The sensors detected changes in oxygen pressure as small as 15 millimeters of mercury and it took less than 10 minutes to see the effects of a change in inhaled gas.
The knee now used by thousands of patients worldwide utilizes iron particles suspended in oil between steel plates
Inventors just care a lot about their inventions and that passion and commitment fuels commercial progress.
The work was supported by the U s. Department of energy and by the National Science Foundation and used facilities of the Eni-MIT Solar Frontiers Center r
Unlike fuels that are burned this system uses material that can be reused continually. It produces no emissions
The work was supported by BP though the MIT Energy Initiative and the U s. Department of energy Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy n
which could be useful for converting agricultural waste to biofuels. Other potential applications include diagnostic devices and scaffolds for tissue engineering.
They shopped their phages to bacteria-plagued industries such as oil and water treatment, where biofilms build up in pipelines before seeing firsthand that the food industry as in desperate need of new detection technologies.
Most food manufacturers were still using traditional assays, Lu says, with some still using pen and paper or spreadsheets to track contamination hich makes it nearly impossible to gather large amounts of data,
and corrode oil pipelines, or to detect the pathogenic bacteria that sometimes cause oil to sour by changing its composition.
The next practical application however, is most likely in health care, with the potential for clinical diagnostics or rapid detection of contamination in hospital rooms with the aim of decreasing the 1. 7 million cases of hospital-associated infections recorded in the United states each year.
and fuel, release the oxygen that we breathe, and add beauty to our surroundings. Now, a team of MIT researchers wants to make plants even more useful by augmenting them with nanomaterials that could enhance their energy production
they also modified plants to detect the gas nitric oxide. Together these represent the first steps in launching a scientific field the researchers have dubbed lant nanobionics. lants are very attractive as a technology platform,
What is the impact of nanoparticles on the production of chemical fuels like glucose? Giraldo says.
Lean green machines The researchers also showed that they could turn Arabidopsis thaliana plants into chemical sensors by delivering carbon nanotubes that detect the gas nitric oxide,
and fuel consumption electric and hybrid cars and trucks struggled for years to find a solid customer base.
and charging them requires plug-in infrastructure that s still sparse in the United states. Now MIT spinout XL Hybrids is upfitting (and retrofitting) gas and diesel commercial vans and trucks with fuel-saving add-on electric powertrains
and Fedex among others can provide a 20 percent reduction in fuel consumption and CO2 EMISSIONS. The goal is to reduce oil consumption with cost-effective electric drive technology where fleets don t need additional infrastructure
and don t need a large battery says Tod Hynes 02 co-founding president of XL Hybrids and a lecturer at the MIT Sloan School of management.
But XL Hybrids innovation comes from targeting commercial fleet vehicles with a good value proposition all around Hynes says offering low-cost equipment quick installation savings on gas and oil and easy integration.
At the end of the day it s about making the economics work to compete against the price of fuel Hynes says adding We re able to do a lot with a little.
XL Hybrids installs small 1. 8-kwh lithium-ion batteries that provide a 20 percent fuel savings Hynes says.
which involves running a vehicle on treadmill-like rollers to estimate fuel mileage in urban driving.
With this savings companies can expect to save 4000 gallons of fuel over the life of an XL Hybrids system Hynes says.
When a fleet customer looks at the numbers they want to see benefits based on fuel savings
It has an oil problem he says. We re very dependent on oil: We rely on imports
and more than 95 percent of transportation fuel is oil. So he quit his job in 2008 with the aim of starting a company to cut oil consumption.
With rising innovations in batteries and advanced power inverters and motors Hynes backed into a technological solution with retrofitted electric powertrains.
Reconnecting with former mentor Bill Aulet now managing director of the Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship Hynes put the final pieces into place.
The MIT team found that they could create novel sensors by coating the nanotubes with specifically designed amphiphilic polymers polymers that are drawn to both oil and water, like soap.
and fuel-injected engines, as well as for processes such as spray cooling of hot metal. One application now being considered by Varanasi
such as in deep-sea oil wells. By creating a computer model of that microstructure and studying its response to various conditions,
including materials used in aircraft, oil wells, and other critical industrial applications. Metal fatigue, for example which can result from an accumulation of nanoscale cracks over time s probably the most common failure modefor structural metals in general
The work was funded by the BP-MIT Materials and Corrosion Center l
#Better robot vision Object recognition is one of the most widely studied problems in computer vision.
supplying them with the essential gas. This blood deoxygenation causes the hemoglobin in sickle cells to form long fibrous chains,
Oxygen diffuses from the gas compartment to the microfluidic channel, allowing researchers to control how much oxygen cells are exposed to.
have helped replace thousands of kerosene lanterns usually burned in homes for lighting; such lanterns spew out black carbon that contributes to global warming and indoor air pollution.
