using an artificially constructed atom, known as a semiconductor quantum dot. Thanks to the enhanced optical properties of this system and the technique used to make the measurements,

That meant we were able to reach the necessary conditions to observe this fundamental property of photons

and prove that this odd phenomenon of squeezing really exists at the level of a single photon.

what photons should do.""Like a lot of quantum physics, the principles behind squeezing light involve some mind-boggling concepts.

It looks like there are zero photons present, but actually there is just a tiny bit more than nothing."

This excited the quantum dot and led to the emission of a stream of individual photons.

Atature added that the main point of the study was simply to attempt to see this property of single photons,

#Ideal single-photon source developed With the help of a semiconductor quantum dot, physicists have developed a new type of light source that emits single photons.

For the first time, the researchers have managed to create a stream of identical photons. They have reported their findings in the scientific journal Nature Communications together with colleagues from the University of Bochum.

A single-photon source never emits two or more photons at the same time. Single photons are important in the field of quantum information technology where, for example,

they are used in quantum computers. Alongside the brightness and robustness of the light source the indistinguishability of the photons is especially crucial.

In particular, this means that all photons must be the same color. Creating such a source of identical single photons has proven very difficult in the past.

However, quantum dots made of semiconductor materials are offering new hope. A quantum dot is a collection of a few hundred thousand atoms that can form itself into a semiconductor under certain conditions.

Single electrons can be captured in these quantum dots and locked into a very small area. An individual photon is emitted

when an engineered quantum state collapses. Noise in the semiconductor A team of scientists led by Dr. Andreas Kuhlmann and Prof.

Richard J. Warburton from the University of Basel have shown already in past publications that the indistinguishability of the photons is reduced by the fluctuating nuclear spin of the quantum dot atoms.

For the first time ever, the scientists have managed to control the nuclear spin to such an extent that even photons sent out at very large intervals are the same color.

Quantum cryptography and quantum communication are two potential areas of application for single-photon sources.

These technologies could make it possible to perform calculations that are far beyond the capabilities of today's computers.

and cools it in a way that allows it to convert more photons into electricity. The work by Shanhui Fan, a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford, research associate Aaswath P. Raman and doctoral candidate Linxiao Zhu is described in the current issue of Proceedings of the National Academy

the less efficient they become at converting the photons in light into useful electricity. The Stanford solution is based on a thin,

The achievement was made possible by advanced single-photon detectors designed and made at NIST.""Only about 1 percent of photons make it all the way through 100 km of fiber,

"NIST's Marty Stevens says.""We never could have done this experiment without these new detectors,

when in a sequence of time slots a single photon arrives. The teleportation method is novel in that four of NIST's photon detectors were positioned to filter out specific quantum states.

The detectors rely on superconducting nanowires made of molybdenum silicide. They can record more than 80 percent of arriving photons,

revealing whether they are in the same or different time slots each just 1 nanosecond long.

or waveguide to emit photons which are always in phase with one another, "said Philip Munoz,

& Photon Science and LLNL Physical and Life sciences (PLS) Directorate. lot of unique engineering efforts were put into this,

The new technology, developed by a team of scientists from Argonne Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) and the Advanced Photon Source (APS), involves a small microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirror only

The MEMS device acts as an ultrafast mirror reflecting X-rays at precise times and specific angles. xtremely compact devices such as this promise a revolution in our ability to manipulate photons coming from synchrotron light sources,

Associate Laboratory Director for Photon Sciences and Director of the Advanced Photon Source. his is a premier example of the innovation that results from collaboration between nanoscientists and X-ray scientists.

more elaborate X-ray optical schemes for studying the structure and dynamics of matter at atomic length and time scales, added Edgar Weckert, the director of photon science at DESY,

These include newly planned light source facilities such as the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade. uch small sources

Working at the Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) and the Advanced Photon Source (APS), two DOE Office of Science User Facilities located at Argonne,

Atoms of rubidium are known as bosons, for their even number of nucleons and electrons. When cooled to near absolute zero

bosons form what called a Bose-Einstein condensate a superfluid state that was discovered first co by Ketterle,

The scattering photons from the laser bounce off obstacles and make their way back to sensors in the camera.