These stoves, Wu says, cook twice as fast, with half the charcoal. Moreover, Wu says,
And schools, municipalities, oil refineries, and other organizations have hired Essess to scan their facilities and find, for instance, fixes that might affect their heating bills in the winter,
including an oil company in Thailand and Japanese heavy-equipment manufacturer IHI Corp. The process has received eight patents
high-quality fuels from low-quality oil New findings released by MIT researchers could help energy companies implement a long-recognized process for converting heavy, high-sulfur crude oil into high-value,
cleaner fuels such as gasoline without using hydrogen a change that would reduce costs, energy use, and carbon dioxide emissions.
The process involves combining oil with water under such high pressures and temperatures that they mix together, molecule by molecule,
and the role played by the water in breaking apart the heavy oil compounds and shifting the sulfur into easily removable gases.
They have formulated also models that show how best to mix the oil and water to promote the desired reactions critical guidance for the design of commercial-scale reactors.
More than a third of the world energy needs are met using oil, and our reliance on that convenient, high-energy density resource will likely continue for decades to come, especially in the transportation sector.
But converting crude oil into lightweight, clean-burning, high-quality fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel is getting harder.
In the past, oil found in the ground tended to be lightweight, clean, and easily made into high-value fuels.
Now, more and more of it is heavy thick, tarry material that, when refined, yields a higher fraction of lower-value products such as asphalt along with solid chunks of waste called coke.
Moreover, newly discovered oil contains ever-higher concentrations of sulfur, a contaminant that, when burned, produces gases that are regulated now strictly
because they interfere with pollution control systems in vehicles and contribute to acid rain and smog. Processes now used to upgrade
and desulfurize heavy crude oil are expensive and energy-intensive, and they require hydrogen, which companies typically produce from natural gas a high-cost process that consumes valuable gas resources
and releases high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2). o there a lot of interest in finding alternative processes for converting low-quality crude oil into valuable fuels with less residual coke and for removing the sulfur efficiently
and economically without using hydrogen, says Ahmed Ghoniem, the Ronald C. Crane('72) Professor of Mechanical engineering at MIT.
One approach calls for using water rather than natural gas as the source of the hydrogen molecules needed for key chemical reactions in the refining process.
Ordinarily, oil and water won mix, so the molecules can eeone another and chemically react.
but spreads out to fill a confined space as a gas does. Add oil to supercritical water (SCW) and stir,
and the two will mix together perfectly, setting the stage for the desired chemical reactions without any added hydrogen from natural gas.
Industrial and academic researchers have demonstrated that mixing heavy oils with SCW produces lighter hydrocarbons (compounds of hydrogen
and carbon atoms) containing less sulfur and forming less waste coke. But no one has understood exactly how it happens
and oil molecules react and about the flows and mixing behaviors that will produce the desired reactions and reaction products.
When crude oil is mixed with SCW, the hundreds of chemical compounds present can react together in different combinations and at different rates,
in some cases producing intermediate compounds that are involved then in further reactions. he challenge with SCW processing is that you have to let the oil
and the products ultimately include lighter hydrocarbons that are converted readily into valuable light fuels. The sulfur combines with hydrogen atoms to form hydrogen sulfide, a gas that can easily be removed
and dealt with using existing technology. Green notes that some of those reactions came as a surprise. eople didn expect them
Those results define for the first time the key roles played by water in the SCW system. e confirmed that the hydrogen atoms needed to convert the sulfur to hydrogen sulfide can be provided by water rather than by hydrogen gas,
When oil is injected into flowing SCW, interactions between the two flows determine how mixing and heating proceed, first at the macroscale and then down to the microscale at
and oil near a eejunction consisting of a horizontal pipe with a smaller pipe coming into it from the top.
and cold oil here a sample hydrocarbon is injected into it through a vertical pipe. Figure 2 in the slideshow above shows how the SCW
and oil mix as they flow down the pipe from left to right. The walls of the circular pipe are shown not.
mixing the oil and SCW together. Moving along the pipe, the vortices break down, and mixing rates decay.