The dimensions of that unseen space are recreated then based on the time stamp of the photons that scatter back to the camera.

or brain region. e want to precisely control where photons are being sent to activate different cells, Newman said. ptogenetics allows genetic specification

or photons, using an artificially constructed atom, known as a semiconductor quantum dot. Thanks to the enhanced optical properties of this system and the technique used to make the measurements,

That meant we were able to reach the necessary conditions to observe this fundamental property of photons

and prove that this odd phenomenon of squeezing really exists at the level of a single photon.

what photons should do. Like a lot of quantum physics the principles behind squeezing light involve some mind-boggling concepts.

It looks like there are zero photons present, but actually there is just a tiny bit more than nothing.

This excited the quantum dot and led to the emission of a stream of individual photons.

Atature added that the main point of the study was simply to attempt to see this property of single photons,

and then determined the structure employing synchrotron protein crystallography at the Advanced Photon Source, a DOE Office of Science User Facility (both at Argonne).

Until now, scientists have had to use separate manipulations to increase photon absorption and electron transfer. The new electrode, described in Nature Communications,

This increased the efficiency of both photon absorption and electron transport. It was found that as well as increasing the transport of electrons by creating efectsin the bismuth vanadate,

as controlling light with light is somewhat difficult as photons do not interact with other photons like electrons do said,

Smart separatorin the last couple of years we've been thinking about building a smart separator that can detect shorting before the dendrites reach the cathode said Cui a member of the photon science faculty at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

#Revving up fluorescence for superfast LEDS Duke university researchers have made fluorescent molecules emit photons of light 1000 times faster than normal--setting a speed record

In an LED atoms can be forced to emit roughly 10 million photons in the blink of an eye.

To make future light-based communications using LEDS practical researchers must get photon-emitting materials up to speed.

In a new study engineers from Duke increased the photon emission rate of fluorescent molecules to record levels by sandwiching them between metal nanocubes and a gold film.

When fluorescent molecules are placed near intensified light the molecules emit photons at a faster rate through an effect called Purcell enhancement.

We could also make fast sources of single photons that could be used for quantum cryptography.

Many of his experiments depend on observing light in the form of photons--the particle complement of light waves

--and sometimes only one photon at a time, using"smart"detectors that can count the number of individual photons in a pulse.

when counting the number of photons in a light pulse, can really only count up to zero,

and small-photon-number light detection. The physicists were surprised that they could so easily obtain such a sharp interference effect using standard light detectors.

those for which each"click"denoting an arrival tells us only that more than zero photons have arrived?

we can arrange that the probability of more than one photon is very low, so a click tells us that with good accuracy that indeed just one photon has arrived.

But then if we design the light so that its limited coherence time is larger than the recovery time of our stupid detectors,

it is possible for the detector to tell us that a specific number of photons were recorded, perhaps 3 or 10,

This improved counting the number of photons, or equivalently the intensity of the light at various places at the measuring screen, ensures that the set of correlations between the two detectors does result in an interference-like pattern in those correlations.

Mass-Selected Photoelectron Circular Dichroism (MS-PECD) uses circularly polarised light produced by a laser to ionise the molecules using a couple of photons to knock an electron out of the chiral molecule to leave a positively charged ion behind.

The researchers created an algorithm that analyzes the percentage of photons absorbed by each filter,

The aim of creating integrated circuits that use photons rather than electrons sometimes called integrated photonic circuits,

The cloak is very thinnly about a tenth the size of the wavelength of the photons it scatteringnd lossless

and organic materials convert low energy photons into visible light that a solar cell can capture. Cadmium selenide nanocrystals with one kind of organic coating left produced violet light,

or pconvertedinto a higher energy photon that is readily absorbed by photovoltaic cells, generating electricity from light that would normally be wasted.

which capture the infrared photons, and organic molecules, which help combine the energy from these photons together into an upconverted photon.

In experiments lead selenide nanocrystals captured near-infrared photons, and the organic compound rubrene emitted visible yellow-orange photons.