Blue regions are rich in cold oil; red regions are rich in hot SCW; and regions shown in intermediate colors have varying concentrations of the two fluids.
The oil enters the cross section at the top and water at the bottom. As the spinning vortices form, the oil is driven downward near the center of the pipe,
and the water is driven upward along the walls. In the first cross section, the interface layer between the oil
and SWC is thin and sharp. In subsequent cross sections, that layer expands and diffuses, showing the extent of the mixing.
Given design and operating details the kind of oil; pressures, speeds, and temperatures of the incoming flows;
which various oils will diffuse and mix in SCW an effect first discovered in their modeling analyses.
and upgrading technologies to create a combined system that will make it practical to continue producing high-value fuels from all kinds of oil for decades to come.
In that case, both the plastic and the oil-based sauce are hydrophobic and interact together.
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carcinogenic compounds formed from incomplete combustion of fuels, from contaminated soil. The process is irreversible
While this can be achieved through biological conversion (using bacteria to convert the nitrate to nitrogen gas),
and represents a clean and ultimate replacement for fossil fuels in the future. Over the past decades enormous efforts have been invested in developing efficient
which are competitive to the fossil fuel. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) has been regarded as one of the promising candidates for large-scale low-cost and efficient solar energy harvesting.
The team's discovery comes after nearly a century of failed attempts by other labs to compress separate carbon-containing molecules like liquid benzene into an ordered diamond-like nanomaterial.
We used the large high-pressure Paris-Edinburgh device at Oak ridge National Laboratory to compress a 6-millimeter-wide amount of benzene a gigantic amount compared with previous experiments said Malcolm Guthrie of the Carnegie Institution for Science
The molecule they compressed is benzene a flat ring containing six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms.
During the compression process the scientists report the flat benzene molecules stack together bend and break apart.
That the atoms of the benzene molecules link themselves together at room temperature to make a thread is shocking to chemists and physicists.
when the benzene molecule breaks under very high pressure its atoms want to grab onto something else
This benzene then becomes highly reactive so that when we release the pressure very slowly an orderly polymerization reaction happens that forms the diamond-core nanothread.
Our discovery that we can use the natural alignment of the benzene molecules to guide the formation of this new diamond nanothread material is really interesting
and light materials especially those that could help to protect the atmosphere including lighter more fuel efficient
#Toward a low-cost'artificial leaf'that produces clean hydrogen fuel For years scientists have been pursuing artificial leaf technology a green approach to making hydrogen fuel that copies plants'ability to convert sunlight into a form of energy they can use.
Automakers have started introducing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles which only emit water when driven. But making hydrogen which mostly comes from natural gas requires electricity from conventional carbon dioxide-emitting power plants.
Producing hydrogen at low cost from water using the clean energy from the sun would make this form of energy
and exposed to sunlight produces hydrogen gas. The scientists say that the technique could allow their technology to be scaled up at low cost.
Nanoporous carbon materials can also adsorb gas pollutants work as environmental filters or be used in water treatment.
We also came up with nanostructured cleaning fluids such as oil-in-water microemulsions for the removal of dirt and unwanted coatings on works of art.
#Protons fuel graphene prospects Graphene impermeable to all gases and liquids can easily allow protons to pass through it,
Fuel cells use oxygen and hydrogen as a fuel and convert the input chemical energy directly into electricity.
One of the major problems is a fuel crossover through the existing proton membranes which reduces their efficiency and durability.
or monolayer boron nitride can allow the existing membranes to become thinner and more efficient with less fuel crossover and poisoning.
You put a hydrogen-containing gas on one side apply small electric current and collect pure hydrogen on the other side.
if biochar a byproduct of the a process that converts plants materials into biofuel could be used in place of expensive activated carbon to make electrodes for supercapacitors.
So there's probably something exciting in the pipeline its actually quite a refreshing approach but very different from how you'd traditionally go about developing a diagnostic.
This excess oxygen leached at faster and faster rates over time actually contributes to the risk of failure and acts as fuel for a potential fire.
#Nanoparticle technology triples the production of biogas Researchers of the Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), a Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence,
which allows increasing the production of biogas by 200%with a controlled introduction of iron oxide nanoparticles to the process of organic waste treatment.