The researchers noted that lead selenide nanocrystals and rubrene were relatively inefficient at upconversion. However, in experiments with a hybrid material made of cadmium selenide nanocrystals and the organic compound diphenylanthracene,

which absorbs green light and emits violet light, the investigators could boost upconversion up to a thousandfold by coating the nanocrystals with anthracene, a component of coal tar.

The scientists added that the ability to upconvert two low energy photons into one high-energy photon has potential applications in biological imaging, high-density data storage,

and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDS) L

#Google s Unified Privacy Policy Draws Threat Of $15m Fine In The netherlands The national data protection authority in The netherlands has warned Google that it could be fined up to $15 million

When a constant current is applied to an LED light bulb a constant stream of photons are emitted from the bulb

To make the ceramic nano-trusses Greer s lab uses a technique called two-photon interference lithography.

Pentaquark was predicted first to exist in the 1960s but, much like the Higgs boson particle before it,

Using the momentum transferred from solar photons as they strike a large, thin, reflective sail would allow a spacecraft to accelerate continuously using only the sun energy.

This DOE component is structured a micro optical element designed to modulate the photon propagation within the skin tissue

even down to the level of very small packets of quantum energy (a single photon.

It was predicted first to exist in the 1960s but, much like the Higgs boson particle before it,

As the beam hits these molecules, it can produce photons that have a different frequency from the laser light.

Analysis of the collisions has already proved the existence of the Higgs boson a particle that gives mass to matter,

photons from the sun will strike the sail and push it forwards, similar to how a sail On earth catches the wind.

and are created when the energy from the laser ionises the air and releases extra energy in the form of photons

The world's largest atom-smashing machine is most famous for proving the existence of the Higgs boson.

but its power has now been increased to a record-breaking 13 tera-electron volts (Tev)- up from 7 Tev at the time it managed to detect the Higgs boson in 2013.

'It took 50 years to find the Higgs boson and 20 years to build this machine,

and have reached efficiencies that are already comparable to organic LEDS in terms of quantum efficiency (photons emitted per electron injected).

Its achievable bandgap also makes silicon highly absorptive to incoming energy sources like photons, and today most solar cells are based on silicon.

#New material combines photons for big solar energy gains An innovative new approach to solar energy from University of California Riverside could dramatically increase the amount of light available to contemporary solar panel designs.

They created an all-new hybrid material that takes two photons of 980-nanometer infrared light shone onto it and p convertsthem into one photon of 550-nanometer orange yellow light.

This photon has almost double the energy of the originals and more importantly, it exists in a form that existing solar panels can absorb.

which takes these long-wavelength photons and combines them. The resulting, lower-wavelength photons can move on to be absorbed by the transistors of the solar panel as normal,

just as though it has been that color upon first arrival. The overall costs of solar power lie much more in installation, maintenance,

The ability to accurately convert photons between wavelengths could have a wide range of applications, from medical imaging to optical data storage,

Qubits are the basic unit of data in quantum computing. e composed dots to emanate photons

When a photon hits a silicon atom inside a solar cell, the excess energy frees up an electron that is later used to generate electricity.

effectively wasting the energy provided by the photon. Recombination is proportional to the surface area of the silicon

it also provides a similar capability for efficient photon release in an electrically-heated situation."

Now, researchers Fuqiang Liu and colleagues have created a PEC cell that includes a specially designed photoelectrode (the component that converts incoming photons into electrons.

But a small number of photons about 1 in 10 million--scatter with less energy

and emit photons (light) in the process. Crank up the current and voltage enough and the filament in the light bulb hits temperatures of about 5, 400 degrees Fahrenheit (3, 000 degrees Celsius) for an incandescent.

the photons of light must be converted to electrons before a router or computer can handle the information.

And because photonic chips shuttle photons instead of electrons mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets built with this technology would consume less power,

But if microchips could use photons instead of electrons to process and transmit data, computers could operate even faster.