This additive substantially increases the production of biogas and at the same time transforms the iron nanoparticles into innocuous salt."
"We believe we are offering a totally innovative approach to the improvement of biogas production and organic waste treatment,
According to researchers, today's biogas production is not very efficient-only 30 to 40 per cent of organic matter is converted into biogas
"The first tests conducted with Biogàsplus demonstrated that product increases up to 200%the production of this combustible gas.
thereby greatly increasing the production of biogas, a renewable energy which is growing steadily and is accessible to everyone,
they actually stimulated the production of biogas, "he adds. Researchers saw this discovery as the opportunity to begin a business project
This year Biogàsplus was one of the finalists in the third edition of the Repsol Entrepreneurs Fund."
and we decided to send the proposal to the Repsol Foundation, so they could help us further develop the product
This progress has important applications in sectors such as chemical, petrochemical and energy, thus becoming a useful technology in all industrial applications using heat transfer systems such as solar power plants, nuclear power plants, combined-cycle power plants and heating, among other.
The most widely used thermal fluids are water, ethylene glycol, thermal oils and molten salts. One characteristic that is common to all of them, according to Juliá, is"their low thermal conductivity,
the nanofluid developed is based on a heat transfer oil (diphenyl/diphenyl oxide) that is widely used in industry,
and then MWCNT@S and VACNTS were assembled into macro-CNT-S films via the dispersion in ethanol followed by vacuum filtration",Zhe Yuan,
The reason you'd like to be in ion mode is to have the most efficient conversion of the mass of the propellant into the momentum of the spacecraft t
'Suppose you fill the vesicle with fuel and medicines then you could transport the vesicle by creating a small opening
and only allow the fuel to get out. Then you could unload the remaining cargo at the destination.'
#Researchers uncover properties in nanocomposite oxide ceramics for reactor fuel Nanocomposite oxide ceramics have potential uses as ferroelectrics fast ion conductors
and nuclear fuels and for storing nuclear waste generating a great deal of scientific interest on the structure properties and applications of these blended materials.
In the context of nuclear energy composites have been proposed for the fuel itself as a way for example to improve the basic properties of the material such as the thermal conductivity.
It is the thermal conductivity that dictates how efficiently energy can be extracted from the fuel. Composites have also been created to store the by-products of the nuclear energy cycle nuclear waste where the different components of the composite can each store a different part of the waste.
Reactor fuel behavior better understood with phonon insights More information: The research is described in a paper out this week in Nature Communications Termination chemistry-driven dislocation structure at Srtio3/Mgo heterointerfaces s
boilers or gas dispensers, said López Cuellar. Manufacturing methods of the alloys are very specific,
The commercial separation process uses natural gas to react with superheated steam to strip away hydrogen atoms producing hydrogen fuel
is proof that hydrogen can be produced without burning fossil fuels. The scale is small, a little smaller than the diameter of spider silk.
Scaling this research up in the future may mean that you could replace the gas in your cars and generators with hydrogen greener option,
because burning hydrogen fuel emits only water vapor.""Many researchers are looking to inorganic materials for new sources of energy,
Her team's discovery may provide future consumers a biologically-inspired alternative to gasoline.""These are the types of discoveries we can make at Argonne,
we were able to demonstrate an energy-rich biologically-inspired alternative to gas.""This research,"Photoinduced Electron Transfer pathways in Hydrogen-Evolving Reduced graphene oxide-Boosted Hybrid Nano-Bio Catalyst,
a laboratory usually devoted to studying fuel cellshe kind that run on methane or hydrogened by Shriram Ramanathan, Associate professor of Materials science at the Harvard School of engineering and Applied sciences (SEAS.
But pentacene made of five benzene molecules joined in a line breaks down under normal environmental conditions.
The study Real-time imaging and local elemental analysis of nanostructures in liquids was published in the journal Chemical Communications with researchers from the University of Manchester and BP.
652 F). Hydrogen gas was passed then through the chamber and the evaporated atoms from one of the materials were carried toward a cooler region of the tube
This represents a strong limitation for flexible electronics in a wide range of applications from active matrix displays to ultrafast light detectors and gas sensors.
#Simple inexpensive fabrication procedure boosts light-capturing capabilities of tiny holes carved into silicon wafers Increasing the cost-effectiveness of photovoltaic devices is critical to making these renewable energy sources competitive with traditional fossil fuels.