The quantum dots, in turn, produce a directional, efficient emission of photons that can be turned on and off at more than 90 gigahertz. here is great interest in replacing lasers with LEDS for short-distance optical communication,

lack of efficiency and inability to direct the photons, said Gleb Akselrod, a postdoctoral research in Mikkelsen laboratory. ow we have made an important step towards solving these problems. he eventual goal is to integrate our technology into a device that can be excited either optically

The group is now working to use the plasmonic structure to create a single photon source necessity for extremely secure quantum communicationsy sandwiching a single quantum dot in the gap between the silver nanocube and gold foil.

But if microchips could use photons instead of electrons to process and transmit data, computers could operate even faster.

The quantum dots, in turn, produce a directional, efficient emission of photons that can be turned on and off at more than 90 gigahertz. here is great interest in replacing lasers with LEDS for short-distance optical communication,

lack of efficiency and inability to direct the photons, said Gleb Akselrod, a postdoctoral research in Mikkelsen laboratory. ow we have made an important step towards solving these problems.?

is pushing pretty hard for. he group is now working to use the plasmonic structure to create a single photon source necessity for extremely secure quantum communicationsy sandwiching a single quantum dot in the gap between the silver nanocube and gold foil.

The hybrid material we have come up with first captures two infrared photons that would normally pass right through a solar cell without being converted to electricity,

then adds their energies together to make one higher energy photon. This upconverted photon is absorbed readily by photovoltaic cells,

generating electricity from light that normally would be wasted. ardeen added that these materials are essentially eshaping the solar spectrumso that it better matches the photovoltaic materials used today in solar cells.

The cadmium selenide nanocrystals could convert visible wavelengths to ultraviolet photons while the lead selenide nanocrystals could convert near-infrared photons to visible photons.

In lab experiments, the researchers directed 980-nanometer infrared light at the hybrid material, which then generated upconverted orange yellow fluorescent 550-nanometer light,

almost doubling the energy of the incoming photons. The researchers were able to boost the upconversion process by up to three orders of magnitude by coating the cadmium selenide nanocrystals with organic ligands,

but are good at combining two lower energy photons to a higher energy photon. By using a hybrid material,

the inorganic component absorbs two photons and passes their energy on to the organic component for combination.

The organic compounds then produce one high-energy photon. Put simply, the inorganics in the composite material take light in;

the ability to upconvert two low energy photons into one high energy photon has potential applications in biological imaging, data storage and organic light-emitting diodes.

from red to blue, can impact any technology that involves photons as inputs or outputs,

The hybrid material we have come up with first captures two infrared photons that would normally pass right through a solar cell without being converted to electricity,

then adds their energies together to make one higher energy photon. This upconverted photon is absorbed readily by photovoltaic cells,

generating electricity from light that normally would be wasted. ardeen added that these materials are essentially eshaping the solar spectrumso that it better matches the photovoltaic materials used today in solar cells.

The cadmium selenide nanocrystals could convert visible wavelengths to ultraviolet photons while the lead selenide nanocrystals could convert near-infrared photons to visible photons.

In lab experiments, the researchers directed 980-nanometer infrared light at the hybrid material, which then generated upconverted orange yellow fluorescent 550-nanometer light,

almost doubling the energy of the incoming photons. The researchers were able to boost the upconversion process by up to three orders of magnitude by coating the cadmium selenide nanocrystals with organic ligands,

but are good at combining two lower energy photons to a higher energy photon. By using a hybrid material,

the inorganic component absorbs two photons and passes their energy on to the organic component for combination.

The organic compounds then produce one high-energy photon. Put simply, the inorganics in the composite material take light in;

the ability to upconvert two low energy photons into one high energy photon has potential applications in biological imaging, data storage and organic light-emitting diodes.

from red to blue, can impact any technology that involves photons as inputs or outputs,

produces fragile entangled photons in a more efficient way February 16th, 2015quantum research past, present and future for discussion at AAAS February 16th, 2015discoveries Enhanced Graphene Components for Next Generation Racing yacht March 5th, 2015american Chemical Society Presidential Symposia:

or photon, Boyd wondered if he, like Millikan, could devise a method for cleaning his copper

which are tiny crystals of a semiconductor material that can emit single photons of light.

"Photons of light carry information over the Internet through fiber-optic networks. But once a data stream reaches a home or office destination,

the photons of light must be converted to electrons before a router or computer can handle the information.

And because photonic chips shuttle photons instead of electrons, mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets built with this technology would consume less power,

2015entangled photons unlock new supersensitive characterisation of quantum technology June 1st, 2015stanford breakthrough heralds super-efficient light-based computers:

2015entangled photons unlock new supersensitive characterisation of quantum technology June 1st, 2015ucf Research and Innovation Recognized at International Conference May 31st,201 0

2015entangled photons unlock new supersensitive characterisation of quantum technology June 1st, 2015laboratories World's smallest spirals could guard against identity theft June 4th, 2015using robots at Berkeley Lab,

and causing atoms in the material to emit energy in the form of electrons rather than photons.

The wavelength of the infrared photon directed at a molecule is around 6 microns (6, 000 nanometres),

thereby increasing the material ability to convert electrons into light particles, or photons. With this technique, the multilayer Mos2 semiconductors are at least as efficient as monolayer ones.

"To make use of the photon's energy, it must be absorbed rather than scattered back out.

The researchers report in Nano Letters that by combining inorganic semiconductor nanocrystals with organic molecules, they have succeeded in"upconverting"photons in the visible and near-infrared regions of the solar spectrum."

The hybrid material we have come up with first captures two infrared photons that would normally pass right through a solar cell without being converted to electricity,

then adds their energies together to make one higher energy photon. This upconverted photon is absorbed readily by photovoltaic cells,

generating electricity from light that normally would be wasted.""Bardeen added that these materials are essentially"reshaping the solar spectrum

The cadmium selenide nanocrystals could convert visible wavelengths to ultraviolet photons, while the lead selenide nanocrystals could convert near-infrared photons to visible photons.

In lab experiments the researchers directed 980-nanometer infrared light at the hybrid material, which then generated upconverted orange yellow fluorescent 550-nanometer light,

almost doubling the energy of the incoming photons. The researchers were able to boost the upconversion process by up to three orders of magnitude by coating the cadmium selenide nanocrystals with organic ligands,

but are good at combining two lower energy photons to a higher energy photon. By using a hybrid material,

the inorganic component absorbs two photons and passes their energy on to the organic component for combination.

The organic compounds then produce one high-energy photon. Put simply, the inorganics in the composite material take light in;

"Besides solar energy, the ability to upconvert two low energy photons into one high energy photon has potential applications in biological imaging, data storage and organic light-emitting diodes.

from red to blue, can impact any technology that involves photons as inputs or outputs,

"Photons of light carry information over the Internet through fiber-optic networks. But once a data stream reaches a home or office destination,

the photons of light must be converted to electrons before a router or computer can handle the information.

And because photonic chips shuttle photons instead of electrons, mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets built with this technology would consume less power,

As the beam hits these molecules, it can produce photons that have a different frequency from the laser light.

which excite coherent three-photon photoemission at a single crystal silver surface. The interferogram is taken from a movie of photoelectron energy vs. momentum with one frame corresponding to a 50-attosecond delay.

Excitons, or particles of the light-matter interaction where light photons become temporarily entangled with electrons in molecules

Firing pulses of a trillion x-ray photons at molecular-sized samples in time scales on the order of million-billionths of a second (femtoseconds

Understanding the effects that these ultra-intense x-ray pulses will have on their potential targets will take the team work of Argonne National Laboratorys Advanced Photon Source (APS) and the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF), both

when x-ray photons collide with the electrons of a target samplea specific atom or enzyme molecule, for instanceand scatter.

These scatterings are captured as images by photon detectors inside the machine. From the dizzying cascade of lines

The photon/electron collisions create infinite and simultaneous quantum reactions, where electrons emerge and disappear and new particles propagate,

and causing atoms in the material to emit energy in the form of electrons rather than photons.

an exciting world-record performance,'said study co-author Yi Cui, an associate professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford and of photon science at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

< Back - Next >

Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011