It manufactures the material by blowing out gas called the source gas onto the board.
where they focused on the oil wetting property. From this they developed self-cleaning surfaces under water with inspiration coming from fish skin.
"In a liquid and gas, it's mobile and people understand that, but in a solid we don't expect this behavior.
This new form of solid stable light-sensitive nanoparticles called colloidal quantum dots could lead to cheaper and more flexible solar cells as well as better gas sensors infrared lasers infrared light emitting diodes and more.
#New method stabilizes common semiconductors for solar fuels generation Researchers around the world are trying to develop solar-driven generators that can split water yielding hydrogen gas that could be used as clean fuel.
The finding paves the way for the use of these materials in solar fuel generators. For the better part of a half century these materials have been considered off the table for this kind of use says Nate Lewis the George L. Argyros Professor and professor of chemistry at Caltech and the principal investigator on the paper.
In the type of integrated solar fuel generator that JCAP is striving to produce two half-reactions must take placene involving the oxidation of water to produce oxygen gas;
the other involving the reduction of water yielding hydrogen gas. Each half-reaction requires both a light-absorbing material to serve as the photoelectrode
what was needed for this solar fuel generator application Deposited as a film ranging in thickness between 4 and 143 nanometers the Tio2 remained optically transparent on the semiconductor crystalsllowing them to absorb lightnd protected them from corrosion
"said Walter."Work with these enzymes could lead to future applications in green energy production such as fuel cells using biomaterials for fuel."
but by the sum of multiple weaker forces the attraction of positive and negative charges and the tendency of nonpolar (oil-like) substances to seek each other
Synthetic natural gas from excess electricity More information: In situ Imaging of Silicalite-1 Surface Growth Reveals the Mechanism of Crystallization Science 2014
In addition The team is interested also in testing these fibers for multifunctional applications including batteries solar cells biofuel cells
By comparison the space shuttle which required an external fuel tank and two rocket boosters took about two months to turn around (due to damage incurred during launch and splashdown) and cost $100 million.
They can haul more cargo and more fuel than single-stage craft. Rockets also offer reliability on average only one out of 20 launches fail in part
or so of fuel to get it there says NASA's Dumbacher. The challenge with the SSTO has always been to get the craft as light as possible
and hold enough hydrogen fuel to carry itself and about 16.5 tons of payload about the same capacity as most operational rockets into orbit.
Later on sky cities wafting through the Venusian atmosphere (oxygen is a lifting gas on that planet so technically a simple Nitrogen/Oxygen atmosphere
So basically a Ram Air (Oxygen) induction that is super cooled used to ignite/burn rocket/hydrogen fuel.
Secondary fuel source that doesn't require oxygen? Maybe just takeoff requires Ram and not return?
so particles of mud soot oil or wine stick right where they land. Over the next couple of months Ultratech a Florida-based company will roll out Ultra-Ever Dry a coating that repels most muck.
Super Sedan First Drivehow To Change Your Car's Oil: 7 Simple Step p
#Sewer Sensors Detect Homemade Bombs As They're Being made Could the secret to finding illicit explosives labs before they harm anyone be hiding in a city's poop?
while different sensors above the ground monitor for elevated amounts of gas byproducts of the bomb-making process in the area.
Some drugs are entirely fakenake oil, sawdust, chalk. But others, particularly those in developing countries, might contain an ineffective amount of medicine or release the right amount in the wrong way;
Plus they could use it as practice/tests for going to mars. It's about time the space faring governments of the world start building an infrastructure on the lunar surface that will support long term duration stays ship yards fuel generation and processing navigation stations for terrestrial navigation
The Rockefeller Brothers Fund announced that it is dropping all of its investments in fossil fuels-about $60. 2 million or 7 percent of the total $860 million endowment in favor of renewable energy.
While the greenbacks involved are a relatively small amount compared to the trillions invested in global oil coal
and natural gas the symbolic splash is huge: Heirs to a major oil fortune are pulling their money out of the industry.
The move will likely put wind under the wings of the fledging international fossil fuel divestment movement
which has been targeted largely at universities and cities so far. On September 23 several dozen heads of state including President Barack Obama came to the United nations for a one-day climate summit.
-or no-carbon economic development projects such as expanding their energy generation capacity with renewables like sun and wind instead of fossil fuels.
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